Background: The surgical neck of the humerus is located approximately 2–3 cm distal to the anatomical neck (collum anatomicum) at the junction of the greater and lesser tubercles and the humeral shaft. Owing to the transition between cortical and cancellous bones, this region is biomechanically vulnerable and prone to fractures, particularly in older adults. Fractures of the surgical neck of the humerus are classified under the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10), with diagnostic codes S42.21.3, S42.22, and S42.23. National statistics indicate that 210,763 new trauma cases were reported in Mongolia in 2023, representing an 11.6% increase compared to the previous year, of which 11,452 cases (5.4%) involved shoulder and humeral injuries. Aim: This study aimed to compare the clinical effects of traditional Mongolian bone-setting therapy and surgical treatment on pain intensity, shoulder function, range of motion, and activities of daily living in patients with surgical neck of the humerus fractures. Materials and Methods: Based on the Department of Traditional Therapies of the Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences (MNUMS) and the Department of Orthopedic Trauma of the Inner Mongolia International Hospital, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China, a total of 60 patients diagnosed with surgical neck fractures of the humerus were enrolled in this study between January 2024 and December 2025. The patients were randomly assigned into two groups: a Mongolian traditional bone-setting therapy group (n=30) and a surgical treatment group (n=30). Assessments were conducted before treatment and at 1 month and 3 months after treatment. Shoulder joint range of motion, activities of daily living, and muscle strength were evaluated using the Constant–Murley score, while pain intensity was assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). The collected data were systematically analyzed, and the therapeutic outcomes of the two treatment modalities were comprehensively compared and summarized. Result: The baseline demographic and clinical characteristics were comparable between the groups. In the traditional bone-setting group, VAS scores decreased significantly, whereas Constant–Murley scores improved markedly at both follow-up points. The overall outcomes in the traditional bone-setting group were significantly better than those in the surgical group (P<0.05). Conclusion Traditional Mongolian bone-setting therapy offers rapid pain relief, superior long-term functional recovery, and fewer complications, making it a valuable treatment option, particularly for elderly patients and those unsuitable for surgery.

Background: Obesity is defined as a condition in which excessive fat accumulates in subcutaneous adipose tissue and other tissues due to metabolic disorders, leading to an increase in body weight. As of 2006, 31.6% of the Mongolian population aged 15–64 years were overweight or obese, of whom 21.8% were overweight and 9.8% were obese. By 2019, this proportion had increased to 49.4% being overweight or obese, including 30.9% overweight and 18.5% obese. These figures indicate that the Mongolian population has become affected by the obesity epidemic. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of scientifically validating the effectiveness of acupoint catgut embedding for obesity through a clinical experimental research approach. Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of acupoint catgut embedding in patients with obesity. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted as a clinical experimental research using a descriptive study design at the Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences (MNUMS) International School of Mongolian Medicine, the Central Hospital of Mongolian Medicine and the Second Traditional Chinese and Mongolian Hospital of Chifeng city, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, PRC, from July 2025 to January 2026. A total of 76 adult participants were enrolled based on the following inclusion criteria: If the participant is female, she must have regular menstrual cycles, confirmed diagnosis of obesity (BMI ≥25 kg/m², or waist circumference >94 cm for men and >80 cm for women, or waist-to-hip ratio >0.95 for men and >0.85 for women), and willingness to participate voluntarily. Participants received catgut embedding at acupoints Zhongwan (CV12), Xiawan (CV10), Guanyuan (CV4), Qihai (CV6), Daimai (GB26), Daheng (SP15), Tianshu (ST25) and Huaroumen (ST24) once every 14 days for a total of two sessions. The effectiveness of the intervention was assessed by comparing body weight, BMI, body fat percentage, waist and hip circumference, selected metabolic parameters (GLU, HDL, LDL, CHOL, TG), and depression scores (Beck Depression Inventory) before treatment and 30 days after the intervention. Result: After acupoint catgut embedding, participants showed statistically significant reductions in body weight, BMI, body fat percentage, waist circumference, and hip circumference (p=0.0001). HDL increased from 1.62 ± 14.77 mmol/L to 1.80 ± 0.64 mmol/L and LDL increased from 2.21 ± 0.55 mmol/L to 2.57 ± 0.84 mmol/L, both showing statistically significant increases (p=0.0001). Total cholesterol increased slightly from 4.36 ± 0.88 mmol/L to 4.43 ± 0.8 mmol/L, but this change was not statistically significant (p=0.24). Triglycerides decreased from 1.45 ± 0.68 mmol/L to 1.30 ± 0.62 mmol/L, representing a statistically significant improvement (p=0.005). Fasting glucose increased from 4.17 ± 0.66 mmol/L to 4.66 ± 0.62 mmol/L (p=0.0001). Depression assessment showed that before the study, 17 participants (22.4%) had no depression, 19 (25.0%) had mild depression, 12 (15.8%) had moderate depression, and 28 (36.8%) had severe depression. After treatment, 36 participants (47.4%) had no depression, 20 (26.3%) had mild depression, 8 (10.5%) had moderate depression, and 12 (15.8%) had severe depression. Conclusion 1. Acupoint catgut embedding for obesity reduces body weight, BMI, body fat percentage, waist circumference and hip circumference. 2. Acupoint catgut embedding increases HDL-C, LDL-C and fasting glucose levels and decreases triglyceride levels. 3. Acupoint catgut embedding reduces the severity of depression.

