OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effectiveness of arthroscopic double fixation and enhanced suture of long head of biceps tendon (LHBT) in situ for repairing rotator cuff tear. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 31 patients with rotator cuff tears and LHBT injuries admitted between June 2022 and November 2023. All patients underwent arthroscopic double fixation and enhanced suture of LHBT in situ. There were 12 males and 19 females, with an average age of 61.6 years (range, 53-76 years). There were 10 cases of acute injury and 21 cases of chronic injury. According to DeOrio and Cofield classification criteria, the degree of rotator cuff tear rated as medium-sized tears in 3 cases, large tears in 12 cases, and massive tears in 16 cases. Associated injuries included 5 cases of shoulder joint adhesions, 12 cases of subscapularis muscle tears, and 31 case of shoulder impingement syndromes. The shoulder range of motion (ROM) (forward flexion, abduction, lateral external rotation, lateral internal rotation) and pain/function scores [visual analogue scale (VAS) score, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) shoulder score, Constant-Murley score] were recorded before operation and at last follow-up. MRI at last follow-up were taken to evaluate the rotator cuff healing and structural integrity. RESULTS: All 31 surgeries were successfully completed with operation time ranging from 90 to 210 minutes (mean, 144 minutes). The 3-5 anchors (mean, 3.8 anchors) were used during operation. All incisions healed by first intention. All patients were followed up 12-29 months (mean, 18.5 months). At 3 months after operation, 2 cases developed joint adhesions, 3 had internal rotation limitations, and 2 experienced residual pain at the intertubercular groove, all resolved with conservative management. No Popeye deformity occurred during follow-up. At last follow-up, shoulder ROM (forward flexion, abduction, lateral external rotation, lateral internal rotation) and pain/function scores (VAS, UCLA, and Constant-Murley scores) showed significant improvements compared to preoperative values ( P<0.05). At last follow-up, MRI evaluation showed that the rotator cuff healing rate reached 90.3% according to the Sugaya classification criteria. LHBT exhibited normal morphology, course, and continuity without dislocation. Surrounding synovial sheath showed no thickening or effusion. CONCLUSION Arthroscopic double fixation and enhanced suture of LHBT in situ for repairing rotator cuff tear can significantly reduce shoulder joint pain, improve ROM, and achieve a high rotator cuff healing rate.
Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Arthroscopy/methods* ; Rotator Cuff Injuries/physiopathology* ; Female ; Retrospective Studies ; Aged ; Range of Motion, Articular ; Suture Techniques ; Treatment Outcome ; Rotator Cuff/surgery* ; Shoulder Joint/physiopathology* ; Tendons/surgery*

OBJECTIVE: To summarize the research progress of suture augmentation (SA) in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. METHODS: A comprehensive review of recent literature about SA in ACL reconstruction at home and abroad was conducted. The efficacy of SA in ACL reconstruction was evaluated by examining the definition, biomechanics, and histological studies of SA, along with its clinical application status in ACL reconstruction. RESULTS: SA demonstrates significant advantages in enhancing the biomechanical stability of ACL grafts, reducing the risk of re-rupture, and accelerating postoperative recovery. Specifically, SA improves graft stiffness, ultimate failure strength, and cyclic stability, thereby diminishing the risk of early postoperative failure and joint instability. Histologically, it fosters remodeling and tendon-bone integration through early load-sharing mechanisms; however, stress shielding may interfere with natural remodeling processes, warranting further attention. Clinically, SA reduces graft failure rates and the need for revision surgeries, markedly improving knee joint stability and functional recovery in young patients. Nevertheless, its impact on graft maturation and potential complications remains controversial. CONCLUSION Despite the many advantages of SA in ACL reconstruction, future endeavors should focus on optimizing tensioning techniques, developing bioactive materials, and conducting large-scale randomized controlled trials to further elucidate its clinical value and scope of applicability, providing a more reliable solution for ACL reconstruction.
