Recent years have witnessed significant advancements in myopia control research through the application of diffuse optical technology(DOT)spectacle lenses. Myopia has emerged as a global public health challenge, affecting nearly half of the world's population, with childhood and adolescent myopia rates continuing to rise. DOT lenses represent an innovative myopia control intervention based on retinal contrast signal theory. These lenses incorporate micro-light scattering dots distributed across the lens surface to reduce retinal imaging contrast and modulate the influence of visual input on axial elongation, thereby slowing myopia progression. The core mechanism operates through refractive index differences between the lens substrate(1.53)and scattering dots(1.50), which generate optical scattering effects. This design maintains clear vision through a central 5 mm optical zone while effectively reducing contrast signal intensity in the peripheral retina. Large-scale randomized controlled trials, including the CYPRESS study, have demonstrated significant myopia control efficacy in children aged 6-10 years: 12-month follow-up data revealed a 74% reduction in myopia progression and a 50% reduction in axial elongation, with sustained safety and visual quality maintained over 4-year long-term follow-up. However, several aspects of DOT technology remain contentious and require further clinical validation, including its applicability across different age groups, optimal scattering dot density configurations, combined application effects with other myopia control methods, and long-term visual adaptation during extended use. This review systematically examines the theoretical foundations, design characteristics, clinical application progress, and future development directions of DOT technology, providing scientific evidence for clinical myopia prevention and control strategy formulation.

This article reviews the concept and current situation, assessment tools, influencing factors, intervention measures, shortcomings, and prospects of sense of coherence in cancer patients, so as to provide reference and direction for subsequent research on sense of coherence in cancer patients.

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of nasal continuous positive airway pressure(NCPAP) in the treatment of congenital airway stenosis with severe pneumonia.Methods:A single-center retrospective clinical study was used to select children with congenital airway stenosis and pneumonia who were admitted to PICU of Beijing Children′s Hospital of Capital Medical University during 5 years and treated with NCPAP within 48 hours after admission.The baseline data, clinical manifestations, vital signs, arterial blood gas, clinical outcomes, NCPAP use time and adverse reactions were collected.Results:A total of 64 children were included in this study, with 58 cases in the effective group and six cases in the ineffective group.The total effective rate of NCPAP was 90.6% (58/64) during 5 years.In the effective group, 63.8% patients were weaned in three to seven days, with an average weaning time of 6.09 days.In the effective group, the heart rate and PaCO 2 after NCPAP treatment were significantly lower than that before treatment, and pH and PaO 2 were significantly higher than that before treatment, and the difference was statistically significant (all P<0.05). A total of six patients in the ineffective group were finally changed to tracheal intubation and invasive ventilation.The survival rate of both groups was 100%.All cases had no adverse reactions or complications. Conclusion:NCPAP can effectively improve the oxygenation in children with congenital airway stenosis and severe pneumonia, with high efficiency and good safety.

