“Runner’s high” refers to a momentary sense of pleasure that suddenly appears during running or other exercise activities, characterized by anti-anxiety, pain relief, and other symptoms. The neurobiological mechanism of “runner’s high” is unclear. This review summarizes human and animal models for studying “runner’s high”, analyzes the neurotransmitters and neural circuits involved in runner’s high, and elucidates the evidence and shortcomings of researches related to “runner’s high”. This review also provides prospects for future research. Research has found that exercise lasting more than 30 min and with an intensity exceeding 70% of the maximum heart rate can reach a “runner’s high”. Human experiments on “runner’s high” mostly use treadmill exercise intervention, and evaluate it through questionnaire surveys, measurement of plasma AEA, miRNA and other indicators. Animal experiments often use voluntary wheel running intervention, and evaluate it through behavioral experiments such as conditional place preference, light dark box experiments (anxiety), hot plate experiments (pain sensitivity), and measurement of plasma AEA and other indicators. Dopamine, endogenous opioid peptides, endogenous cannabinoids, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and other substances increase after exercise, which may be related to the “runner’s high”. However, attention should be paid to the functional differences of these substances in the central and peripheral regions, as well as in different brain regions. Moreover, current studies have not identified the targets of the neurotransmitters or neural factors mentioned above, and further in-depth researches are needed. The mesolimbic dopamine system, prefrontal cortex-nucleus accumbens projection, ventral hippocampus-nucleus accumbens projection, red nucleus-ventral tegmental area projection, cerebellar-ventral tegmental area projection, and brain-gut axis may be involved in the regulation of runner’s high, but there is a lack of direct evidence to prove their involvement. There are still many issues that need to be addressed in the research on the neurobiological mechanisms of “runner’s high”. (1) Most studies on “runner’s high” involve one-time exercise, and the characteristics of changes in “runner’s high” during long-term exercise still need to be explored. (2) The using of scales to evaluate subjects lead to the lacking of objective indicators. However, some potential biomarkers (such as endocannabinoids) have inconsistent characteristics of changes after one-time and long-term exercise. (3) The neurotransmitters involved in the formation of the “runner’s high” all increase in the peripheral and/or central nervous system after exercise. Attention should be paid to whether peripheral substances can enter the blood-brain barrier and the binding effects of neurotransmitters to different receptors are completely different in different brain regions. (4) Most of the current evidence show that some brain regions are activated after exercise. Is there a functional circuit mediating “runner’s high” between these brain regions? (5) Although training at a specific exercise intensity can lead to “runner’s high”, most runners have not experienced “runner’s high”. Can more scientific training methods or technological means be used to make it easier for people to experience the “runner’s high” and thus be more willing to engage in exercise? (6) The “runner’s high” and “addiction” behaviors are extremely similar, and there are evidences that exercise can reverse addictive behaviors. However, why is there still a considerable number of people in the sports population and even athletes who smoke or use addictive drugs instead of pursuing the “pleasure” brought by exercise? Solving the problems above is of great significance for enhancing the desire of exercise, improving the clinical application of neurological and psychiatric diseases through exercise, and enhancing the overall physical fitness of the population.

Objective To compare the setup errors between abdominal deep inspiration breath hold (ADIBH) guided by real-time position management (RPM) and free breathing (FB) for breast cancer patients who were treated with intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) after breast-conserving surgery. Methods The data of 60 patients who underwent breast-conserving surgery for left-sided breast cancer and completed IMRT were analyzed retrospectively. Of these patients, 30 received ADIBH technique guided by RPM and 30 received FB technique. Setup errors in translational (X, Y, Z) and rotational (Rx, Ry, Rz) directions were assessed by comparing planning CT and cone-beam CT (CBCT) images for both patient groups. Results Compared with FB group (232 sets of CBCT images), ADIBH (261 sets of CBCT images) significantly reduced setup errors in the translational directions (X, Z) and rotational directions (Rx, Ry, and Rz) (Z values were 3.14, 2.42, 1.45, 1.93, 1.37, respectively; all P<0.05). In the ADIBH group, the difference in setup errors between the patients with BMI <24 kg/m² and those with BMI ≥24 kg/m² was not statistically significantly different (P≥0.05); no significant change in setup errors was detected when comparing the first treatment week with subsequent radiotherapy fractions (P≥0.05). The rotation error in the Ry direction was greater in the first treatment week than subsequent radiotherapy fractions in the FB group (Z=8.02, P=0.02). Conclusion In left-sided breast cancer patients receiving postoperative IMRT, the ADIBH technique demonstrates significantly smaller setup errors compared to FB technique, independent of BMI, thereby improving radiotherapy precision.