Humans ; Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction/methods* ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Anterior Cruciate Ligament/surgery* ; Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries/surgery* ; Suture Techniques ; Sutures ; Tendons/transplantation* ; Joint Instability/prevention & control* ; Knee Joint/surgery*

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effectiveness of partial translocation of flexor carpi radialis tendon in the treatment of traumatic dislocation of the first carpometacarpal joint. METHODS: The clinical data of 6 patients with traumatic dislocation of the first carpometacarpal joint who met the selection criteria between March 2020 and June 2024 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 3 males and 3 females with an average age of 33.5 years (range, 16-42 years). All the 6 cases were treated with plaster immobilization for 4-6 weeks, and the time from injury to operation was 6-12 weeks, with an average of 8.8 weeks. All patients underwent reconstruction of the metacarpophalangeal anterior oblique ligament and dorsal posterior oblique ligament of the first carpometacarpal joint with partial translocation of flexor carpi radialis tendon. The pain relief was evaluated by visual analogue scale (VAS) score before and after operation, and the pinch force, palmar abduction and radial abduction angles of the affected side and the healthy side were recorded before and after operation, and the ratio of the above indexes between the affected side and the healthy side was calculated to evaluate the effectiveness. RESULTS: All the incisions healed by first intention after operation, and there was no complication related to operation such as neurovascular injury. All patients were followed up 6-19 months (mean, 12.7 months). The range of motion of the thumb on the affected side was the same as that on the healthy side, the first carpometacarpal joint was stable without recurrent dislocation and pain. At last follow-up, the VAS score, the pinch force of the affected side, the abduction angle of the palmar side of the affected thumb, the abduction angle of the radial side of the affected thumb, and the pinch force ratio, the palmar abduction angle ratio of the thumb, and the radial abduction angle ratio of the thumb of the affected side to the healthy side significantly improved when compared with those before operation ( P<0.05). CONCLUSION Partial translocation of the flexor carpi radialis tendon to reconstruct the metacarpophalangeal and dorsal radial ligaments for the treatment of traumatic dislocation of the first carpometacarpal joint is a reliable surgical method.
Humans ; Carpometacarpal Joints/surgery* ; Male ; Female ; Adult ; Adolescent ; Retrospective Studies ; Joint Dislocations/surgery* ; Young Adult ; Tendons/surgery* ; Tendon Transfer/methods* ; Plastic Surgery Procedures/methods* ; Treatment Outcome ; Range of Motion, Articular ; Ligaments, Articular/injuries*

OBJECTIVE: To explore effectiveness of musculoskeletal ultrasound combined with Wide-Awake technique in extensor indicis proprius tendon (EIP) transfer for repairing extensor pollicis longus tendon (EPL) rupture. METHODS: A clinical data of 20 patients with EPL spontaneous rupture, who were admitted between January 2019 and June 2024 and met the selective criteria, was retrospectively analyzed. During EIP transfer surgery, the musculoskeletal ultrasound-guided incision marking combined with Wide-Awake technique was used in combination group (n=10) and the tourniquet-assisted surgery under brachial plexus block anesthesia in the control group. There was no significant difference in the baseline data between groups (P>0.05), including gender, age, affected side, cause and location of tendon rupture, and time from injury to hospitalization. The accuracy of preoperative musculoskeletal ultrasound in predicting the actual tendon rupture site was evaluated in the combination group. The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, visual analogue scale (VAS) scores during operation and at 6 hours after operation, total incision length, and postoperative complications were recorded. Surgical outcomes were assessed at 12 months after operation using the specific EIP-EPL evaluation method (SEEM), which included measurements of thumb elevation loss, thumb flexion loss, index finger dorsiflexion loss, and total score. RESULTS: In the combination group, the incision position marked by preoperative musculoskeletal ultrasound positioning was consistent with the actual tendon rupture position. Compared with the control group, the operation time and total incision length in the combination group were significantly shorter and the VAS score at 6 hours after operation was significantly higher (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in intraoperative blood loss or intraoperative VAS score between groups (P>0.05). All incisions in both groups healed by first intention. Two patients in the control group developed swelling and blisters in the tourniquet area, which subsided spontaneously without special treatment. All patients were followed up 12-14 months, with an average of 12.5 months. The thumb dorsiflexion function of all patients recovered to varying degrees. At last follow-up, the thumb elevation loss in combination group was significantly lower than that in control group, and the total score was significantly higher (P<0.05); there was no significant difference in thumb flexion loss or index finger dorsiflexion loss between groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSION Musculoskeletal ultrasound can accurately locate the site of tendon rupture, assist the Wide-Awake technique in implementing precise anesthesia, and adjust tendon tension while reducing tissue trauma, with satisfactory effectiveness.