Objective To analyze the clinical characteristics of community-acquired influenza virus pneumonia in hospitalized children and improve the clinicians' understanding level of this disease.Methods Data of 70 cases with community-acquired influenza virus pneumonia admitted to the Respiratory Department and Infectious Disease,Beijing Children's Hospital,Capital Medical University,from November 2009 to April 2018 were collected and the clinical characteristics were analyzed.Results Of the 70 cases,61 cases(89.7％) were discharged after improvement.The median age was 3.5 years old,and 50 cases(71.4％) were 0 to 5 years old.There were 29 cases with severe influenza pneumonia,41 cases with mild influenza pneumonia,3 cases died,and 19 cases (27.1％) had underlying diseases.Sixty-four cases (91.4％) were hospitalized in winter and spring.The first symptoms were mainly fever in 64 cases (91.4％) and cough in 65 cases (92.9％),and temperatures were mostly from 39.1 ℃ to 41.0 ℃.Lung auscultation was dominated by moist rales (30 cases,58.8％) and wheezing (8 cases,15.7％).There were many complications of influenza virus pneumonia,including 19 cases with myocardial injury,11 cases with liver function injury,4 cases with toxic encephalopathy,3 cases with electrolyte disturbance,2 cases with multiple organ failure,2 cases with hemophagocytic syndrome,and 1 case with septic shock.Chest radiographic results reveal bilateral inflammation in 40 children (57.1％),prodominatly in lower lobe lesions (39 cases).The common changes were patchy shadow,interstitial parenchymal lesion,ground glass shadow,and pleural effusion.Forty-seven children (67.1％) were infected by influenza A,and 23 children(32.9％) were co-infected.The percentage of severe cases with underlying diseases (68.4％) was significantly higher than that in children without chronic diseases (31.4％),the difference was statistically significant (x2 =7.830,P =0.005).The increase rate of C reaction protein (CRP) in severe cases (54.3％) was significantly higher than that in mild cases (28.6％),the difference was statistically significant (x2 =4.769,P =0.029).Conclusions Community-acquired influenza virus pneumonia in children mainly occurs in winter and spring.It is more common seen in children under 5 years of age.The main clinical manifestations of community-acquired influenza virus pneumonia are high fever and cough,extrapulmonary complications are more common.Most children have moist rales and showed bilateral inflammation and lower lobe lesions in chest radiography.Children with underlying diseases are more likely to develop severe influenza virus pneumonia.Elevated CRP is associated with severe influenza virus pneumonia.Most patients have a good prognosis,but there are still cases of death.

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of nutritional support in the treatment of primary chylous reflux obstacle caused by primary lymphatic dysplasia among infants and investigate the effects of the essential components of therapeutic formula milk in treating this disease.Methods Seven infants,who were diagnosed at Beijing Shijitan Hospital between 2012 and 2014 with primary chylous reflux obstacle and aged (8.9±4.6) months at the onset,were retrospectively analyzed to evaluate effectiveness of the nutrition support and prognosis of the disease.Results After personalized enteral nutrition support (using proteins,short peptides and medium-chain triglyceride) of (8.3±2.8) months,heights and weights of all the seven infants were kept between the 3rd and 97th percentile lines,and the growth curve showed onward and upward trend.Their plasma albumin levels reached (43.7±4.4) g/L.The infants defecated 1-2 times a day and the texture of feces was formed and soft with yellow color.Conclusion Clinical symptoms and physical signs of the seven infants were improved after nutrition support,which contributed to the recovery.

Bacteria-associated hemophagocytic syndrome( BAHS) is a rare and life-threatening he-matological system disease. Various bacteria can cause BAHS,but the prognosis is better than other types of hemophagocytic syndrome. This article described the etiology,pathogenies,diagnostic criteria,treatment and prognosis of BAHS,in order to raise awareness of the disease.

Objective To investigate the application value of spatio-temporal image correlation (STIC) combined with tomographic ultrasound imaging(TUI) in the prenatal diagnosis of conotruncal defects(CTD).Methods Two-dimensional(2D) fetal echocardiography to screen and TUI-STIC volumes from 1508 cases of fetuses of high risk with congenital heart disease.Postnatal work-up and pathological results were available for all fetuses with CTD.Results Thirty nine cases with CTD were found by TUI-STIC while thirty five cases were found by 2D echocardiography,but TUI-STIC had new findings and corrected the diagnosis in 9 cases as compared with 2D echocardiography.The sensitivity,specificity,positivity predictive value,negative predictive value and accuracy of TUI-STIC in evaluating CTD were 97.5 ％,100％,100 ％,99.9 ％ and 99 ％.The Kappa value of consistency test between 2DE and TUI-SIC was 0.244(P ＜ 0.01),McNemar test showed that the difference was statistically significant (P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions TUI-STIC allows a complete sequential analysis of fetal conotruncal defects and supplying additional information over 2D fetal echocardiography,it could improve the prenatal diagnosis rate.TUI-STIC is helpful in diagnosis of prenatal conotruncal defects.