Background: Copper is a mineral that is involved in many functions og the human body and copper has antibacterial reaction. However many scientists have studied the antibacterial activity of nano copper, in our country, the lack of research is the basis of our research. Aim: Determination of antibacterial activity of colloidal copper (CuNP) Materials and Methods: The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Research Ethics Review Committee of the Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences on February 18, 2022 (Protocol No. 2022/3-02). An ionized copper solution was produced by passing an electric current (19–20 V, 3–5 A, for 24 h) through sterilized distilled water using copper plates. Ascorbic acid was then added to prepare colloidal copper. The concentration was determined using a PPM meter, and the solution was filtered through a 0.22 µm bacterial filter. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against standard bacterial strains were determined by the broth dilution method. To determine the bactericidal time, bacterial cultures were exposed to the bactericidal concentration and subcultured hourly for 10 hours. Additionally, antibacterial activity was evaluated on Mueller–Hinton agar using the disk diffusion method according to CLSI standards, where 20 µL of colloidal copper was applied onto antibiotic disks. The plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours, and the diameter of the inhibition zones was measured. Result: The concentration of the prepared colloidal copper was 0.7 ppm. Using the broth dilution method, complete bactericidal activity was observed at 0.006 ppm against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella enteritidis, while Pseudomonas aeruginosa was completely killed at 0.008 ppm. In terms of exposure time, complete bacterial killing occurred after 2 hours for S. enteritidis and K. pneumoniae, after 6 hours for E. coli, and after 11 hours for P. aeruginosa. In addition, antibacterial activity was evaluated on Mueller–Hinton agar using the disk diffusion method according to CLSI standards. Colloidal copper increased the inhibition zone diameter of most antibiotics by 1–5 mm, particularly against P. aeruginosa. In K. pneumoniae, the activity of aztreonam and ceftriaxone was enhanced. When evaluating the inhibition zone diameter of cefotaxime against E. coli, the susceptibility result changed from intermediate to susceptible, while no significant change was observed for the other antibiotics tested. For K. pneumoniae, the addition of colloidal copper increased the inhibition zone diameter of aztreonam and ceftriaxone by approximately 1–2 mm. In P. aeruginosa, the inhibition zone diameters of most antibiotics increased by 1–5 mm; however, the activity of imipenem decreased. For S. enteritidis, most antibiotics showed an increase in susceptibility of approximately 1–2 mm, while ceftriaxone showed no observable effect. Conclusion 1. Colloidal copper solution, at low concentrations, exhibits bactericidal activity against some Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria. 2. Colloidal copper solution shows a synergistic effect with certain drugs, enhancing their activity; however, it exhibits an inhibitory effect on the activity of imipenem.

Background: Numerous international studies have established that the antibacterial activity of honey is attributed to its key components, including hydrogen peroxide, methylglyoxal, peptides, polyphenolic compounds, high sugar content, and acidic pH. Despite the vast consumption of different types of honey in Mongolia, there is a lack of sufficient scientific evidence on their antibacterial properties, which served as the rationale for conducting this study. Aim: A study comparing the antibacterial activity of honey commonly traded in Mongolia. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted using an experimental research design. Eight standard pathogenic bacterial strains were utilized: Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 1706, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ATCC 700699, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 35984, Salmonella enterica ATCC 13076, and Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 19606. A total of 14 honey samples were selected for the study, comprising 11 samples sourced from the Uvs, Tuv, Sukhbaatar, Khentii, Dornod, Darkhan, Selenge, and Khuvsgul provinces of Mongolia, and 3 Manuka-type honey samples from Australia. The samples were serially diluted in broth using a 96-well U-bottom microtiter plate. One microliter of each bacterial suspension was added, and the plates were incubated at 37°C for 18–24 hours. Subsequently, the cultures were spread onto Mueller-Hinton agar and incubated under the same conditions. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined by evaluating bacterial growth inhibition and bactericidal activity, respectively. Result: Among the tested samples, the Manuka honey with MGO 570 and the honey collected from Tumentsogt soum in Sukhbaatar province exhibited the most potent antibacterial activity against MRSA, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 12.5% (v/v) and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 25% (v/v). In contrast, the antibacterial activity of Manuka honey with UMF 5 and the honeys sourced from Tuv, Uvs, and Khalkhgol soum in Dornod province demonstrated MIC and MBC values of 25% (v/v) and 50% (v/v), respectively. The Manuka honey with MGO 30, as well as the honeys collected from Selenge, Darkhan, Sukhbaatar, Khentii, and Rashaant and Tarialan soums in Khuvsgul province, showed comparatively weaker activity against MRSA, Salmonella enterica, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusion 1. The antibacterial activity of natural and cultivated floral honeys was assessed by determining their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against eight standard bacterial strains. 2. All seven natural floral honey samples exhibited measurable antibacterial effects against the tested strains, whereas some of the cultivated floral honey samples showed no observable activity against certain bacterial strains.