Humans ; Male ; Tendon Injuries/diagnostic imaging* ; Tendon Transfer/methods* ; Female ; Retrospective Studies ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; Ultrasonography/methods* ; Rupture/surgery* ; Treatment Outcome ; Operative Time ; Tendons/surgery* ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVE: To review the research progress and challenges of poly (L-lactic acid) (PLLA) membrane in preventing tendon adhesion. METHODS: The relevant literature at home and abroad in recent years was extensively searched, covering the mechanism of tendon adhesion formation, the adaptation challenge and balancing strategy of PLLA, the physicochemical modification of PLLA anti-adhesion membrane and its application in tendon anti-adhesion. In this paper, the research progress and modification strategies of PLLA membranes were systematically reviewed from the three dimensions of tissue adaptation, mechanical adaptation, and degradation adaptation. RESULTS: The three-dimensional adaptation of PLLA membrane is optimized by combining materials (such as hydroxyapatite, polycaprolactone), structural design (multilayer/gradient membrane), and drug loading (anti-inflammatory drug). The balance between anti-adhesion and pro-healing is achieved, the mechanical adaptation significantly improve, and degradation is achieved (targeting the degradation cycle to 2-4 weeks to cover the tendon repair period). CONCLUSION In the future, it is necessary to identify the optimal balance point of three-dimensional fitness, unify the evaluation criteria and solve the degradation side effects through the co-design of physicochemical modification and drug loading system to break through the bottleneck of clinical translation.
Tissue Adhesions/prevention & control* ; Polyesters/chemistry* ; Humans ; Biocompatible Materials/chemistry* ; Tendons/surgery* ; Membranes, Artificial ; Tendon Injuries/surgery* ; Wound Healing ; Animals ; Durapatite/chemistry*

OBJECTIVE: To compare the impact of different peroneus longus tendon (PLT) stump management techniques on ankle function following arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with autologous PLT grafts. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 60 patients with ACL rupture who met the inclusion criteria between August 2020 and July 2024. All patients underwent arthroscopic ACL reconstruction using the autologous PLT grafts. Patients were assigned to group A [PLT stump sutured to peroneus brevis tendon (PBT), n=30] or group B (no stump intervention, n=30). The two groups showed no significant difference ( P>0.05) in baseline data, including gender, age, body mass index, injury mechanism, affected side, preoperative American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score, ankle muscle strength, ankle range of motion, and arch-related angles. Postoperative outcomes were assessed using the AOFAS score, ankle muscle strength (eversion and first-ray plantar flexion), arch-related angles (medial/lateral longitudinal and anterior/posterior arch), ankle range of motion (eversion, inversion, dorsiflexion, plantarflexion), and limb symmetry index (LSI). Change values in muscle strength, arch-related angles, and range of motion from preoperative to 12 months postoperatively were calculated for intergroup comparison. RESULTS: Groups A and B had comparable PLT graft lengths and diameters ( P>0.05). All patients were followed up 13-16 months (mean, 14.5 months). Postoperative complications included 1 case of incision infection, 1 case of deep vein thrombosis, and 1 case of knee stiffness in group A, 1 case of knee stiffness in group B. There was no significant difference in the overall complication incidences between groups ( P>0.05). No significant difference was found in the AOFAS scores between different time points and between groups ( P>0.05). At 12 months after operation, neither group showed significant changes from preoperative baseline in ankle strength, range of motion, or arch-related angles, and there was no significant difference in these change values between groups ( P>0.05). There was no significant difference in LSI between the two groups at 6 or 12 months postoperatively ( P>0.05). CONCLUSION Both suturing and leaving the PLT stump untreated during arthroscopic ACL reconstruction provided comparable ankle outcomes and well-preserved foot and ankle function.