Objective To investigate mutation spectrums of α- and β-haemoglobin genes in thalassemia patients and carriers in Yunnan province,and to establish procedures on prenatal gene diagnosis.MethodsTotally 10 033 counseling couples and pregnant women,and 22 cases of children with moderate or severe thalassemia were recruited from 5 parts of Yunnan Province,middle,western,eastern,southern and northern areas, during July 2009 to July 2011.Medical records, including results of haemoglobin electrophoresis,blood routine examination,and gene diagnosis of subjects were collected and saved in an database in Excel software by the Key Laboratory for Birth Defects and Genetic Diseases.Using multiple gap-PCR and PCR-reversed dot blotting kits, DNA samples collected from 1077 cases of haematological positive thalassemia patients and carriers were tested to determine common mutations of the α-or β-haemoglobin genes.The codon regions of haemoglobin genes were sequenced by the Sanger sequencing in cases that the mutation tests were negative.Mutation spectrums of α- and β-haemoglobin genes were concluded.Prenatal gene diagnosis was offered to fetuses who had risk of thalassemia major.Results( 1 ) In 1077 cases of haemological screen positive subjects,deletions and mutations of α-haemoglobin gene were tested in 119 subjects among 347 cases suspected as α-thalassemia patients and carriers.Five kinds of deletions and mutations on α-haemoglobin gene were found.In 104 subjects,four kinds of common deletions and mutations onα-haemoglobin gene were determined:--SEA, -α3.7, αCS α,-α4.2.Other 14 subjects were double heterozygotes with haemoglobin H disease and severe α-thalassemia phenotypes.A rare mutation of insertion and deletion in α2 haemoglobin gene intron,α301-24-301-23 indel,was found in one carrier subject.(2)In 1077 cases of haemological screen positive subjects,deletions and mutations of β-haemoglobin gene were tested in 297 subjects among 730 cases suspected as β-thalassemia patients and carriers.Sixteen kinds of β-haemoglobin gene mutations were found,including 7 cases of rare abnormal haemoglobinopathy patients with β-haemoglobin gene mutations.In one case with β + phenotype patient,the Codon 5 (-CT)mutation at β-haemoglobin gene was found (firstly reported in China ). (3) Three fetuses with high riskS of α-thalassemia were accepted for prenatal diagnosis.One case of Hb Bart's hydrops syndrome fetus with the genotype --SEA/--SEA,and one case of mild α-thalassemia fetus with the genotype αCS α/αα were found.Another one fetus was found with normal α-haemoglobin.In 6 fetuses accepted for prenatal diagnosis due to high risks of β-thalassemia,one case of β-thalassemia major with the genotype CD17( A→T)/-28 (A→G) was found,3 fetuses were heterozygote carriers,and 2 fetuses had normal genotypes without mutations found in their parents.Medical terminations for 2 fetuses with severe thalassemia were made according to the choice of pregnant women.Other 7 pregnancies continued to term.Anemia or growth retardation was not found in the 7 infants when following up after given-birth 6 to 12 months.Conclusions The mutation spectrums of α- and β-haemoglobin genes of thalassemia patients and αarriers.in Yunnan province are special,in which β-haemoglobin gene exits more polymorphism in the mutation spectrum.Carrier screening in pregnant women,and offering prenatal gene diagnosis to the high risk pregnancies should be an efficient strategy to prevent thalassemia major.

