Environmental Microbiology, as a compulsory foundational course for the major of environmental and ecological engineering. Its knowledge system not only lays a profound theoretical foundation but also evinces a close-knit nexus to practical applications in environmental protection and ecological restoration. This course thus serves as an outstanding platform facilitating both teaching reforms and practical innovations of professional courses. With Environmental Microbiology as a paradigmatic illustration, this paper concentrates on addressing issues like archaic course contents and enervating teaching approaches, with the aspiration of augmenting students' professional acuities, practical dexterities, and innovation and entrepreneurial aptitudes. In light of the aforesaid aim, we initiated an all-encompassing probe into the teaching reform and practicable paradigms from the perspective of amalgamating professional education with innovation-steered stratagems. Across multiple fronts, comprehensive reformative undertakings were implemented, subsuming the optimization and reconfiguration of course contents, the exploration of sundry teaching methodologies, and the scientific erection of an evaluation system. Ultimately, a nascent teaching model dubbed "three-dimensional, six-loop and five-collaborative" was formed. This series of comprehensive and innovative reform measures has not only substantially augmented the profundity and extensiveness of professional knowledge, permeating into the core of disciplinary essence, but also remarkably bolstered students' practical operational capabilities and innovative thinking patterns, thereby catalyzing their transformation into well-rounded individuals with a competitive edge. By virtue of these efforts, a solid foundation has been firmly laid for the teaching reform of Environmental Microbiology and the cultivation of high-caliber environmental professionals in the contemporary era, heralding a new chapter in the development of environmental education.
Environmental Microbiology ; Teaching ; Education, Professional/methods* ; Curriculum

Experimental Acupuncture and Moxibustion, as an interdisciplinary course, integrates traditional acupuncture and moxibustion with modern science. It is an important way for cultivating students' scientific thinking and innovation. The teaching group of Experimental Acupuncture and Moxibustion in Shandong university of TCM developed the content of courses under the guidance of talent construction of "emerging medicine discipline", aiming to cultivate the talents for the upright and innovation of acupuncture and moxibustion, and being abide to the advanced teaching concepts of students' cognitive law and outcome based education. Base on teaching design, teaching mode, curriculum ideological and political development, and teaching evaluation, a series of new measures have been implemented, e.g. "two-line, three-stage and eight-step measures", "six dimensions and five combinations" and "five combinations and three measure gauges". Through practice and exploration, the students' satisfaction, the innovation and creativity, and teaching ability of teachers have been enhanced. These reforms could provide the new approach to the development of the first-class courses related to traditional Chinese medicine.
Moxibustion/standards* ; Humans ; Acupuncture/education* ; Curriculum ; Acupuncture Therapy/methods* ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; China ; Teaching

Integrated medical courses are one of the key models for the development and transformation of modern medical education. Modular-based integrated courses set higher standards for knowledge, skills and quality objectives. This article primarily discusses the specific practices of teaching reform in the integrated medical course of Frontiers of Infection and Immunity for eight-year program at Air Force Medical University. It covers the selection and integration of teaching content, innovative application of various teaching methods, diversified teaching evaluation and feedback, and the teaching team building. The course not only deepens students' knowledge and promotes their creative abilities but also enhances their comprehensive literacy and international perspective, thus effectively preparing high-quality medical talents for future challenges in the medical field.
Humans ; Education, Medical/methods* ; Teaching ; Curriculum ; Immunity ; Infections/immunology*

Through collecting the literature data of the needling technique with filiform needle in 20 acupuncture-moxibustion teaching materials in the Republic of China， the manipulation techniques with filiform needle were analyzed, such as the technique of needle insertion, the technique of reinforcing and reducing, and the management of acupuncture abnormal conditions, as well as manual techniques and analgesics methods. It is found that the era of the Republic of China was the transition period of traditional acupuncture techniques to the modern ones in acupuncture-moxibustion teaching materials, in which, the twirling technique was predominated in the technique of needle insertion. In that period, the insertion technique of tube needle had been introduced and simplified, the theory and method of the new-style technique of reinforcing and reducing were emerged and the types of acupuncture abnormal conditions recorded in the teaching materials were different from those at present. Additionally, the applicable manipulation had not been specified nationally. There were the highly influential teaching materials, i.e. , and . The acupuncture-moxibustion teaching materials in the Republic of China has been influenced by the transition of acupuncture-moxibustion education modes, the introduction of Chinese-translation version of Japanese acupuncture-moxibustion books, the academic thoughts of acupuncture masters and the manufacturing process of needle devices.
Acupuncture ; education ; Acupuncture Therapy ; methods ; Moxibustion ; Taiwan ; Teaching Materials