Guided by the theory of "the kidney storing essence, governing the bones, and producing marrow", this study explored the mechanism of icariin(ICA) in regulating the osteogenic differentiation of rat bone mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs) through caveolin-1(Cav1) via in vitro and in vivo experiments, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis with traditional Chinese medicine(TCM). Primary cells were obtained from 4-week-old female SD rats using the whole bone marrow adherent method. Flow cytometry was used to detect the expression of surface markers CD29, CD90, CD11b, and CD45. The potential for osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation was assessed. The effect of ICA on cell viability was determined using the CCK-8 assay, and the impact of ICA on the formation of mineralized nodules was verified by alizarin red staining. A stable Cav1-silenced cell line was constructed using lentivirus. The effect of Cav1 silencing on osteogenic differentiation was observed via alizarin red staining. Western blot analysis was conducted to detect the expression of Cav1, Hippo/TAZ, and osteogenic markers such as Runt-related transcription factor 2(RUNX2) and alkaline phosphatase(ALP). The results showed that primary cells were successfully obtained using the whole bone marrow adherent method, positively expressing surface markers of rat BMSCs and possessing the potential for both osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation. The CCK-8 assay and alizarin red staining results indicated that 1×10~(-7) mol·L~(-1) was the optimal concentration of ICA for intervention in this experiment(P<0.05). During osteogenic induction, ICA inhibited Cav1 expression(P<0.05) while promoting TAZ expression(P<0.05). Alizarin red staining demonstrated that Cav1 silencing significantly promoted the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. After ICA intervention, TAZ expression was activated, and the expression of osteogenic markers ALP and RUNX2 was increased. In conclusion, Cav1 silencing significantly promotes the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, and ICA promotes this differentiation by inhibiting Cav1 and regulating the Hippo/TAZ signaling pathway.
Animals ; Mesenchymal Stem Cells/metabolism* ; Caveolin 1/genetics* ; Osteogenesis/drug effects* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Rats ; Cell Differentiation/drug effects* ; Female ; Signal Transduction/drug effects* ; Flavonoids/administration & dosage* ; Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology* ; Cells, Cultured ; Humans

Accurate timing of myelination is crucial for the proper functioning of the central nervous system. Here, we identified a de novo heterozygous mutation in TMEM63A (c.1894G>A; p. Ala632Thr) in a 7-year-old boy exhibiting hypomyelination. A Ca²⁺ influx assay suggested that this is a loss-of-function mutation. To explore how TMEM63A deficiency causes hypomyelination, we generated Tmem63a knockout mice. Genetic deletion of TMEM63A resulted in hypomyelination at postnatal day 14 (P14) arising from impaired differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). Notably, the myelin dysplasia was transient, returning to normal levels by P28. Primary cultures of Tmem63a^-/- OPCs presented delayed differentiation. Lentivirus-based expression of TMEM63A but not TMEM63A_A632T rescued the differentiation of Tmem63a^-/- OPCs in vitro and myelination in Tmem63a^-/- mice. These data thus support the conclusion that the mutation in TMEM63A is the pathogenesis of the hypomyelination in the patient. Our study further demonstrated that TMEM63A-mediated Ca²⁺ influx plays critical roles in the early development of myelin and oligodendrocyte differentiation.
Animals ; Cell Differentiation/physiology* ; Oligodendroglia/metabolism* ; Mice, Knockout ; Mice ; Male ; Myelin Sheath/metabolism* ; Humans ; Child ; Cells, Cultured ; Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells/metabolism*