Humans ; Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction/methods* ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Female ; Adult ; Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries/surgery* ; Tendons/transplantation* ; Range of Motion, Articular ; Arthroscopy/methods* ; Young Adult ; Treatment Outcome ; Muscle Strength ; Transplantation, Autologous ; Ankle Joint/surgery* ; Middle Aged ; Adolescent

OBJECTIVE: To summarize research progress on enhanced recovery after posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction, clarify the core contradictions, effective intervention methods, and evaluation shortcomings in current clinical practice, and provide theoretical support for optimizing clinical rehabilitation strategies. METHODS: Relevant domestic and international literature in recent years was systematically searched. The key technologies and challenges for enhanced recovery after PCL reconstruction were analyzed from three aspects: the core issues of enhanced recovery after PCL reconstruction, treatment strategies, and the post-reconstruction effectiveness evaluation system. RESULTS: Enhanced recovery after PCL reconstruction mainly faces two core problems. First, there is a balance dilemma between graft tendon protection and knee joint function recovery: the tensile capacity of the graft tendon is weak in the early postoperative period, so excessive weight-bearing easily leads to relaxation, while overly conservative immobilization causes muscle atrophy and joint adhesion. Second, the return-to-sport rate is significantly affected by injury type and treatment method: patients with combined multiple ligament or meniscus injuries have a much lower return-to-sport rate than those with isolated PCL injury, and the risk of return-to-sport failure is higher. Current research mainly promotes rehabilitation from two aspects: physical therapy and surgical technology. Physical therapy runs through the perioperative period: preoperatively, muscle strength training, swelling control, and maintenance of joint range of motion are used to optimize surgical conditions; postoperatively, phased intervention is implemented. Surgical technology focuses on minimally invasive and anatomical approaches: arthroscopic surgery reduces injury, double-bundle reconstruction and internal tension-relief technology improve stability, and modified tunnel positioning and special surgical methods avoid the risk of "Killer Turn". Postoperative functional evaluation adopts multi-dimensional indicators: subjective evaluation relies on scales such as Lysholm and International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC); objective evaluation assesses stability through Telos stress test and posterior drawer test; imaging evaluation takes MRI as the core; psychological evaluation is assisted by the Tampa scale of kinesiophobia-11 (TSK-11). However, there are obvious shortcomings, such as the lack of PCL-specific evaluation tools. CONCLUSION Enhanced recovery after PCL reconstruction requires the integration of precise surgery, individualized rehabilitation, and comprehensive subjective and objective evaluation. In the future, biomaterials and digital technologies should be integrated to optimize the full-cycle management of PCL reconstruction, thereby improving functional recovery and the effect of return to sports.
Humans ; Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction/rehabilitation* ; Posterior Cruciate Ligament/injuries* ; Recovery of Function ; Knee Joint/physiopathology* ; Knee Injuries/rehabilitation* ; Return to Sport ; Enhanced Recovery After Surgery ; Tendons/transplantation* ; Arthroscopy

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the anthropometric parameters that can accurately predict the diameter of the hamstring tendon graft, and to examine the correlation between disease etiology, duration, and graft diameter. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on data from 166 patients who underwent anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using hamstring tendon autografts (semitendinosus and gracilis tendon) between January 2013 and December 2023. The cohort conprised 135 males and 31 females;the age ranged from 14 to 62 years old with an average of (28.87±10.46) years old. Pearson correlation coefficients, partial correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple linear regression analysis were utilized to elucidate the relationship between the outcome variable (diameter of hamstring tendon grafts) and predictive variables (e.g., height). RESULTS: Correlation analysis revealed significant associations between the diameter of hamstring tendon grafts and height (r=0.379, P<0.001), weight (r=0.225, P=0.002), male gender (r=0.302, P<0.001), age(r=-0.218, P=0.002), and sports injury etiology (r=0.167, P=0.016). No significant correlations were found with surgical side, body mass index (BMI), or injury duration (P>0.05). Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis using a backward elimination method indicated that height was the sole significant predictive variable (R²=0.144, P<0.001), with the optimal predictive equation being:Graft size =2.636+0.029×Height (cm). Partial correlation analysis, after controlling for height, showed no significant association between age, gender, weight, and injury etiology with graft diameter. CONCLUSION Height is an effective predictive factor for the diameter of autologous hamstring tendon grafts. Factors such as gender, age, surgical side, body weight, and BMI are not influential to the diameter of the hamstring tendon grafts. Under the condition of the same height, there is no significant difference in the influence of these factors on the graft diameter. Preoperative physical activity level and the duration of injury do not significantly affect the diameter of the hamstring tendon grafts obtained during surgery. It is recommended to use the formula 'Graft Diameter=2.636 + 0.029 × Height (cm)' for preoperative prediction.
