Humans ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/epidemiology* ; Liver Neoplasms/epidemiology* ; Prothrombin ; Biomarkers

Aged ; Feasibility Studies ; Health Status ; Humans ; Mobile Applications ; Treatment Outcome

Aims: Due to its rapid development of resistance against most conventional antibiotics, there is an urgent need to develop new antimicrobial agents and strategies to overcome the challenges in combating multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. This study aimed to determine the antipseudomonal potency of bacteriocin produced by Pediococcus pentosaceus TU2 when combined with conventional antibiotics. Methodology and results: The checkerboard method and time-kill assay were conducted to investigate the antagonism interaction and kinetics of the bacteriocin TU2 and selected antibiotics against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC10145. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to observe the cell surface morphological changes of the treated P. aeruginosa ATCC10145. The combination of bacteriocin TU2 with ciprofloxacin and tetracycline resulted in a 4-fold reduction in minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and a fractional inhibitory concentration index (ΣFICI) of 0.5, indicating a synergistic interaction against P. aeruginosa ATCC10145. Similarly, the time-kill assay showed that the combination of bacteriocins TU2 respectively with chloramphenicol and tetracycline exerted enhanced bactericidal effect at 8 h and 10 h of treatments compared to treatment with antimicrobial agents alone. Results from SEM suggested that bacteriocin TU2 might cause pore formation on cells and thus enhanced the membrane permeability of antibiotics and intensified the membrane leakage that led to cell death of P. aeruginosa ATCC10145. Conclusion, significance and impact of study The combined antagonistic effect of bacteriocin TU2 and antibiotics could be a promising strategy in combating P. aeruginosa infections and may be applied in therapeutic industries.
Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; Pediococcus pentosaceus

Aims: This study aims to predict the presence of bacteriocin- and probiotic-associated genes in the genome of Weissella cibaria NM1 isolated from Asian sea bass using a machine learning-based NeuBI prediction approach, followed by the investigation of the crude bacteriocin antimicrobial and probiotic properties via in vitro analysis. Methodology and results: This study utilized the machine learning-based NeuBI prediction approach with a homology search of highly conserved bacteriocin-associated genes present in the genome of W. cibaria NM1. This approach discovered a putative bacteriocin gene (WC_2064) and bacteriocin operon with complete immunity, transporter, regulator and modifier genes. Furthermore, the genome of W. cibaria NM1 was found to harboured specific probiotic*associated genes that would contribute to acid and bile tolerance, adhesion on thehost cell and exhibited cholesterolreducing ability. On top of that, the genome also shows the absence of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes, which signifies the safety of W. cibaria NM1 as a potential probiotic candidate. In vitro study has confirmed the antipseudomonal activity of crude bacteriocin NM1 with MIC of 62.5 mg/mL. Weissella cibaria NM1 can tolerate 0.3% (v/v) of bile salt condition and the transit through the simulated gastric (pH 3 and 4) and small intestinal (pH 8) tract. Conclusion, significance and impact of study Current findings suggested in silico approach can speed up the search for putative bacteriocin and probiotic-associated genes from the genome of W. cibaria NM1. Nevertheless, further verification through experimental works will be deemed essential.
Bacteriocins ; Probiotics ; Weissella ; Asian ; Computer Simulation ; In Vitro Techniques

Introduction: Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is a potentially fatal neurological condition. However, due to the non-specific clinical and radiological features of CVST, it can sometimes result in a delay in the diagnosis and subsequent management. The aim of this study was to evaluate the demography, risk factors and one-year outcome of CVST patients treated in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia. Methods: In this retrospective study, we reviewed the cases diagnosed with CVST admitted to our centre from January 2011 until November 2015. Results: A total of 15 patients were included in this review. The patterns of imaging findings as well as risk factors for CVST is discussed with a review of the literature and current management practices. One year followed-up showed full recovery (Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) of 5) in 10 cases (66.7%), whereas 4 cases (26.7%) with GOS of 4 (three cases with neurological deficits, and 1 case with mild symptom. There was one case of mortality in this study secondary to sepsis during hospitalisation. The presenting symptoms were mainly headache, focal neurology deficits, seizure and altered sensorium. Risk factors identified were oral contraceptive pills usage, chronic sinuses or ear infections, and obesity. Initial computed tomography (CT) scan showed various findings and haemorrhagic infarct was one of the common findings. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance venography (MRV) revealed majority of the patients had occlusion at two or more venous sinus sites. No patients had new or recurrent intracranial haemorrhage following initiation of anticoagulation therapy. Conclusion: Thus it is considerable safe to start anticoagulation therapy in CVST patients including those with intracranial haemorrhage. We propose further neuroimaging to avoid missed diagnosis of CVST in patient presented with recent onset headache and CT evidence of unusual cerebral infarction.