Objective To explore the dosimetric differences between abdominal deep inspiration breath hold(ADIBH)mode and free breath(FB)mode in intensity modulated radiation therapy(IMRT)for left breast cancer.Methods From July 2022 to May 2023,a total of 22 patients who needed adjuvant radiation therapy after left breast cancer surgery in the hospital were selected as the research objects.The simulated computed tomography(CT)positioning images of ADIBH and FB modes were collected,the planned target volume(PTV)and endangered organs were outlined,the IMRT plan was designed,and the dosimetric param-eters of the two modes were compared.Results There was no significant difference in the mean dose(Dmean),homogeneity index(HI)and conformity index(CI)of PTV between the ADIBH and the FB modes(P＞0.05).Compared with the FB mode,the heart Dmean,V5,V10,V20,V30 and V40 in the ADIBH mode decreased by 2.95 Gy,12.21％,8.26％,6.56％,5.41％and 3.48％,respectively,and the left anterior descending(LAD)coronary artery Dmean,maximum dose(Dmax),minimum dose(Dmin)and V40 decreased by 15.99 Gy,16.10 Gy,0.82 Gy and 13.73％,respectively,with statistical significance(P＜0.05).Compared with the FB mode,the dose and volume of heart irradiation in the ADIBH mode at the same level were significantly reduced.Pearson correlation analysis showed that there was a positive correlation between heart Dmean and LAD Dmean in the ADIBH mode(r=0.72),and between heart Dmean and LAD Dmean in the FB mode(r=0.69).Compared with the FB mode,the left lung Dmean of the ADIBH mode decreased by 0.99 Gy,and the difference was statistically significant(P＜0.05).However,there was no significant difference in left lung V5,right lung Dmean and right breast Dmean between the two breathing modes(P＞0.05).Conclusion ADIBH mode can effectively reduce the dose to the heart and LAD,and play a good protective role.

Objective To investigate the expression of dopamine(DA),coactivator associated arginine methyltransferase 1(CARM1)and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3[25-(OH)-D3]in peripheral blood of diabetic pa-tients and their relationship with the occurrence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD).Methods A to-tal of 70 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)combined with NAFLD treated in this hospital from May 2021 to February 2023 were selected as T2DM with NAFLD group,66 patients with simple T2DM were selected as T2DM group,and 70 healthy people were selected as healthy group.The levels of DA,CARM1 and 25-(OH)-D3 in peripheral blood of each group were compared,and the levels of DA,CARM1 and 25-(OH)-D3 in peripheral blood of T2DM combined with NAFLD patients with different blood glucose control and severity were analyzed.Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between peripheral blood DA,CARM1,25-(OH)-D3 levels and glycosylated hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c),controlled attenuation parameter(CAP).Receiver operating characteristic curve was used to analyze the value of peripheral blood DA,CARM1,25-(OH)-D3 in the diagnosis of severe NAFLD.Results The levels of DA and 25-(OH)-D3 in T2DM with NAFLD group were significantly lower than those in T2DM group and healthy group(P＜0.05),while the level of CARM1 in T2DM with NAFLD group was significantly higher than that in T2DM group and healthy group(P＜0.05).The levels of DA and 25-(OH)-D3 in T2DM group were significantly lower than those in healthy group(P＜0.05),while the level of CARM1 in T2DM group was significantly higher than that in healthy group(P＜0.05).The levels of DA and 25-(OH)-D3 in T2DM with NAFLD patients with poor blood glucose control were significantly lower than those in patients with good blood glucose control(P＜0.05),while the level of CARM1 was significantly higher than that in patients with good blood glucose control(P＜0.05).The levels of DA and 25-(OH)-D3 in patients with severe were significantly lower than those in pa-tients with mild-to-moderate(P＜0.05),while the level of CARM1 was significantly higher than that in pa-tients with mild-to-moderate(P＜0.05).The levels of DA and 25-(OH)-D3in peripheral blood were negative-ly correlated with HbA1c and CAP,and the level of CARM1 was positively correlated with HbA1c and CAP(P＜0.05).The area under curve of CARM1,25-(OH)-D3 and DA were 0.858(95％CI 0.768-0.948),0.922(95％CI 0.856-0.989)and 0.571(95％CI 0.427-0.715),respectively.Conclusion The levels of DA and 25-(OH)-D3 are decreased in peripheral blood of T2DM patients,while the level of CARM1 is in-creased,especially in T2DM patients with NAFLD.DA,CARM1 and 25-(OH)-D3 levels are correlated with blood glucose control and the severity of NAFLD.CARM1 and 25-(OH)-D3 levels have certain application val-ue in the diagnosis of severe NAFLD.