Humans ; Male ; Female ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Adolescent ; Young Adult ; Transplantation, Autologous ; Anthropometry ; Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction ; Tendons/anatomy & histology* ; Autografts ; Hamstring Tendons/transplantation* ; Quadriceps Muscle/surgery*

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical effect of minimally invasive technique in the treatment of moderate and severe gluteal muscle contracture. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on 85 patients (170 sides) with bilateral gluteal muscle contracture admitted from January 2016 to December 2019. All patients were treated with minimally invasive release of tendon knife. There were 32 males and 53 females, ranging in age from 15 to 37 years old, with an average age of (22.3±6.3) years old. Operation time, intraoperative blood loss, incision length, first postoperative ambulation time, complication rate, recurrence rate, and Harris hip score (HHS) were analyzed and evaluated. RESULTS: The average follow-up time was (16.2±4.6) months, ranging from 12 to 30 months. The operation time ranged from 7 to 15 min, with an average of (10.2±3.1) min. Intraoperative blood loss ranged from 2 to 20 ml, with an average of (8.4±2.2) ml. The incision length ranged from 0.6 to 2.0 cm, with an average of (0.8±0.3) cm. The time to postoperative ambulation ranged from 12 to 28 h, with an average of (20.0±3.2) h. All patients achieved primary wound healing without sciatic nerve injury or recurrence. HHS hip function scores ranged from 90 to 98, with an average score of (96.2±1.4). Complications included intraoperative tendon blade tip fracture in two cases (removed under fluoroscopic guidance) and subcutaneous hematoma in three cases-two resolved with compression and one with open evacuation.. Twenty-nine patients exhibited transient swaying gait postoperatively, of which 24 patients returned to normal after 4 weeks and 5 patients returned to normal after 6 weeks. CONCLUSION Minimally invasive tendon blade release is a safe and effective technique for treating gluteal muscle contracture, offering minimal trauma, rapid recovery, and excellent cosmetic and functional outcomes. However, it exhibits a low risk of blade tip fracture and sciatic nerve injury, warranting experienced surgical handling.
Humans ; Male ; Female ; Adult ; Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures/methods* ; Adolescent ; Retrospective Studies ; Buttocks/surgery* ; Young Adult ; Contracture/surgery* ; Tendons/surgery* ; Muscle, Skeletal/surgery*

PURPOSE: The retear rate of rotator cuff (RC) after surgery is high, and the rapid and functional enthesis regeneration remains a challenge. Whether acellular amniotic membrane (AAM) helps to promote the healing of tendon to bone and which treatment is better are both unclear. The study aims to investigate the effect of AAM on the healing of RC and the best treatment for RC repair. METHODS: Thirty-three Sprague Dawley rats underwent RC transection and repair using microsurgical techniques and were randomly divided into the suturing repair only (SRO) group (n = 11), the AAM overlaying (AOL) group (n = 11), and the AAM interposition (AIP) group (n = 11), respectively. Rats were sacrificed at 4 weeks, then examined by subsequent micro-CT, and evaluated by histologic and biomechanical tests. The statistical analyses of one-way ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis test were performed using with SPSS 23.0. A p < 0.05 was considered a significant difference. RESULTS: AAM being intervened between tendon and bone (AIP group) or overlaid over tendon to bone junction (AOL group) in a rat model, promoted enthesis regeneration, increased new bone and cartilage generation, and improved collagen arrangement and biomechanical properties in comparison with suturing repair only (SRO group) (AOL vs. SRO, p < 0.001, p = 0.004, p = 0.003; AIP vs. SRO, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.001). Compared with the AOL group, the AIP group had better results in micro-CT evaluation, histological score, and biomechanical testing (p = 0 0.039, p = 0.011, p = 0.003, respectively). CONCLUSION In the RC repair model, AAM enhanced regeneration of the tendon to bone junction. This regeneration was more effective when the AAM was intervened at the tendon to bone interface than overlaid above the tendon to bone junction.
Animals ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Rotator Cuff Injuries/surgery* ; Amnion/transplantation* ; Rats ; Wound Healing ; Rotator Cuff/surgery* ; Male ; X-Ray Microtomography ; Tendons/surgery* ; Biomechanical Phenomena