Cold has been a long-term survival challenge in the evolutionary process of mammals. In response to cold stress, in addition to brown adipose tissue (BAT) dissipating energy as heat through glucose and lipid oxidation to maintain body temperature, cold stimulation can strongly activate thermogenesis and energy expenditure in beige fat cells, which are widely distributed in the subcutaneous layer. However, the effects of cold stimulation on other tissues and systemic lipid metabolism remain unclear. Our previous research indicated that, under cold stress, BAT not only produces heat but also secretes numerous exosomes to mediate BAT-liver crosstalk. Whether subcutaneous fat has a similar mechanism is still unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the alterations in lipid metabolism across various tissues under cold exposure and to explore whether subcutaneous fat regulates systemic glucose and lipid metabolism via exosomes, thereby elucidating the regulatory mechanisms of lipid metabolism homeostasis under physiological stress. RT-qPCR, Western blot, and H&E staining methods were used to investigate the physiological changes in lipid metabolism in the serum, liver, epididymal white adipose tissue, and subcutaneous fat of mice under cold stimulation. The results revealed that cold exposure significantly enhanced the thermogenic activity of subcutaneous adipose tissue and markedly increased exosome secretion. These exosomes were efficiently taken up by hepatocytes, where they profoundly influenced hepatic lipid metabolism, as evidenced by alterations in the expression levels of key genes involved in lipid synthesis and catabolism pathways. This study has unveiled a novel mechanism by which subcutaneous fat regulates lipid metabolism through exosome secretion under cold stimulation, providing new insights into the systemic regulatory role of beige adipocytes under cold stress and offering a theoretical basis for the development of new therapeutic strategies for obesity and metabolic diseases.
Animals ; Lipid Metabolism/physiology* ; Mice ; Exosomes/metabolism* ; Cold Temperature ; Subcutaneous Fat/physiology* ; Thermogenesis/physiology* ; Adipose Tissue, Brown/metabolism* ; Male

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on laparoscope postoperative shivering in patients undergoing general anesthesia and explore its effect mechanism. METHODS: A total of 80 patients with elective laparoscopic resection of intestinal tumor under general anesthesia were randomly divided into an EA group and a tramadol group, 40 cases in each group. Thirty min prior to the end of the operation, in the EA group, EA was exerted at Neimadian and Zusanli (ST 36), with disperse-dense wave, 2 Hz/100 Hz in frequency, 1 mA in intensity, and lasting 30 min. In the tramadol group, tramadol hydrochloride injection was dropped intravenously, 1 mg/kg. The conditions of shivering, dizziness, nausea, vomiting and agitation were observed in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU). Heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were observed before treatment (T₀), at the moment of extubation (T₁), in 3 min of extubation (T₂) and 1 h after operation (T₃). Using ELISA, at T₀ and T₃, the expression levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in plasma were detected separately. Choking and agitation were recorded during extubation. RESULTS: ① In the EA group, the incidence of shivering, dizziness, nausea, vomiting and agitation in the PACU was lower than that in the tramadol group (P<0.05). ②Compared with T₀, HR, SBP and DBP were increased at T₁ and T₂ in the tramadol group (P<0.05). HR, SBP and DBP in the EA group were lower than the tramadol group at T₁ and T₂ (P<0.05). ③Compared with T₀, the expression levels of IL-6 and 5-HT in plasma were increased at T₃ in the tramadol group (P<0.05). The expression levels of IL-6 and 5-HT in the EA group were lower than the tramadol group at T₃ (P<0.05). ④The incidence of choking and agitation during exudation in the EA group was lower than that in the tramadol group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Electroacupuncture can reduce the incidence of laparoscopic postoperative shivering under general anesthesia. The potential mechanism mays related to the modulation of the expression levels of IL-6 and 5-HT caused by surgical trauma.
Anesthesia, General/adverse effects* ; Electroacupuncture ; Humans ; Laparoscopes ; Postoperative Period ; Shivering

