Objective To explore the influences of long-chain noncoding RNA DHRS4-AS1 (lncRNA DHRS4-AS1) on the proliferation, invasion, migration, and apoptosis of thyroid cancer (TC) cells by regulating the microRNA-221-3p (miR-221-3p)/suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) signaling axis. Methods Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was applied to detect the expression of lncRNA DHRS4-AS1, miR-221-3p, and SOCS3 mRNA in TC cell lines, and the optimal cell line was selected for subsequent experiments. FTC-133 cells were divided into five groups: control group, pcDNA-NC group, DHRS4-AS1 group, DHRS4-AS1 combined with agomir NC group, and DHRS4-AS1 combined with miR-221-3p-agomir group. Transfection efficiency was assessed using qRT-PCR. Dual luciferase reporter assays were applied to verify the targeting interaction between lncRNA DHRS4-AS1, SOCS3, and miR-221-3p. Western blot analysis was used to detect the expression of SOCS3 in FTC-133 cells. EdU method was used to measure cell proliferation. Flow cytometry was applied to measure the apoptosis of FTC-133 cells. Scratch experiment was applied to measure the migration of FTC-133 cells. Transwell chamber was applied to detect the invasion of FTC-133 cells. Nude mouse transplantation tumor experiment was used to observe the effect of lncRNA DHRS4-AS1 on the growth of TC transplantation tumors. Results Dual luciferase reporter assays showed a targeting relationship between lncRNA DHRS4-AS1, miR-221-3p, and SOCS3. LncRNA DHRS4-AS1 and SOCS3 were downregulated and miR-221-3p was upregulated in FTC-133 cells. Overexpression of lncRNA DHRS4-AS1 inhibited proliferation, migration, and invasion of FTC-133 cells, while inducing apoptosis. Conversely, miR-221-3p overexpression reversed these inhibitory effects, and suppressed the apoptosis. Nude mouse transplantation experiment observed that overexpression of lncRNA DHRS4-AS1 resulted in a decrease in tumor tissue quality and volume, and a decrease in miR-221-3p expression and an increase in SOCS3 expression. Conclusion LncRNA DHRS4-AS1 is downregulated in FTC-133 cells. Overexpression of lncRNA DHRS4-AS1 can inhibit the proliferation, invasion, and migration of TC cells and induce apoptosis by regulating the miR-221-3p/SOCS3 signaling axis.
MicroRNAs/metabolism* ; Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 Protein/metabolism* ; Humans ; RNA, Long Noncoding/metabolism* ; Apoptosis/genetics* ; Cell Proliferation/genetics* ; Cell Movement/genetics* ; Thyroid Neoplasms/physiopathology* ; Animals ; Signal Transduction/genetics* ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Mice, Nude ; Neoplasm Invasiveness ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Obesity is correlated with numerous diseases, including thyroid cancer, but the clinical significance of obesity with regard to the clinical characteristics of thyroid cancer remains unclear. Neck circumference is an index of upper-body adipose tissue distribution. METHODS: In total, 401 patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) measuring < or = 2 cm were included. Neck circumference was measured horizontally at the level just below the thyroid cartilage on preoperative neck computed tomographic images. RESULTS: Neck circumference correlated significantly with tumor size in men (p = 0.001) but not in women (p = 0.930). Body mass index (BMI) did not significantly correlate with tumor size in either sex. Neck circumference was significantly larger in men with lateral lymph node (LN) metastasis than in those without (p = 0.004). Neck circumference and BMI did not differ significantly in women according to other factors such as tumor size, multifocality, extrathyroid extension, and LN metastasis. Tumor size and the prevalence of lateral LN metastasis in men tended to increase in the middle/large neck circumference subgroup compared with those in the low neck circumference subgroup. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that neck circumference (p = 0.009) was a predictor for the presence of lateral LN metastasis in men. BMI was not a predictive factor for lateral LN involvement in either sex. CONCLUSIONS: Neck circumference, an indicator of central or visceral obesity but not BMI, may be associated with some prognostic factors in men with small PTC.
Adiposity ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Anthropometry ; Body Mass Index ; Carcinoma/*secondary/surgery ; Chi-Square Distribution ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Lymph Nodes/*pathology ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Multivariate Analysis ; Neck/*pathology ; Obesity/*diagnosis/pathology/physiopathology ; Odds Ratio ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Prognosis ; Risk Factors ; Sex Factors ; Thyroid Neoplasms/*pathology/secondary/surgery ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; *Tumor Burden ; Young Adult

The mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) and phoshoinositide-3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) signaling pathways play a major role in regulating cell growth, proliferation and apoptosis, via transmission of cell signals to cell nucleus. The genes, coding the MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt signaling cascade proteins, are significantly mutated in thyroid cancer. Genetic alternations contribute to aberrant activations and interaction of MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways in consequence of malignant follicular cell transformation and progression. This review focuses mainly on the role of genetic alterations in coding MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway proteins in generation, progression and diagnosis of thyroid cancer. Moreover, it additionally points out a therapeutic potential in restoring iodine avidity of thyroid cancer cells for radionuclide targeted treatment, by synergistically inhibiting activity of signaling pathways.
Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases ; genetics ; metabolism ; Humans ; MAP Kinase Signaling System ; genetics ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; genetics ; metabolism ; Mutation ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases ; genetics ; metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt ; genetics ; metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; genetics ; physiology ; Thyroid Neoplasms ; genetics ; physiopathology ; therapy

The basic function of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is to promote vascular growth. Recent studies show that VEGF plays a vital role in various thyroid diseases through prompting angiogenesis. But the function of VEGF and specific change condition in different thyroid disease still needs further explorations. This review mainly focuses on the molecular characteristics and clinical application of VEGF.
Angiogenesis Inducing Agents ; Animals ; Graves Disease ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Humans ; Thyroid Diseases ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Thyroid Gland ; blood supply ; Thyroid Neoplasms ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Thyroiditis ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ; metabolism