Background: Diabetes mellitus accounts for 42.9% of endocrine and nutritional metabolic diseases in Mongolia, with a prevalence of 111.4 cases per 10,000 population. This represents a 28.5% increase compared with the previous year (82.9 cases per 10,000 population in 2019), indicating a continuing upward trend in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus. In Mongolian traditional medicine, Sapparin tablets are used to treat blood disorders and liver diseases. The formulation contains four major herbal ingredients: C. jubata, C. sappan, Z. officinale, and H. rhamnoides. Aim: To study the effects of Sapparin in a high-fat diet and low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetic model in experimental rats. Materials and Methods: We used 40 Wistar rats to establish a type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) model according to the method described by Bailu Duan et al. (2017). The rats were fed a high-fat diet for 28 days, followed by an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) at 35 mg/kg to induce T2DM. After STZ administration, Sapparin was orally administered to diabetic rats at 89 and 178 mg/kg for 21 days. At the end of the experimental period, insulin, GLUT4, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions on days 14 and 21. Result: After 14 and 21 days of treatment, fasting blood glucose levels decreased by 33% and 22.5% in the Sapparin 89 mg/kg and 178 mg/kg groups, respectively, compared with the diabetic control group (p=0.05). In the glucose tolerance test, the 89 mg/kg Sapparin-treated group showed a 31% increase in glucose levels at the initial measurement compared with the diabetic control group, followed by decreases of 10% at 30 min and 30% at 120 min (p=0.04). Serum insulin levels in the 89 mg/kg Sapparin group decreased by 20% on day 14 and 19.8% on day 21 compared with the diabetic control group, while the 178 mg/kg group showed decreases of 15% and 20%, respectively, approaching the levels observed in the healthy control group (p=0.05). Furthermore, HOMA-IR decreased by 42–46% over time in both the 89 and 178 mg/ kg Sapparin-treated groups, with statistically significant differences observed (p=0.05). Conclusion In a rat model of type 2 diabetes mellitus, Sapparin reduced blood glucose levels, serum insulin levels, and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and may have a positive effect on lipid metabolism.

Background: Pediatric diarrhea is one of the most common diseases among children and is the second leading cause of death and the third most prevalent disease among children worldwide. In Traditional Medicine, pediatric diarrhea is considered to result from an imbalance of the three bodily principles. In the treatment of this condition, Indra-4 decoction, which is traditionally used for its antipyretic and antidiarrheal effects, is commonly administered. Aim: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of Indra-4 in the treatment of pediatric diarrhea. Materials and Methods: A quantitative, randomized, controlled (active-control), open-label, single-center clinical trial was conducted. A total of 150 children were enrolled based on a confidence level of P>0.90 and a margin of error of D=10%, and were randomly assigned to two groups in a 1:1 ratio. The treatment group received Indra-4 decoction at a dose of 1.5 g twice daily for children aged 2–5 years and 2 g twice daily for children aged 6–9 years. The comparison group received montmorillonite powder at a dose of 2 g three times daily. Treatment was administered for 7 days in both groups. Clinical symptoms were scored and assessed before treatment, on days 3 and 5 of treatment, and after completion of treatment, and the results were compared between the two groups. The study was conducted with the approval of the Research Ethics Review Committee of the Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Mongolia (Approval No. 2026/1-01, January 23, 2026). Result: No statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of age, sex distribution, or total symptom scores at baseline (p>0.05), indicating that the groups were comparable. On days 3 and 5 of treatment and after treatment, the total symptom scores in the Indra-4 group were significantly lower than those in the comparison group (p<0.001). The overall treatment efficacy was 92.0% in the Indra-4 group and 78.7% in the comparison group, with a statistically significant difference (χ²=4.315, p=0.038). The percentage reduction in symptom scores was 90.97±4.14% in the Indra-4 group compared with 61.32±5.24% in the comparison group (t=28.072, p<0.001). These findings suggest that Indra-4 decoction may be more effective in reducing symptoms and improving treatment outcomes in children with diarrhea. Conclusion The results demonstrated that the Indra-4 group had significantly greater improvement in the major and accompanying symptoms of pediatric diarrhea, as well as higher overall treatment efficacy and recovery rates, compared with the comparison group. Indra-4 appears to be effective in the treatment of pediatric diarrhea and may be suitable for clinical use.