β3-adrenergic agonists induce adaptive thermogenesis and promote beiging of white fat. However, it remains unclear which metabolites mediate the stimulatory effects of β3-adrenergic agonists on thermogenesis of brown and beige fat. In this study, adipose tissue was isolated from 8-week-old C57/BL6J male mice by intraperitoneal administration of β3-adrenergic agonist CL316,243 for RNA-Seq, which revealed that histidine decarboxylase, a key enzyme in histamine synthesis, was strongly induced in adipose by CL316,243. Therefore, we speculated that histamine might be involved in the process of thermogenesis in adipose tissue. We determined the physiological role and mechanism by which histamine promotes fat thermogenesis by intravenous administering histamine to C57BL/6J mice fed a normal or a high-fat diet. The results showed that intravenous injection of histamine into C57BL/6J mice fed a normal diet stimulated the expression of thermogenic genes, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT). H&E staining also suggested that histamine treatment decreased the size of lipid droplets in adipocytes. Moreover, histamine treatment also enhanced thermogenesis of fat in high-fat diet induced obese mice, and improved glucose intolerance and fatty liver phenotype. Finally, we demonstrated that the effects of histamine on the thermogenic program were cell autonomous. Our data suggest that histamine may mediate the effects of β3-adrenergic agonists on thermogenesis of fat.
Adipose Tissue, Beige ; Adipose Tissue, Brown ; Animals ; Histamine ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Thermogenesis ; Uncoupling Protein 1/genetics*

BACKGROUND: Hypothermia below 36℃ is a common problem during arthroscopic shoulder surgery. Geriatric patients are more vulnerable to perioperative hypothermia. The present study compared postoperative hypothermia between geriatric and young adult patients receiving arthroscopic shoulder surgery. METHODS: Data were collected retrospectively from a geriatric group (aged 65 or more, n = 29), and a control group (aged 19–64, n = 33) using the anesthesia records of patients who had undergone arthroscopic shoulder surgery. The primary outcome measure was the incidence of hypothermia upon arrival in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU). The secondary outcome measure was the decrease in body temperature from admission into the operating room to admission into the PACU. RESULTS: The incidence of hypothermia was 93.1% and 54.5% in the geriatric and control groups, respectively, demonstrating a significant difference between the groups (P < 0.001). Comparison between body temperature revealed a decrease of 1.5 ± 0.6℃ and 1.0 ± 0.4℃ in the geriatric and control groups, respectively, showing a significant difference between the groups (P < 0.001). The degree of hypothermia was significantly different between the groups (P = 0.027). No shivering was observed in either of the two groups, but the incidence of thermal discomfort was higher in the geriatric group than in the control group (P = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS: In geriatric patients undergoing arthroscopic shoulder surgery, both the incidence of postoperative hypothermia and the associated temperature drop are more prominent than those in young adult patients. Additional warming methods will be needed to prevent postoperative hypothermia in geriatric patients.
Anesthesia ; Arthroscopy ; Body Temperature ; Humans ; Hypothermia* ; Incidence ; Operating Rooms ; Outcome Assessment (Health Care) ; Retrospective Studies ; Shivering ; Shoulder* ; Young Adult

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays a fundamental role in maintaining body temperature by producing heat. BAT that had been know to exist only in mammals and the human neonate has received great attention for the treatment of obesity and diabetes due to its important function in energy metabolism, ever since it is recently reported that human adults have functional BAT. In addition, beige adipocytes, brown adipocytes in white adipose tissue (WAT), have also been shown to take part in whole body metabolism. Multiple lines of evidence demonstrated that transplantation or activation of BAT or/and beige adipocytes reversed obesity and improved insulin sensitivity. Furthermore, many genes involved in BATactivation and/or the recruitment of beige cells have been found, thereby providing new promising strategies for future clinical application of BAT activation to treat obesity and metabolic diseases. This review focuses on recent advances of BAT function in the metabolic aspect and the relationship between BAT and cancer cachexia, a pathological process accompanied with decreased body weight and increased energy expenditure in cancer patients. The underlying possible mechanisms to reduce BAT mass and its activity in the elderly are also discussed.
Adipose Tissue, Brown ; metabolism ; Aging ; metabolism ; Animals ; Cachexia ; metabolism ; pathology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Energy Metabolism ; Humans ; Metabolic Syndrome ; metabolism ; Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; Obesity ; metabolism ; Thermogenesis