A teaching training and assessment system for warming acupuncture is developed. This system is suitable for the technique operation of multi-acupoint warming acupuncture, and could evaluate the training effects of warming acupuncture at each acupoint. The hardware structure of this system is mainly composed of man-machine interface, control unit and training unit. The software program includes reset module, system clock module, needle depth signal control module, vibration control module and communication module. The teaching training and assessment system of warming acupuncture adopted touch-screen human-machine interface, which is simple to operate. The basic training unit, through multi-angle and multi-dimension adjustment of universal base, could realize the simulation training of warming acupuncture at different acupoints and angles of human body. Each training unit is relatively independent, and relevant parameters are set separately; the relevant parameters information is displayed in real time. The parameters of training unit includes needling time, vibration frequency and vibration time. In conclusion, the teaching training and assessment system for warming acupuncture could be used in the teaching and assessment of warming acupuncture. According to the criteria including operation time and effect, the students' technique ability of warming acupuncture could be evaluated objectively, which is helpful to set teaching objectives and technical operation requirements in warming acupuncture teaching.
Acupuncture ; education ; Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; methods ; Humans ; Moxibustion ; Students ; Teaching

is the course of strong operation skills in science of acupuncture and moxibustion. In classroom teaching, on the basis of "Internet Plus", a "student centered" teaching idea was constructed. The "Internet Plus" education information technology was used rationally, the self-learning ability and explorative learning were guided. In teaching, the "We Media" resource construction, learning assessment and achievement sharing were carried out to ensure the active participation of teachers in teaching reform, encourage students to learn initiatively and improve the teaching quality.
Acupuncture ; education ; Acupuncture Therapy ; Humans ; Internet ; Moxibustion ; methods ; Students ; Teaching

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to identify trends in research on cultural competency of nursing students and nurses in Korea and to provide suggestions for future studies. METHODS: A literature search was conducted with 432 papers published between 1985 and 2016 from five electronic databases and other sources using such key words as ‘cultural competency’, ‘cultural nursing’, ‘multi-cultural competency’, ‘nursing students’, ‘nurses’, etc. RESULTS: The research design of 86 nursing researches on the cultural competence of nurses and nursing students analyzed in this study was 90.7% in quantitative research, 9.3% in qualitative research, and 2.3% in mixed research. Cultural competence was the most measured concept. A total of 41 papers (47.7%) out of 86 papers were used to measure cultural competence. Ten different tools were used various instruments of cultural competency were used in 41 papers. In 11 experimental studies, new methods such as role playing, case study, four stage 3D puzzle model, newspaper reading, and writing reflection note were used other than traditional method of lecture. CONCLUSION: The overall findings of this study suggest that future research should include more well-designed experimental studies, qualitative studies and repeated studies to confirm the effects of findings from previous studies. Development of effective and highly diverse teaching methods is recommended to increase cultural competency. Supporting systems and funding are required to help activate research of nurses.
Cultural Competency ; Financial Management ; Humans ; Korea ; Methods ; Nursing Research ; Nursing ; Qualitative Research ; Research Design ; Role Playing ; Students, Nursing ; Teaching ; Writing