This article provides an overview of metastases to jaws (MJ), mainly concerning the differences between American and Chinese patients, and exploring the relationship between the primary tumors' prevalence (PTP) and constituent ratio of MJ. Information concerning of 399 MJ cases in 215 papers, including one new case in our hospital, was subjected to statistic analysis. The main clinical features of MJ, such as constituent ratio of PTP and that of MJ, metastatic sites, treatments, and prognosis were summarized. Breast, lung, kidney, prostate and thyroid (in descending order) were the leading primary sites of MJ. Furthermore, the constituent ratio of MJ was found to be correlated with that of PTP in all subjects including American and Chinese subjects in our study. As to metastatic sites in the mandible, a specific "M" shaped pattern appeared regardless of the tumor type or constituent ratios of MJ were in all subjects. Almost all subjects received traditionally palliative treatments, and the prognosis was quite poor. The PTP had a significant impact on the constituent ratio of MJ. However, it was the properties of the microenvironment rather than characteristics or constituent ratios of tumor cells, that decided the metastatic sites in various tumor subjects.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Breast Neoplasms ; pathology ; Chi-Square Distribution ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Jaw Neoplasms ; mortality ; secondary ; therapy ; Kidney Neoplasms ; pathology ; Liver Neoplasms ; pathology ; Lung Neoplasms ; pathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; physiopathology ; Palliative Care ; Prognosis ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; pathology ; Statistics, Nonparametric ; Survival Analysis ; Thyroid Neoplasms ; pathology ; Young Adult

Adenocarcinoma, Follicular ; pathology ; physiopathology ; Female ; Humans ; Kidney Diseases ; pathology ; physiopathology ; Kidney Neoplasms ; physiopathology ; Thyroid Neoplasms ; pathology ; physiopathology ; Young Adult

Although several findings of historical writings have been made, the exact role of the thyroid was not known in the ancient times. From the middle of the nineteenth century, the anatomy and the physiological role of the thyroid were gradually elucidated, and diagnostic and therapeutic modalities were developed. It has been 100 years since Theodor Kocher was awarded the Nobel Prize for his work in pathophysiology and surgery of the thyroid. Fifty years have passed since radioactive iodine was first used for the diagnosis and the treatment of hyperthyroidism in Korea. Today, thyroid cancer is one of the most prevalent malignancy in Korean women. However, the detailed history of the thyroid disease has not been introduced in Korea. The aim of this paper is to describe the historical perspectives of the thyroid disease, especially focusing on the development of the treatment. The common thyroid disease ere named after their discoverers, such as Graves and Hashimoto. It is meaningful to understand the historical background of the thyroid gland, because the important concepts in the area of endocrinology such as hormone replacement therapy, feedback mechanisms, and the use of isotopes were first established based on the research of the thyroid.
Female ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Thyroid Diseases/*history ; *Thyroid Gland/physiopathology/surgery ; Thyroid Neoplasms/history

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of radiotherapy on the thyroid of patients with nasopharyngeal cancer. METHODS: Thyroid dynamic imaging was performed on 51 patients with nasopharyngeal cancer who had the metastasis of the jugular lymph node before and after the radiotherapy. The peak time of the thyroid artery perfusion and the constant K were obtained. The levels of free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in the blood serum were measured at the same time. RESULTS: The peak time of the left and right thyroid artery perfusion before the radiotherapy was (14.5+/-2.1)s and (15.1+/-1.9)s, respectively, while that after the radiotherapy was (19.3+/-3.2)s and (20.2+/-3.5)s, respectively. There was significant difference between the pre- and post-radiotherapy (P<0.001). The constant K of the left and right thyroid before the radiotherapy was significantly higher than that after the radiotherapy (0.0265+/-0.0074 vs. 0.0173+/-0.0062; 0.0249+/-0.0065 vs. 0.0167+/-0.0053, P<0.001, respectively). The level of FT3 and FT4 was significantly higher than that after the radiotherapy, but the TSH level had no obvious change[(4.76+/-0.95) pmol/L vs. (3.85+/-0.71) pmol/L,P<0.001; (18.63+/-3.84) pmol/L vs. (15.69+/-3.27) pmol/L,P<0.001; (1.17+/-0.52) mU/L vs. (1.22+/-0.76)mU/L ,P>0.05, respectively]. CONCLUSION The peak time of the thyroid artery perfusion and the constant K which reflect blood stream status after the radiotherapy are all damaged in patients with nasopharyngeal cancer. The level of FT3 and FT4 in the blood serum is dropped but the TSH level has no obvious change.
Adult ; Aged ; Female ; Humans ; Hypothyroidism ; blood ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms ; blood ; physiopathology ; radiotherapy ; Thyroid Function Tests ; Thyroid Gland ; radiation effects ; Thyrotropin ; blood ; Thyroxine ; blood ; Triiodothyronine ; blood ; Young Adult

Adenocarcinoma, Follicular ; radiotherapy ; secondary ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Bone Neoplasms ; secondary ; Carcinoma, Papillary ; radiotherapy ; secondary ; Child ; Chromosome Aberrations ; radiation effects ; Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation ; Humans ; Hypoparathyroidism ; etiology ; Iodine Radioisotopes ; administration & dosage ; Lung ; physiopathology ; Lung Neoplasms ; secondary ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Middle Aged ; Parathyroid Glands ; physiopathology ; Salivary Glands ; physiopathology ; Thyroid Neoplasms ; genetics ; pathology ; radiotherapy