italic>Ardisia crispa (Thunb.) A. DC. is a traditional Miao medicinal herb with significant therapeutic effects in the treatment of sore throat, tonsillitis, edema of nephritis and bruising and rheumatism, etc. Ardisia crispa var. amplifolia and Ardisia crispa var. dielsii are varieties of A. crispa. A. crispa var. amplifolia and A. crispa var. dielsii are controversial in terms of species evolutionary relationships and taxonomic identification. In this study, we sequenced the whole genome sequences of A. crispa var. amplifolia and A. crispa var. dielsii chloroplasts using Illumina platform, assembled, annotated and characterized them, compared the structural features and degree of variation among chloroplast genomes using bioinformatics methods, and also downloaded constructing phylogenetic trees to analyze the phylogenetic relationships of chloroplasts in Primulaceae and Myrsinaceae using whole genome sequence information. The results showed that the complete chloroplast genome sequences of A. crispa var. amplifolia and A. crispa var. dielsii were 156 749 bp and 156 748 bp in length, with 132 genes annotated, including 87 protein-coding genes; the codon preference of A/U was greater than that of G/C; The differences in the coding regions of rps15 and rpoB genes in the comparative genome analysis can be used as loci for molecular identification of the two species; the differences in the coding regions of ycf1, ycf2, rpoC1, ycf3, petD and rpl16 genes in the chloroplast genome compared with those of the same genus can be used as loci for identification of the genus. In the phylogenetic results, A. crispa var. amplifolia and A. crispa var. dielsii were clustered together with 100% support, indicating that they are closely related. In this research, we analyzed the chloroplast genome structure and phylogenetic relationships of A. crispa var. amplifolia and A. crispa var. dielsii, providing an important theoretical basis for their molecular identification, genetic variation, breeding and phylogenetic analysis.

Humans ; Consensus ; Hypersensitivity ; Desensitization, Immunologic/adverse effects* ; Immunotherapy/adverse effects* ; Injections, Subcutaneous ; Allergens

OBJECTIVE: To derive the Chinese medicine (CM) syndrome classification and subgroup syndrome characteristics of ischemic stroke patients. METHODS: By extracting the CM clinical electronic medical records (EMRs) of 7,170 hospitalized patients with ischemic stroke from 2016 to 2018 at Weifang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong Province, China, a patient similarity network (PSN) was constructed based on the symptomatic phenotype of the patients. Thereafter the efficient community detection method BGLL was used to identify subgroups of patients. Finally, subgroups with a large number of cases were selected to analyze the specific manifestations of clinical symptoms and CM syndromes in each subgroup. RESULTS: Seven main subgroups of patients with specific symptom characteristics were identified, including M3, M2, M1, M5, M0, M29 and M4. M3 and M0 subgroups had prominent posterior circulatory symptoms, while M3 was associated with autonomic disorders, and M4 manifested as anxiety; M2 and M4 had motor and motor coordination disorders; M1 had sensory disorders; M5 had more obvious lung infections; M29 had a disorder of consciousness. The specificity of CM syndromes of each subgroup was as follows. M3, M2, M1, M0, M29 and M4 all had the same syndrome as wind phlegm pattern; M3 and M0 both showed hyperactivity of Gan (Liver) yang pattern; M2 and M29 had similar syndromes, which corresponded to intertwined phlegm and blood stasis pattern and phlegm-stasis obstructing meridians pattern, respectively. The manifestations of CM syndromes often appeared in a combination of 2 or more syndrome elements. The most common combination of these 7 subgroups was wind-phlegm. The 7 subgroups of CM syndrome elements were specifically manifested as pathogenic wind, pathogenic phlegm, and deficiency pathogens. CONCLUSIONS There were 7 main symptom similarity-based subgroups in ischemic stroke patients, and their specific characteristics were obvious. The main syndromes were wind phlegm pattern and hyperactivity of Gan yang pattern.
Humans ; Syndrome ; Ischemic Stroke ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Liver ; Phenotype

Inflammation, abnormal cholesterol metabolism, and macrophage infiltration are involved in the destruction of the extracellular matrix of the nucleus pulposus (NP), culminating in intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). Whether nimbolide (Nim), a natural extract, can alleviate IDD is unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that Nim promotes cholesterol efflux and inhibits the activation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways by activating sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) in nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) during inflammation. Thus, Nim balanced matrix anabolism and catabolism of NPCs. However, the inhibition of SIRT1 significantly attenuated the effects of Nim. We also found that Nim promoted the expression of SIRT1 in RAW 264.7, which enhanced the proportion of M2 macrophages by facilitating cholesterol homeostasis reprogramming and impeded M1-like macrophages polarization by blocking the activation of inflammatory signaling. Based on these results, Nim can improve the microenvironment and facilitate matrix metabolism equilibrium in NPCs. Furthermore, in vivo treatment with Nim delayed IDD progression by boosting SIRT1 expression, modulating macrophage polarization and preserving the extracellular matrix. In conclusion, Nim may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for treating IDD.