BACKGROUND: At least 30 minutes of pre-warming has been recommended for the prevention of redistribution hypothermia. However, it has been reported that less than 30 minutes of pre-warming is also effective. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of 10 minutes of pre-warming to prevent inadvertent perioperative hypothermia. Results were compared with 30 minutes of pre-warming. METHODS: In this prospective randomized study, 59 patients scheduled for elective surgery less than 120 minutes under general anesthesia were divided into 2 groups: the first group was pre-warmed for 10 minutes (n = 30), the second group for 30 minutes (n = 29). The patients were pre-warmed for 10 or 30 minutes in the pre-anesthetic area using a forced-air warmer. When the patients' body temperatures decreased below 36℃, we warmed them with a forced-air warmer intraoperatively and postoperatively. Body temperatures were recorded during perioperative periods. Shivering and thermal comfort were evaluated in the pre-anesthetic area and post-anesthesia care unit. RESULTS: The incidence of intraoperative and postoperative hypothermia were not significantly different (P > 0.05). However, the temperatures were higher in the 30 minute group from the post-warming time to 90 minutes after anesthetic induction (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Ten minutes of pre-warming has the same effectiveness as 30 minutes of pre-warming for preventing inadvertent perioperative hypothermia. It is a preferable choice for the patients scheduled for surgery less than 120 minutes under general anesthesia.
Anesthesia, General ; Body Temperature ; Humans ; Hypothermia* ; Incidence ; Perioperative Period ; Prospective Studies ; Shivering

Bile acid has been well known to serve as a hormone in regulating transcriptional activity of Farnesoid X receptor (FXR), an endogenous bile acid nuclear receptor. Moreover, bile acid regulates diverse biological processes, including cholesterol/bile acid metabolism, glucose/lipid metabolism and energy expenditure. Alteration of bile acid metabolism has been revealed in type II diabetic (T2D) patients. FXR-mediated bile acid signaling has been reported to play key roles in improving metabolic parameters in vertical sleeve gastrectomy surgery, implying that FXR is an essential modulator in the metabolic homeostasis. Using a genetic mouse model, intestinal specific FXR-null mice have been reported to be resistant to diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Moreover, intestinal specific FXR agonism using gut-specific FXR synthetic agonist has been shown to enhance thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue and browning in white adipose tissue to increase energy expenditure, leading to reduced body weight gain and improved insulin resistance. Altogether, FXR is a potent therapeutic target for the treatment of metabolic diseases.
Adipose Tissue, Brown ; Adipose Tissue, White ; Animals ; Bile Acids and Salts ; Bile* ; Biological Processes ; Body Weight ; Energy Metabolism ; Felodipine ; Gastrectomy ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Insulin Resistance ; Metabolic Diseases* ; Metabolism ; Mice ; Obesity ; Thermogenesis

BACKGROUND: Hypothermia (< 36°C) is common during arthroscopic shoulder surgery. It is known that 30 to 60 minutes of prewarming can prevent perioperative hypothermia by decreasing body heat redistribution. However, the effect of short-term prewarming (less than 30 minutes) on body temperature in such surgery has not been reported yet. Therefore, the aim of this prospective study was to investigate the effect of short-term prewarming for less than 30 minutes using forced-air warming device on body temperature during interscalene brachial plexus block (ISBPB) procedure in arthroscopic shoulder surgery before general anesthesia. METHODS: We randomly assigned patients scheduled for arthroscopic shoulder surgery to receive either cotton blanket (not pre-warmed, group C, n = 26) or forced-air warming device (pre-warmed, group F, n = 26). Temperature was recorded every 15 minutes from entering the operating room until leaving post-anesthetic care unit (PACU). Shivering and thermal comfort scale were evaluated during their stay in the PACU. RESULTS: There were significant differences in body temperature between group C and group F from 30 minutes after induction of general anesthesia to 30 minutes after arrival in the PACU (P < 0.05). The median duration of prewarming in group F was 14 min (range: 9-23 min). There was no significant difference in thermal comfort scale or shivering between the two groups in PACU. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that short-term prewarming using a forced-air warming device during ISBPB in arthroscopic shoulder surgery had beneficial effect on perioperative hypothermia.
Anesthesia, General ; Body Temperature* ; Brachial Plexus Block ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Hypothermia ; Operating Rooms ; Prospective Studies ; Shivering ; Shoulder*

