Objective:To investigate the longitudinal relationship between self-esteem and hope of adolescents and to explore gender differences.Methods:A total of 1 982 adolescents,aged 11 to 24,participated in a l-year lon-gitudinal study with 3 waves of assessments(T1,baseline time;T2,6 months later;T3,1 year later).The Self-Es-teem Scale(SES)and the Children's Hope Scale(CHS)were used to measure levels of self-esteem and hope.The data were analyzed using a cross-lagged panel model and multi-group structural equation modeling.Results:Across the three measurement waves,the self-esteem scores were positively correlated with the hope scores(r=0.40-0.67).Results from the cross-lagged analysis indicated a bidirectional predictive relationship between the self-es-teem scores and hope scores over the year(β=0.09-0.22).The results of multi-group analysis showed significant gender differences in the autoregressive path of self-esteem in the three measures(Waldx2=3.78-3.84).Conclu-sion:Adolescents' self-esteem and hope exhibit a bidirectional predictive relationship,with no significant gender differences in the cross-lagged paths.

Objective:To investigate the longitudinal relationship between self-esteem and hope of adolescents and to explore gender differences.Methods:A total of 1 982 adolescents,aged 11 to 24,participated in a l-year lon-gitudinal study with 3 waves of assessments(T1,baseline time;T2,6 months later;T3,1 year later).The Self-Es-teem Scale(SES)and the Children's Hope Scale(CHS)were used to measure levels of self-esteem and hope.The data were analyzed using a cross-lagged panel model and multi-group structural equation modeling.Results:Across the three measurement waves,the self-esteem scores were positively correlated with the hope scores(r=0.40-0.67).Results from the cross-lagged analysis indicated a bidirectional predictive relationship between the self-es-teem scores and hope scores over the year(β=0.09-0.22).The results of multi-group analysis showed significant gender differences in the autoregressive path of self-esteem in the three measures(Waldx2=3.78-3.84).Conclu-sion:Adolescents' self-esteem and hope exhibit a bidirectional predictive relationship,with no significant gender differences in the cross-lagged paths.

Objective To investigate the predictive value of early prognosis of the 40 Hz auditory steady-state response (40 Hz ASSR) in patients with coma following cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Methods Thirty patients with coma following CPR admitted in the Neurological Intensive Care Unit (NICU) were examined with the 40 Hz ASSR and shortlatency somatosensory evoked potential (SLSEP), and both were graded. Using transferred out of NICU as the short-term outcome end point, the patients with coma following CPR were divided into a survival group (n =21) and a death group (n =9; including brain death). The correlation between the 40 Hz ASSR and SLSEP grading and prognosis was analyzed. Results The grades of the 40 Hz ASSR (r = 0. 722, P = 0.000) or SLSEP (r = 0. 430, P = 0.018) was significantly correlated with the short-term prognosis. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the 40 Hz ASSR for predicting the short-term prognosis were 77. 8%, 100% and 93.3%, respectively; and those of SLSEP were 88. 9%, 61. 9% and 70. 0%, respectively. Conclusions The 40 Hz ASSR has a certain prognostic value in patients with coma following CPR. The higher the grade of the 40 Hz ASSR is, the greater the likelihood of the recent death.

Objective To investigate the predictive value of prognosis of the 95% spectral edge frequency (SEF95) and total power (TP) in quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) in patients with disturbance of consciousness. Methods The patients with disturbance of consciousness admitted in the neurointensive care unit (NICU) in Nanfang Hospital from January 2008 to June 2010 were included. Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores were performed on admission and EEG monitoring was performed simultaneously. The patients were divided into either a survival group or a death group according to the survival status of the patients at the time of leaving NICU. The age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, GCS scores, SEF95, and TP were compared between the two groups. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed for the above factors. The prognostic indicators were analyzed with the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and the of qEEG predictive ability of death in patients with disturbance of consciousness were determined. Results A total of 109 patients with supratentorial lesions were enrolled in the study, 79 of them were in the survival group and 30 of them were in the death group. The GCS scores (5 ±3vs. 9 ±3, P =0. 000) and SEF95 (7. 0 ±4.0 vs. 10. 0 ±4. 0, P = 0. 002) in the death group were significantly lower than those in the survival group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that GCS scores (odds ratio 0. 100, 95% confidence interval 0. 029-0. 353) and SEF95 (odds ratio 0. 853, 95% confidence interval 0. 740-0. 983) were the independent predictors of recent prognosis. ROC curve analysis showed that the lower the GCS scores and SEF95 were, the greater the likelihood of death in patients. When SEF95 was ＜7. 75, the sensitivity to determine the death was 60. 0%, the specificity was 72. 2%, the positive predictive value was 82. 6%, and the negative predictive value was 45. 0%; when the GCS score was ＜8, the sensitivity to determine the death was 83. 3%, the specificity was 73. 4%,the positive predictive value was 82. 6%, and the negative predictive value was 45. 0%. Conclusions SEF95 helps determine the prognosis of patients with disturbance of consciousness, and it is expected to become an important means of bedside assessment of prognosis in patients with disturbance of consciousness in NICU.