BACKGROUND: The management of red blood cell inventory in hospital's blood bank is crucial. The Australian Red Cross Blood Service developed a RBC safety stock calculation method (abbreviated as the ‘Australian formula’). In this study, we applied this method to four Korean hospitals to calculate the safe RBC stock level. METHODS: The hospitals included in this study were three tertiary teaching hospitals and one teaching hospital. The number of hospital beds in these hospitals were 1093, 1330, 1400, and 854, respectively. The data were collected from the Korea Blood Inventory Monitoring System of Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. The target/minimal/maximal RBC inventory levels and inventory days (inventory level/average daily usage) by ABO blood types were calculated using the daily red cell transfusion, wastage, and supply data between May and October 2016. RESULTS: The enrolled hospitals showed different levels for the target/minimal/maximal RBC inventory according to each blood group. The average of RBC inventory days in the four hospitals was 4.2 days. For each blood group, RBC inventory days were 3.2~4.4 days for O blood group type, 3.5~4.7 days for A blood group, 3.9~4.5 days for B blood group, and 3.9~5.5 days for AB blood group. CONCLUSION: Because the optimal RBC inventory levels are different depending on the hospital characteristics and the ABO blood group, it is necessary to set the RBC inventory levels for each hospital distinctly. The data obtained in this study will help manage blood product inventory in various hospital blood banks.
Blood Banks ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Erythrocytes* ; Hospitals, Teaching ; Korea ; Methods ; Red Cross

Embryology is essential for the undergraduate students of medical college to understand the process and mechanisms related to both normal and abnormal development. In almost all medical colleges, anatomy class precedes embryology or at least begin simultaneously with embryology even when the anatomy related subjects including embryology are operated as integrated process during the course of basic medical science curriculum. However in the medical college of Dankook University, embryology begins in premedical course and also precedes anatomy and other anatomy related subjects. This pattern of curriculum might have its own merit and there shouldn't be any problem or difficulty in learning general embryology contents such as fertilization process, early weeks of development, congenital malformations, and fetal membranes. However, the situation is somewhat different in learning system based embryology which is focused on the development of each human system during the embryonic period. As an attempt of prerequisite learning of anatomical knowledge before beginning each chapter of system based embryology, group presentation method was newly introduced to the embryology class. In this study, a survey analysis was performed in both presentation and non-presentation group. Common survey questionnaire for both presentation and non-presentation group was composed of previous experiences on embryology related subjects, necessities of knowledge on anatomy in learner's aspect, and free comments on embryology class at large. For the presentation group, preferred methods and contents for the prerequisite learning of anatomy, relevances in the level of difficulty and length of presentation class, and preferred level of prerequisite learning of anatomy were added to survey questionnaire. In the results, necessities of knowledge on anatomy in learner's aspect between presentation and non-presentation group was different with statistical significance. In non-presentation group, it was revealed that the students themselves hardly recognize the necessities of prerequisite learning because originally they had no experience on anatomy class. Therefore, the results revealed that the precedent effort of lecturer to supply diverse chances in prerequisite learning of anatomy is a high priority especially when embryology precedes anatomy or other anatomy related subjects.
Curriculum ; Embryology* ; Extraembryonic Membranes ; Fertilization ; Humans ; Learning* ; Methods ; Teaching*

The aim of medical education is to teach the essence of practical skills alongside with the theoretical knowledge. Teaching anatomy, as the center of medical education, should be leading to use this knowledge as a skill during clinical period. According to the rising numbers of dentistry faculties' experiences, inappropriate education results in misguidance during clinic. Thus, this study was conducted to find about the pre-clinical and clinical dentistry students' points of view on the helpfulness of anatomy classes in achieving clinical goals. Present descriptive cross-sectional study evaluated Guilan University of Medical Sciences' pre-clinical and clinical dentistry students' opinions on the effectiveness of anatomy classes during their clinical period in 2017. The sampling method used here was census via questionnaire and scoring was according to Likert scaling system. Analyses showed that anatomy of the nervous system was the most assistive course, which helped dentistry students during their clinical period (P<0.001). The least scored course was visceral organs and that means they did not use most of their learnings from classes with this topic (P<0.001). They also stated that other important factors such as using cadavers and moulages in practical sessions, teaching clinical skills theoretically before practical sessions and performing group activities are crucial for them to recall important details of the relevant courses during clinical period. Results of this study suggests that alongside with the various topics of anatomy courses, other factors like professors' characteristics and their teaching methods are also of important factors helping the dentistry students throughout clinic.
Cadaver ; Censuses ; Clinical Competence ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Dentistry* ; Education ; Education, Medical ; Humans ; Learning* ; Methods ; Models, Anatomic ; Nervous System ; Teaching