Episodic memory, our ability to recall past experiences, is supported by structures in the medial temporal lobe (MTL) particularly the hippocampus, and its interactions with fronto-parietal brain regions. Understanding how these brain regions coordinate to encode, consolidate, and retrieve episodic memories remains a fundamental question in cognitive neuroscience. Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) methods, especially transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), have advanced episodic memory research beyond traditional lesion studies and neuroimaging by enabling causal investigations through targeted magnetic stimulation to specific brain regions. This review begins by delineating the evolving understanding of episodic memory from both psychological and neurobiological perspectives and discusses the brain networks supporting episodic memory processes. Then, we review studies that employed TMS to modulate episodic memory, with the aim of identifying potential cortical regions that could be used as stimulation sites to modulate episodic memory networks. We conclude with the implications and prospects of using NIBS to understand episodic memory mechanisms.
Humans ; Memory, Episodic ; Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation/methods* ; Brain/physiology* ; Nerve Net/physiology* ; Mental Recall/physiology* ; Neural Pathways/physiology*

Objective To investigate the effects of Nel-like type 1 molecule(NELL-1)on the proliferation and osteogenic differenti-ation of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth(SHEDs).Methods SHEDs was isolated,cultured,and identified.The third generation SHEDs were used for subsequent experiments.SHEDs were divided into 4 groups,and NELL-1 was added to each group at concentrations of 0(control group),50,100,and 200 ng/mL.Cell activity was measured by CCK-8 assay and crystal violet staining.The changes in osteogenic ability were detected by alkaline phosphatase activity.The expression levels of osteogenesis-related genes ALP,OCN and Runx-2 by RT-qPCR were detected.Western blot was used to detect the expression of osteogenesis-related pro-teins ALP,Runx-2 and Col-Ⅰ.Results SHEDs exhibited stem cell characteristics,and 50 ng/mL of NELL-1 protein had a promo-ting effect on SHEDs proliferation(P＜0.01).Alkaline phosphatase activity assay showed that after the addition of NELL-1,the osteo-genic effect of each group was better than that of the control group and 50 ng/mL of NELL-1 was the best(P＜0.05).RT-qPCR and Western blot results showed that 50 ng/mL of NELL-1 significantly promoted the expression of osteoblast-related genes including ALP,OCN and Runx-2 and the protein expression of ALP,Runx-2 and Col-Ⅰ(P＜0.05).Conclusion NELL-1 can promote the prolifera-tion and osteogenic differentiation of SHEDs.

With the rapid development of generative artificial intelligence(GAI)technologies,their widespread application in academic research and writing is continuously expanding the boundaries of sci-entific inquiry.However,this trend has also raised a series of ethical and regulatory challenges,inclu-ding issues related to authorship,content authenticity,citation accuracy,and accountability.In light of the growing involvement of AI in generating academic content,establishing an open,controllable,and trustworthy ethical governance framework has become a key task for safeguarding research integrity and maintaining trust within the academic community.This expert consensus outlines ethical requirements across key stages of AI-assisted academic writing-including topic selection,data management,citation practices,and authorship attribution.It aims to clarify the boundaries and ethical obligations surrounding AI use in academic writing,ensuring that technological tools enhance efficiency without compromising in-tegrity.The goal is to provide guidance and institutional support for building a responsible and sustainable research ecosystem.

With the rapid development of generative artificial intelligence(GAI)technologies,their widespread application in academic research and writing is continuously expanding the boundaries of sci-entific inquiry.However,this trend has also raised a series of ethical and regulatory challenges,inclu-ding issues related to authorship,content authenticity,citation accuracy,and accountability.In light of the growing involvement of AI in generating academic content,establishing an open,controllable,and trustworthy ethical governance framework has become a key task for safeguarding research integrity and maintaining trust within the academic community.This expert consensus outlines ethical requirements across key stages of AI-assisted academic writing-including topic selection,data management,citation practices,and authorship attribution.It aims to clarify the boundaries and ethical obligations surrounding AI use in academic writing,ensuring that technological tools enhance efficiency without compromising in-tegrity.The goal is to provide guidance and institutional support for building a responsible and sustainable research ecosystem.

