Background: Although isotretinoin has been confirmed by clinical and experimental studies to be a teratogenic agent that causes fetal developmental abnormalities, its effects on placental development and placental-like extra-embryonic vascularization have not been sufficiently studied. The vascularization of the chorioallantoic membrane is structurally and functionally similar to mammalian placental vascularization, which provided the rationale for conducting this study. Aim: To study the effect of isotretinoin on chorioallantoic membrane vascularization using an in ovo chick embryo model. Materials and Methods: A comparative experimental control study was conducted using fertilized eggs of the same developmental age from Gallus gallus domesticus. At the HH10 embryonic stage, the control group received avian saline, while the experimental group was administered isotretinoin (5 µg/100 µL). Vascularization of the yolk sac and chorioallantoic membrane was evaluated at the macro- and tissue levels at 72 and 120 hours of embryonic development. Vessel branching order, vascular density, and capillary number were compared, and statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test. Result: In the control group, vascularization progressed actively, with abundant formation of third and fourth order vessels, resulting in a dense reticular network. In contrast, the isotretinoin treated group showed delayed vessel branching, a marked reduction in the number of third- and fourth-order vessels, and an overall decrease in vascular density of 40–60%. Histological analysis revealed thinning of the chorioallantoic membrane, loss of tissue layers, and thinning of vascular walls, and the number of capillaries was significantly lower than in the control group (p<0.01). In addition, the development of chorioallantoic membrane vascularization in chick embryos was found to be structurally and developmentally similar to mammalian placental vascularization. Conclusion Isotretinoin was shown to inhibit the development of the chorioallantoic membrane and markedly reduce vascularization and differentiation in an in ovo chick embryo model.

Background: Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare lung disorder characterized by the accumulation of surfactant within the alveoli, leading to impaired gas exchange and respiratory insufficiency. Although the disease is uncommon, it significantly affects patients’ quality of life and requires specific diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Whole lung lavage (WLL) is considered the standard treatment; however, it has not been widely implemented in Mongolia. We report the first successful case of WLL performed for PAP in Mongolia. Case Presentation: A 56-year-old male presented with dyspnea. Chest computed tomography demonstrated a bilateral “crazy paving” pattern. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was positive for periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) staining, and anti–GM-CSF antibodies were detected, confirming the diagnosis of PAP. WLL was performed under general anesthesia using a double-lumen endotracheal tube with bronchoscopic guidance. One lung was ventilated with 100% oxygen while the contralateral lung was sequentially lavaged with 800–1000 mL of warm (37°C) saline per cycle until the effluent became clear. A total of approximately 20 liters of saline was used. Result: The procedure was completed successfully without complications. Following treatment, the patient showed marked clinical improvement with reduced dyspnea and increased exercise tolerance. Oxygen saturation improved from 88% to 93%, and spirometric parameters (FVC, FEV₁) demonstrated improvement. Chest imaging revealed a reduction in pulmonary opacities. Conclusion This case demonstrates the successful implementation of whole lung lavage (WLL) in Mongolia and highlights its importance in improving the diagnostic and therapeutic capacity for rare pulmonary diseases such as pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. The procedure resulted in significant improvement in clinical, functional, and radiological parameters, consistent with findings from international studies. Early diagnosis of PAP and the adoption of standardized protocols in accordance with international guidelines are essential to optimize treatment outcomes and enhance patients’ quality of life.

Background: Onion peel is a raw material rich in biologically active compounds; however, within the framework of food waste management in Mongolia, detailed studies and safety evaluations of this material remain insufficient. Therefore, it is necessary to scientifically determine the properties of onion peel waste generated from the food production sector and explore its potential for reuse. Aim: To evaluate the safety parameters of red and white onion (Allium cepa L.) peels generated during food processing and to determine their bioactive compound content and antioxidant activity. Materials and Methods: Red and white onion peels were used in this study. Safety parameters were determined using atomic absorption spectrometry (for heavy metals) and GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS (for pesticide residues). The raw materials were extracted with 70% ethanol, and dry extracts were obtained using a vacuum evaporator and freeze dryer. Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were measured by spectrophotometric methods, while antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH radical scavenging assay. Results: The analysis showed that the levels of lead, cadmium, and 205 pesticide residues in onion peels did not exceed the permissible limits, indicating that the material is safe. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of quercetin and luteolin derivatives in the dry extracts. The TPC (27.40±1.64%) and TFC (17.95±1.47%) of red onion peel extract were significantly higher than those of white onion peel extract (20.34±0.34% and 12.69±1.44%, respectively). The IC₅₀ values were 17.58 μg·mL⁻¹ for red onion and 19.41 μg·mL⁻¹ for white onion, indicating strong antioxidant activity for natural composite extracts. Conclusion Onion peel waste meets safety requirements and exhibits strong antioxidant activity. These findings demonstrate its potential as a valuable raw material for the development of antioxidant preparations and functional food additives aimed at preventing oxidative stress.

Background: A rare angioproliferative condition of the larynx, Kaposhi sarcoma typically affects the skin. Immunosuppressive treatment following organ transplantation and human immunodeficiency virus infection are the causes. Every type of Kaposi sarcoma has human herpesvirus-8. Laryngeal kaposi sarcoma is uncommon in immunocompromised patients; since its initial identification in 1965, 18 cases have been documented globally. A CO2 laser-assisted laryngeal microsurgery is performed through the mouth cavity to remove tumor when kaposi sarcoma of the larynx obstructs the airway. Case report: A 77-year-old woman complained of hoarseness, dry mouth, odynophagia, and dysphagia three months prior when she arrived at the Mongolian-Japan Hospital. Two years ago, she acquired hard, sensitive lumps that were palpable on her right arm, left ankle, and right thigh. At that time, she was diagnosed with Kaposiform hemangiodermatitis and treated at the National Center for Dermatology. HIV test results were negative. Immunohistochemistry: CD31 +/-, CD34 /+/. Using flexible nasopharyngeal endoscopy to get the diagnosis: There was a mass that was about 1.5–2–5 cm in diameter, bluish in color, smooth and movable, and spongy and vascular on the larynx, on the nasopharynx, behind the palatine tonsills, and supraglottic. Surgery: Through the use of Kleinsasser laryngoscopy and a 0-degree endoscope, pathological tissues were extracted under general anesthesia using a laryngeal microsurgical instrument and a laparoscopic bipolar coagulator. The tissues were then sent for histological evaluation, which revealed Kaposi sarcoma, sarcoma grade 1. Results of treatment Pain decreased and quality of life increased following surgery. Upon nasopharyngeal endoscopy, the vocal cord mobility was normal and the surgical incision was clean. Conclusion: Kaposi sarcoma is an extremely uncommon illness. A lower quality of life and further issues can be avoided with an early diagnosis and suitable therapy. It also needs to be continuously monitored because it is a potentially repeatable disease.