ObjectiveTo investigate key techniques and intervention in reducing birth defects. Method Down's syndrome (DS), trisomy-18 (Edwards syndrome, ES), neural tube defects (NTD), Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), thalassemia, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD) were chosen as target disease. From Jan. 2007 to Dec. 2009, the condition of intake folie acid were investigated in 5004 pregnant women in Panlong District and Wuhua District of Kunming City. All of the 27 660 pregnant women undergoing prenatal examination were enrolled into the study from the First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, the Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, the First People's Hospital of Qujing City, the Second People's of Qujing City, Qujing Women and Children's Hospital, People's Hospital of Lincang City, Kunming Maria Women's Hospital, Maternal and Infant's Care Unit of Panlong District of Kunming City, Maternal and Infant's Hospital of Dali City. The screening was performed on serum of those pregnant women at 8 -20 +6 gestational weeks. Prenatal cytogenetic analysis and fetal ultrasonogrspy were performed on the high risk or indicated women after genetic counseling. DNA analysis was administered on those women with family or childbearing history of DMD,SMA,thalassemia,orG6PD. Outcomeof pregnancywasfolloweduptoevaluatetheeffectof intervention. ResultsApproximately 30. 10％ (1506/5004) of pregnant women were administered by oral folic acid during perinatal period. Two thousand three hundred and thirteen women with high risks of DS,ES, or NTD fetuses were observed among 27 660 undergoing maternal serum screening. Two thousand and ninety-six pregnant women including two twins pregnant women were performed cytogenetic analysis. Other 67 pregnant women at high risk of DMD, SMA, thalassemia, and G6PD accepted genetic counseling and prenatal gene analysis. Two thousand one hundred and sixty-three pregnant women (2165 fetuses) underwent prenatal examination. One hundred and two cases chromosome abnormalities, 17 cases NTD, 4 cases DMD, 1 cases α-thalassemia major were found. All of the 91 fetuses with major birth defects were terminated after genetic counseling. Another affected DS fetus in a twin pregnancy dead intrauterine at 24 gestational weeks. Thirty-two women bearing fetuseswithbalancedtranslocations orinversionscontinuedtheir pregnancies. Totally 2071 normal term fetuses were born in the prenatal diagnosis group. Two fetuses with normal chromosome were lost within 1 week after amniocentesis. Four affected DS fetuses were born from their high risk mothers who refused further prenatal diagnosis service. In a random sampling follow-up cohort of 5000 mothers at low risk, none of affected child suffering target diseases was found. The DS detection rate of maternal serum screening was 84％ (27/32), with the false positive rate was 6. 153％ (1702/27 660).ConclusionsFolic acid intake before conception and in the first trimester would reduce the risk of birth defects, only 1/3 reproductive women took folie acid actively. Maternal serum screening could effectively detect high risk of DS, ES and NTD. The genetic counseling is critical in women at high risk or who had family history of inherited disorders. The prenatal screening and diagnosis combined with routine obstetric care could reduce the incidence of major birth defects, which should become prenatal care strategy in our country.

In order to get soluble TNF receptor (sTNFR) II with good neutralizing activity against TNFalpha, we constructed the fusion gene sTNFRII-gAD, which encoded human sTNFR II and the globular domain of adiponectin (gAD), and then expressed it in mammalian cells and analyzed its anti-TNFalpha activity. First, sTNFRII cDNA was obtained by RT-PCR from the total RNA of human peripheral blood lymphocytes, and fused in frame with gAD gene. Then, the fusion gene sTNFRII-gAD was cloned into the expression vector pAAV2neo to result in the plasmid pAAV2neo-sTNFRII-gAD. By immunofluorescent staining with monoclonal antibody either against TNFRII or against adiponectin, we demonstrated that the pAAV2neo-s7NFRII-gAD-transiently-transfected BHK-21S cells were positive. To obtain G418-resistant BHK-21S/pAAV2neo-sTNFRII-gAD cells, we cultured the transfected BHK-21S cells above in 10% FBS containing DMEM media with 800 microg/mL G418 for 15 days, and changed the serum-containing culture media to a serum-free chemically defined media so as to change the cells culturing style from adhesion to suspension. 24 hours later, we harvested the supernatant of the culture for sTNFRII-gAD fusion protein characterization and anti-TNFalpha activity analysis. With monoclonal antibody either against TNFRII or against adiponectin, the Western blotting analysis showed that the sTNFRII-gAD fusion protein was expressed and existed as monomer, trimer and multimer forms in the supernatant. The bioactivity assay demonstrated that the sTNFRII-gAD fusion protein had the ability to neutralize TNFalpha so as to inhibit the cytotoxicity of TNFalpha on L929 cells. Put together, this study has laid the groundwork for large-scale preparation of sTNFRII-gAD fusion protein.
Adiponectin ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; Cricetinae ; Humans ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; genetics ; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; pharmacology ; Solubility ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; antagonists & inhibitors