Objective To investigate the effects of Nel-like type 1 molecule(NELL-1)on the proliferation and osteogenic differenti-ation of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth(SHEDs).Methods SHEDs was isolated,cultured,and identified.The third generation SHEDs were used for subsequent experiments.SHEDs were divided into 4 groups,and NELL-1 was added to each group at concentrations of 0(control group),50,100,and 200 ng/mL.Cell activity was measured by CCK-8 assay and crystal violet staining.The changes in osteogenic ability were detected by alkaline phosphatase activity.The expression levels of osteogenesis-related genes ALP,OCN and Runx-2 by RT-qPCR were detected.Western blot was used to detect the expression of osteogenesis-related pro-teins ALP,Runx-2 and Col-Ⅰ.Results SHEDs exhibited stem cell characteristics,and 50 ng/mL of NELL-1 protein had a promo-ting effect on SHEDs proliferation(P＜0.01).Alkaline phosphatase activity assay showed that after the addition of NELL-1,the osteo-genic effect of each group was better than that of the control group and 50 ng/mL of NELL-1 was the best(P＜0.05).RT-qPCR and Western blot results showed that 50 ng/mL of NELL-1 significantly promoted the expression of osteoblast-related genes including ALP,OCN and Runx-2 and the protein expression of ALP,Runx-2 and Col-Ⅰ(P＜0.05).Conclusion NELL-1 can promote the prolifera-tion and osteogenic differentiation of SHEDs.

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are major outer membrane components of Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most Gram-negative bacteria, Acinetobacter baumannii can still survive and acquire polymyxin resistance after complete loss of LPS. Previous studies of LPS-deficient Acinetobacter baumannii mostly focused on LPS-deficient strains induced by polymyxin, whose background was complex and unstable. To investigate LPS loss-mediated polymyxin resistant-Acinetobacter baumannii, this study constructed a stable and clear background LPS-deficient strain by knocking out lpxC gene in Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 19606 with CIRSPR/Cas9, and then studied the phenotypic changes of the lpxC-deficient strain including morphology, growth rate, antibiotic susceptibility, virulence, membrane permeability, and membrane potential. Animal experiments were approved by the Animal Care and Welfare Committee Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, CAMS and PUMC (approval number: IMB-20240119D₉). The results indicated that the lpxC gene of Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 19606 was successfully knocked out. After losing the lpxC, the strain underwent the morphological change from rod-shaped to spherical. Furthermore, it leads to reduced growth rate, enhanced membrane permeability, decreased membrane potential, lower virulence, and increased antibiotic susceptibility to β-lactams, quinolones, aminoglycosides, macrolides, glycopeptides. The lpxC deletion results in significant changes in membrane homeostasis and adaptability of Acinetobacter baumannii. Understanding the phenotypic changes of colistin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii mediated by LPS loss is useful for exploring the resistance mechanism of Acinetobacter baumannii and developing new therapeutic strategies.

Objective: Danshensu, a phenylpropanoid compound, is derived from the dry root and rhizome of Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza), a traditional Chinese medicinal herb. Evidence suggests that danshensu protects isolated rat hearts against ischemia/reperfusion injury by activating the protein kinase B (Akt)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway or by inhibiting autophagy and apoptosis through the activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. Furthermore, danshensu promotes the postischemic regeneration of brain cells by upregulating the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the peri-infarct region. However, basic and clinical studies are needed to investigate the antidepressant effects danshensu and determine whether brain mTOR signaling and BDNF activation mediate these effects. The aforementioned need prompted us to conduct the present study. Methods: Using a C57BL/6 mouse model, we investigated the antidepressant-like effects of danshensu and the mechanisms that mediate these effects. To elucidate the mechanisms, we analyzed the roles of Akt/ERK–mTOR signaling and BDNF activation in mediating the antidepressant-like effects of danshensu. Results: Danshensu exerted its antidepressant-like effects by activating the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) of Akt/ERK–mTOR signaling and promoting BDNF release. Treatment with danshensu increased the level of glutamate receptor 1 phosphorylation at the protein kinase A site. Conclusion Our study may be the first to demonstrate that the antidepressant effects of danshensu are dependent on the activation of the AMPAR–mTOR signaling pathway, are correlated with the elevation of BDNF level, and facilitate the insertion of AMPAR into the postsynaptic membrane. This study also pioneers in unveiling the potential of danshensu against depressive disorders.