Background: Research on lactic acid bacteria has confirmed how specific strains possess probiotic properties and impart unique sensory characteristics to food products. The use of probiotic lactic acid bacteria in many food products, thus confers various health benefits to humans when they are frequently consumed in adequate amounts. Aim: To determine the effect of lactic acid bacteria on the growth of tomatoes. Materials and Methods: The lactic acid bacteria were cultured using the Lactobacillus medium from whipping cream and Dandelion (Taraxacum mongolicum) and identified using the MALDI-TOF MS automated microbial identification analyzer. A solution was prepared using Lactobacillus delbrueckii isolated from whipping cream and Lactobacillus gasseri isolated from Dandelion (10^7CFU/ml), and sterilized tomato seeds were watered for 10 days with the solution, while sterilized distilled water was used as a control. The germination rate of the seeds and the root length were measured and recorded every day. Results: The solution of L.delbrueckii bacteria isolated from cream germinated 100% of the seeds, which is 4% higher than the control seeds, while the solution of L.gasseri bacteria isolated from Dandelion germinated 100%, supporting 4% higher than the control seeds. Seedlings irrigated with the L.delbrueckii bacterial solution exhibited an average length of 10.3cm, which was 1.3cm longer than the control (P=0.003), indicating a statistically significant difference. Similarly, those treated with the L.gasseri solution had an average length of 11.5cm, 2.5cm longer than the control (P=0.005), also demonstrating statistical significance. Conclusion The application of the lactic acid bacterial solution significantly enhanced both the germination of tomato seeds and the growth of the plants compared to the control solution.

Background: Cancer incidence and mortality are steadily increasing both globally and in Mongolia. As these rates rise, traditional Mongolian medicine has long utilized herbal formulas for the treatment of gastric and esophageal cancers and precancerous conditions. One such formulation—Hot Natured 3 Herbs (HN3H)—comprises three species from the Ranunculaceae family: Atragene sibirica L., Ranunculus repens L., and Pulsatilla bungeana L.. However, scientific validation of its anti-tumor effects is essential. This study aimed to investigate the effect of HN3H in a tumor-induced animal model. Aim: To identify the biologically active compounds of HN3H and evaluate their effect in an experimentally induced tumor model in animals. Materials and Methods: The three herbs comprising HN3H—Atragene sibirica L., Ranunculus repens L., and Pulsatilla bungeana L.—were collected during their flowering stage (May–June) in Khishig-Undur, Bulgan province, and dried according to official procedures. Extraction was carried out by maceration in 96% ethanol at a 1:10 ratio. The concentrated extract was suspended in water (1:1) and successively fractionated with dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, butanol, chloroform, and n-hexane. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences (Protocol №2020/03-04). A colorectal cancer model was established by subcutaneous injection of MC-38 cells (Kerafast, USA) into C57BL/6 mice. Immunohistochemistry was performed using CK20, CDX2, Ki67, and p53 antibodies at 1:100 and 1:200 dilutions. Results: The ethanol extract of HN3H contained 2.98±0.04% total phenolics and 2.16±0.05% total flavonoids. Body weight and tumor volume were measured daily with three repetitions. All groups showed a time-dependent increase in body weight. Mice in groups 1A and 1B received ethanol extract at 50 and 100 mg/kg doses; groups 2A and 2B received dichloromethane extract at the same doses. The negative control group was administered 0.5 mg/kg PBS orally, while the positive control group received intraperitoneal injections of 5-fluorouracil (5FU) at 10 mg/kg twice a week. Tumor growth increased in a time-dependent manner across groups. Compared to the negative control, tumor volumes in four treatment groups showed statistically significant reduction (p˂0.05), while no significant difference was observed when compared to the positive control (p=0.08). Histological analysis revealed necrosis in all groups, with variation in extent. Conclusion The ethanol extract of HN3H exhibited moderate levels of phenolic compounds and a high concentration of flavonoids. HN3H extract inhibited tumor progression and activated lymphocyte-predominant inflammation in tumor tissues, indicating potential anti-tumor activity (p˂0.05).