The Ministry of Health (MOH) has updated the clinical practice guidelines on hypertension to provide doctors and patients in Singapore with evidence-based treatment for hypertension. This article reproduces the introduction and executive summary (with recommendations from the guidelines) from the MOH clinical practice guidelines on hypertension, for the information of SMJ readers. Chapters and page numbers mentioned in the reproduced extract refer to the full text of the guidelines, which are available from the Ministry of Health website: http://www.moh.gov.sg/content/moh_web/healthprofessionalsportal/doctors/guidelines/cpg_medical.html. The recommendations should be used with reference to the full text of the guidelines. Following this article are multiple choice questions based on the full text of the guidelines.
Antihypertensive Agents ; therapeutic use ; Blood Pressure ; Evidence-Based Medicine ; Health Promotion ; Humans ; Hypertension ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Life Style ; Risk Factors ; Singapore

BACKGROUND: All Singaporean males undergo medical screening prior to compulsory military service. A history of possible food allergy may require referral to a specialist Allergy clinic to ensure that special dietary needs can be taken into account during field training and deployment. OBJECTIVE: To study the pattern of food allergy among pre-enlistees who were referred to a specialist allergy clinic to work up suspected food allergy. METHODS: Retrospective study of all pre-enlistees registered in the Clinical Immunology/Allergy New Case Registry referred to the Allergy Clinic from 1 August 2015 to 31 May 2016 for suspected food allergy. RESULTS: One hundred twenty pre-enlistees reporting food allergy symptoms other than rash alone were referred to the Allergy Clinic during the study period. Of these, 77 (64.2%) had food allergy. Among those with food allergy, mean age was 19.1 ± 1.5 years. They comprised predominantly Chinese (66.2%) and Malays (20.8%). The most commonly reported foods were shellfish/crustaceans (78%), peanut (15.6%), and egg (6.5%). Self-limiting oral allergy syndrome, OAS (itchy lips and throat with/without lip angioedema) was the most common manifestation (n = 33, 42.9%) followed by anaphylaxis (n = 23, 29.9%). Majority of OAS was from shellfish/crustacean (90.6%); of which shrimp (30.3%), crab (15.2%), and lobster (3.0%) were the most common. Mild childhood asthma (69.7%), allergic rhinitis (6.3%), and eczema (6.1%) were the most common atopic conditions among individuals with shellfish/crustacean OAS. This pattern was similar for shellfish/crustacean anaphylaxis. Skin prick tests were most commonly positive for shrimp (OAS 87.1% vs. anaphylaxis 100%), crab (OAS 95.8% vs. 90.9%), and lobster (OAS 91.7% vs. 63.6%). CONCLUSION: OAS to shellfish/crustaceans was more common than anaphylaxis among this study population of young males referred for food allergy symptoms other than rash alone.
Anaphylaxis ; Arachis ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Asthma ; Eczema ; Exanthema ; Food Hypersensitivity ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Lip ; Male ; Mass Screening ; Military Personnel ; Ovum ; Pharynx ; Referral and Consultation ; Retrospective Studies ; Rhinitis, Allergic ; Shellfish ; Singapore ; Skin ; Specialization

MOHs micrographic surgery is a technique of microscopic margin control in the surgical management of skin cancers particularly at cosmetically sensitive sites. This review article is aimed at sharing our initial experience of performing MOHs surgery for skin cancers in Malaysia since 2015.

Introduction: Steven-Johnson syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis are rare but life threatening severe cutaneous adverse reactions to drugs. To determine the epidemiology of SJS, TEN and SJS/TEN overlap in University Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC). Methods: All patients admitted to UMMC from year 2013-2015 for SJS, SJS/TEN, TEN were recruited. The classification of SJS, SJS/TEN overlap and TEN was made based on the criteria laid down by Bastuji et al.2 Results: A total of 32 patients were recorded to have SJS, SJS/TEN overlap and TEN from 2013 to 2015. Drugs (n=32, 86.49%) remained the most common aetiology of SJS and TEN. The top three commonest drugs are allopurinol (n=6), followed by carbamazepine (n=5) and bactrim (n=3). Conclusion: This study demonstrates that drugs were the most common cause of SJS/TEN. Antibiotics were the most common drug group that caused SJS/TEN. Awareness of the common etiology such as drug is important and high index of suspicion of SJS and TEN is needed if patients were on the above medications.