Objective: Danshensu, a phenylpropanoid compound, is derived from the dry root and rhizome of Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza), a traditional Chinese medicinal herb. Evidence suggests that danshensu protects isolated rat hearts against ischemia/reperfusion injury by activating the protein kinase B (Akt)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway or by inhibiting autophagy and apoptosis through the activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. Furthermore, danshensu promotes the postischemic regeneration of brain cells by upregulating the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the peri-infarct region. However, basic and clinical studies are needed to investigate the antidepressant effects danshensu and determine whether brain mTOR signaling and BDNF activation mediate these effects. The aforementioned need prompted us to conduct the present study. Methods: Using a C57BL/6 mouse model, we investigated the antidepressant-like effects of danshensu and the mechanisms that mediate these effects. To elucidate the mechanisms, we analyzed the roles of Akt/ERK–mTOR signaling and BDNF activation in mediating the antidepressant-like effects of danshensu. Results: Danshensu exerted its antidepressant-like effects by activating the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) of Akt/ERK–mTOR signaling and promoting BDNF release. Treatment with danshensu increased the level of glutamate receptor 1 phosphorylation at the protein kinase A site. Conclusion Our study may be the first to demonstrate that the antidepressant effects of danshensu are dependent on the activation of the AMPAR–mTOR signaling pathway, are correlated with the elevation of BDNF level, and facilitate the insertion of AMPAR into the postsynaptic membrane. This study also pioneers in unveiling the potential of danshensu against depressive disorders.

Objective: Danshensu, a phenylpropanoid compound, is derived from the dry root and rhizome of Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza), a traditional Chinese medicinal herb. Evidence suggests that danshensu protects isolated rat hearts against ischemia/reperfusion injury by activating the protein kinase B (Akt)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway or by inhibiting autophagy and apoptosis through the activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. Furthermore, danshensu promotes the postischemic regeneration of brain cells by upregulating the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the peri-infarct region. However, basic and clinical studies are needed to investigate the antidepressant effects danshensu and determine whether brain mTOR signaling and BDNF activation mediate these effects. The aforementioned need prompted us to conduct the present study. Methods: Using a C57BL/6 mouse model, we investigated the antidepressant-like effects of danshensu and the mechanisms that mediate these effects. To elucidate the mechanisms, we analyzed the roles of Akt/ERK–mTOR signaling and BDNF activation in mediating the antidepressant-like effects of danshensu. Results: Danshensu exerted its antidepressant-like effects by activating the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) of Akt/ERK–mTOR signaling and promoting BDNF release. Treatment with danshensu increased the level of glutamate receptor 1 phosphorylation at the protein kinase A site. Conclusion Our study may be the first to demonstrate that the antidepressant effects of danshensu are dependent on the activation of the AMPAR–mTOR signaling pathway, are correlated with the elevation of BDNF level, and facilitate the insertion of AMPAR into the postsynaptic membrane. This study also pioneers in unveiling the potential of danshensu against depressive disorders.

Objective To explore the effects of preoperative anxiety on intraoperative body temperature,adverse reactions during recovery and incision healing in elderly patients undergoing radical mastectomy under general anesthesia.Methods A total of 139 elderly patients who underwent radical mastectomy under general anesthesia in the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from January 2020 to December 2022 were selected as the study objects,and they were divided into the non-anxiety group(87 cases)and the anxiety group(52 cases)according to whether they were complicated with anxiety before surgery.The nasopharyngeal temperature before surgery,after 30 minutes,60 minutes,90 minutes of surgery and at the end of surgery,the ratio of intraoperative nasopharyngeal temperature<36.0℃,the ratio of perioperative blood loss>300 mL,the occurrence of adverse reactions during the recovery period and the incision healing of patients in the two groups were compared.Results There was no statistically significant difference in the nasopharyngeal temperature before surgery and after 30 minutes of surgery of patients between the two groups(P>0.05).After 60 minutes,90 minutes of surgery and the end of surgery,the nasopharyngeal temperatures of patients in the anxiety group were lower than those in the non-anxietey group,and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).There were statistically significant differences in the nasopharyngeal temperature at different times of patients in the two groups(P<0.05).The ratios of patients with intraoperative nasopharyngeal temperature<36.0℃and perioperative blood loss>300 mL in the anxiety group were higher than those in the non-anxiety group,and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).The incidence of delayed awakening,shivering reaction,and poor postoperative incision healing in the anxiety group were higher than those in the non-anxiety group,with statistically significant differences(P<0.05).Conclusion Elderly patients undergoing radical mastectomy under general anesthesia combined with anxiety show obvious temperature drop after 60 minutes of surgery,and perioperative blood loss has significantly increased,with a higher incidence of intraoperative hypothermia,adverse reactions during recovery and poor postoperative incision healing,which should arouse clinical attention.