BACKGROUND: Hypothermia (< 36°C) is common during arthroscopic shoulder surgery. It is known that 30 to 60 minutes of prewarming can prevent perioperative hypothermia by decreasing body heat redistribution. However, the effect of short-term prewarming (less than 30 minutes) on body temperature in such surgery has not been reported yet. Therefore, the aim of this prospective study was to investigate the effect of short-term prewarming for less than 30 minutes using forced-air warming device on body temperature during interscalene brachial plexus block (ISBPB) procedure in arthroscopic shoulder surgery before general anesthesia. METHODS: We randomly assigned patients scheduled for arthroscopic shoulder surgery to receive either cotton blanket (not pre-warmed, group C, n = 26) or forced-air warming device (pre-warmed, group F, n = 26). Temperature was recorded every 15 minutes from entering the operating room until leaving post-anesthetic care unit (PACU). Shivering and thermal comfort scale were evaluated during their stay in the PACU. RESULTS: There were significant differences in body temperature between group C and group F from 30 minutes after induction of general anesthesia to 30 minutes after arrival in the PACU (P < 0.05). The median duration of prewarming in group F was 14 min (range: 9-23 min). There was no significant difference in thermal comfort scale or shivering between the two groups in PACU. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that short-term prewarming using a forced-air warming device during ISBPB in arthroscopic shoulder surgery had beneficial effect on perioperative hypothermia.
Anesthesia, General ; Body Temperature* ; Brachial Plexus Block ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Hypothermia ; Operating Rooms ; Prospective Studies ; Shivering ; Shoulder*

BACKGROUND: The conversion of epidural labor analgesia (ELA) to epidural surgical anesthesia (ESA) for intrapartum cesarean section (CS) often fails, resulting in intraoperative pain. Spinal anesthesia (SA) can provide a denser sensory block than ESA. The purpose of this prospective, non-blinded, parallel-arm, randomized trial was to compare the rate of pain-free surgery between ESA and SA following ELA for intrapartum CS. METHODS: Both groups received continuous epidural infusions for labor pain at a rate of 10 ml/h. In the ESA group (n = 163), ESA was performed with 17 ml of 2% lidocaine mixed with 100 µg fentanyl, 1 : 200,000 epinephrine, and 2 mEq bicarbonate. In the SA group (n = 160), SA was induced with 10 mg of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine and 15 µg fentanyl. We investigated the failure rate of achieving pain-free surgery and the incidence of complications between the two groups. RESULTS: The failure rate of achieving pain-free surgery was higher in the ESA group than the SA group (15.3% vs. 2.5%, P < 0.001). There was no statistical difference between the two groups in the rate of conversion to general anesthesia; however, the rate of analgesic requirement was higher in the ESA group than in the SA group (12.9% vs. 1.3%, P < 0.001). The incidence of high block, nausea, vomiting, hypotension, and shivering and Apgar scores were comparable between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: SA after ELA can lower the failure rate of pain-free surgery during intrapartum CS compared to ESA after ELA.
Analgesia* ; Anesthesia* ; Anesthesia, Epidural ; Anesthesia, General ; Anesthesia, Spinal* ; Bupivacaine ; Cesarean Section* ; Epinephrine ; Female ; Fentanyl ; Hypotension ; Incidence ; Labor Pain ; Lidocaine ; Nausea ; Pregnancy ; Prospective Studies* ; Shivering ; Vomiting