Background: Since ancient times, humans have used medicinal plants for medicinal purposes, and they have been recognized as beneficial to health. The basis of the treatment of these plants is phytochemical substances and in modern times, with the development of science and technology, the substances contained in these plants are extracted and medicinal substances and drugs are produced to treat many diseases. There are more than 800 medicinal plants in Mongolia, and their chemical structure and properties are studied in detail, biological activity and main features are discovered, and new medicines are produced. From the Thalictrum squarrosum plant, 25 compounds have been identified, such as triterpenoids with 17 carbon atoms in the cycloartane type ring, saponins, oleic acid glycosides, phytosterols and their glycosides etc., and the structures of 7 new compounds have been determined and the research on phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity has been limited, which is the basis for this research. Aim: Determination of total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Thalictrum squarrosum. Materials and Methods: Total phenolic compounds were determined spectrophotometrically using Folin-Chicolte color reagent in 1.0 raw material of the Thalictrum squarrosum. Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH, FRAB and ABTS in sub-extracts of 4 groups. Results: The total phenolic compounds of Thalictrum squarrosum were determined to be 1.9±0.001%. In the study of biological activity of Thalictrum squarrosum plants, the antioxidant activity of 4 groups of sub-extracts was tested by DPPH method, and the IC50 of total alkaloids (pH 9-10) was 201.58±0.1 μg/ml, ethyl acetate sub-extract 94.34±0.66 μg/ml, aqueous extract 824.18±0.08 μg/ml, and butanol sub-extract 128.75±0.58 μg/ml. When tested by ABTS method, the IC50 of total alkaloids (pH 9-10) was 35.83±0.44 μg/ml, ethyl acetate sub-extract 90.45±0.62 μg/ml, aqueous extract 104.19±0.93 μg/ml, dichloromethane sub-extract 156.44±0.48 μg/ml, and butanol sub-extract 170.03±0.61 μg/ml. When tested for antioxidant activity at 800 μg/ml by the FRAB method, the ethyl acetate sub-extract was 8946.16±14.79 μg/ml, the dichloromethane sub-extract was 1670.12±39.28 μg/ml, the butanol sub-extract was 4863.97±25.98 μg/ml, and the total alkaloids (pH 9-10) were 4897.99±58.12 μg/ml. Conclusion The ethyl acetate extract of the plant Thalictrum squarrosum has been found to be highly antioxidant active and total phenolic compound was 1.9±0.001%.

Background: Lish-6 has been used for treatment pharyngitis, flu and throat disease. Lish-6 is composed from Eugenia caryophylla. Thumb, Saussurea lappa C.B. Clark, Schizostachoum chinense. Rendle, Glycyrrhiza uralensis. Fisch, Gentiana algida Pall, Terminalia chebula. Retz. Anti-fever properties of these plants and their bio-active compounds have extensively been studied. Aim: To determine the anti-fever effects of Lish-6. Marerials and Methods: Fever was induced by intravenous administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at concentration of 0.5 mg/kg. Lish-6 was given orally at concentration of 92 mg/kg, 1 and 6 hours after the LPS administration. Rectal temperature wa measured 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 hours after the LPS administration. Paracetamoli was given orally at concentration of 50 mg/kg. Blood levels of Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were determined by enzyme linked immune sorbent assay using rat kits. Lung tissue was examined by histopathological analysis. Results: The body temperature of rats in the normal group was 35.0±1.10С, while in the control group, periodic fever was caused by the effect of lipopolysaccharide (p=0.001). But in the Lish-6 drug group, rectal temperature decreased steadily (p=0.05). In addition, the IL-1β cytokine in the normal group was 3.24±0.31 ng/L and increased by 60.5% in the control, indicating the development of the pathological model, while this parameter decreased by 31% in the Lish-6 drug group (p=0.05). IL-6 cytokine in the normal animals was 21.1±0.2 pg/L and increased by 19.04% in the control, indicating the development of the pathological model, while this parameter decreased by 8.3% in the Lish-6 drug group (p =0.05). PGE2 in the normal group was 43.2±0.3 ng/L, and it increased by 62.7% in the control group, indicating the development of a pathological model, while this parameter decreased by 53.3% in the Lish-6 drug group (p=0.05). Conclusion Lish-6 traditional drug has the effect of reducing rectal temperature, IL-1β, PGE2 and IL-6 cytokines during lipopolysaccharide-induced febrile pathology model.