Objective: To evaluate the precision of a three-dimensional (3D)-printed percutaneous pinning guide (PPG) for Kirschner wire placement in the treatment of femoral fractures using canine cadavers. Methods: The PPG was designed using 3D computer-aided design software and fabricated using medical-grade resin. In part 1, Kirschner wires were inserted into the intact femurs.In part 2, simulated femoral neck fractures were created using a 3D-printed osteotomy guide.Three wires were inserted into each femur under fluoroscopic guidance. The number of insertion attempts, fluoroscopic images, procedure times, and ease of use were recorded.Post-procedural computed tomography was used to assess angular deviation from ideal trajectories and pin engagement in the proximal femur. Results: The PPG group required fewer insertion attempts (p < 0.01), fewer fluoroscopic images (p < 0.001), and had higher ease-of-use scores (p < 0.047) than the freehand pinning technique (FHPT) group; angular deviation was significantly smaller in the proximodistal (2.9 ± 6.5° vs. 10.7 ± 5.9°; p = 0.022) and craniocaudal (4.8 ± 3.0° vs. 12.3 ± 8.8°; p < 0.001) directions. In part 2, the PPG group showed lower angular variance and greater proximal pin engagement than the FHPT group (p = 0.011). Conclusions and Relevance: The PPG showed better pinning precision and procedural efficiency than the FHPT under intact and simulated fracture conditions. The PPG may enhance safety and consistency in the percutaneous pinning of canine femoral fractures.

Background: Post-transplantation cyclophosphamide (PTCy) and anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) are common pro‑ phylactic strategies for graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (haplo-HSCT). Interleukin (IL)-6 is a surrogate marker for cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and acute GVHD.Method The clinical outcomes and complications of haplo-HSCT with PTCy plus ATG versus PTCy monotherapy were compared according to serum IL-6 levels at Chungnam National University Hospital (Daejeon, South Korea) from Jan‑ uary 2019 to February 2023. Results: Forty patients who underwent haplo-HSCT were analyzed. A significant difference in IL-6 levels was observed between the PTCy plus ATG and PTCy alone groups (7.47 ± 10.55 vs. 117.65 ± 127.67; p = 0.003). More patients in the PTCy plus ATG group had a CRS grade of 0 than in the PTCy alone group (p < 0.001). Serum IL-6 levels were associated with grades II–IV acute GVHD (r = 0.547, p < 0.001). The cumulative incidence (CI) of grades II–IV acute GVHD was significantly higher in the PTCy alone group (67.9% vs. 4.8%; p < 0.001). No significant difference in the CI for chronic GVHD was detected between the PTCy plus ATG and PTCy alone groups (72.1% vs. 82.0%; p = 0.730). The CI of 1-year non-relapse mortality was significantly higher in the PTCy alone group than in the PTCy plus ATG group (42.2% vs. 15.9%; p = 0.022). The 1-year overall survival (OS) was significantly better in the PTCy plus ATG group (75.9% vs. 35.3%; p = 0.011). The 1-year GVHD-free, relapse-free survival rate was 29.4% in the PTCy alone group and 54.0% in the PTCy plus ATG group (p = 0.038). Conclusion Serum IL-6 levels were higher in the PTCy alone group than in the PTCy plus ATG group. The addition of ATG before stem cell infusion affected IL-6 levels and reduced the incidences of CRS and grade II–IV acute GVHD in haplo-HSCT patients. This study suggests that PTCy plus ATG as GVHD prophylaxis in haplo-HSCT is beneficial in terms of clinical outcomes and complications of HSCT.

Background: Post-transplantation cyclophosphamide (PTCy) and anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) are common pro‑ phylactic strategies for graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (haplo-HSCT). Interleukin (IL)-6 is a surrogate marker for cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and acute GVHD.Method The clinical outcomes and complications of haplo-HSCT with PTCy plus ATG versus PTCy monotherapy were compared according to serum IL-6 levels at Chungnam National University Hospital (Daejeon, South Korea) from Jan‑ uary 2019 to February 2023. Results: Forty patients who underwent haplo-HSCT were analyzed. A significant difference in IL-6 levels was observed between the PTCy plus ATG and PTCy alone groups (7.47 ± 10.55 vs. 117.65 ± 127.67; p = 0.003). More patients in the PTCy plus ATG group had a CRS grade of 0 than in the PTCy alone group (p < 0.001). Serum IL-6 levels were associated with grades II–IV acute GVHD (r = 0.547, p < 0.001). The cumulative incidence (CI) of grades II–IV acute GVHD was significantly higher in the PTCy alone group (67.9% vs. 4.8%; p < 0.001). No significant difference in the CI for chronic GVHD was detected between the PTCy plus ATG and PTCy alone groups (72.1% vs. 82.0%; p = 0.730). The CI of 1-year non-relapse mortality was significantly higher in the PTCy alone group than in the PTCy plus ATG group (42.2% vs. 15.9%; p = 0.022). The 1-year overall survival (OS) was significantly better in the PTCy plus ATG group (75.9% vs. 35.3%; p = 0.011). The 1-year GVHD-free, relapse-free survival rate was 29.4% in the PTCy alone group and 54.0% in the PTCy plus ATG group (p = 0.038). Conclusion Serum IL-6 levels were higher in the PTCy alone group than in the PTCy plus ATG group. The addition of ATG before stem cell infusion affected IL-6 levels and reduced the incidences of CRS and grade II–IV acute GVHD in haplo-HSCT patients. This study suggests that PTCy plus ATG as GVHD prophylaxis in haplo-HSCT is beneficial in terms of clinical outcomes and complications of HSCT.

Background: Post-transplantation cyclophosphamide (PTCy) and anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) are common pro‑ phylactic strategies for graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (haplo-HSCT). Interleukin (IL)-6 is a surrogate marker for cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and acute GVHD.Method The clinical outcomes and complications of haplo-HSCT with PTCy plus ATG versus PTCy monotherapy were compared according to serum IL-6 levels at Chungnam National University Hospital (Daejeon, South Korea) from Jan‑ uary 2019 to February 2023. Results: Forty patients who underwent haplo-HSCT were analyzed. A significant difference in IL-6 levels was observed between the PTCy plus ATG and PTCy alone groups (7.47 ± 10.55 vs. 117.65 ± 127.67; p = 0.003). More patients in the PTCy plus ATG group had a CRS grade of 0 than in the PTCy alone group (p < 0.001). Serum IL-6 levels were associated with grades II–IV acute GVHD (r = 0.547, p < 0.001). The cumulative incidence (CI) of grades II–IV acute GVHD was significantly higher in the PTCy alone group (67.9% vs. 4.8%; p < 0.001). No significant difference in the CI for chronic GVHD was detected between the PTCy plus ATG and PTCy alone groups (72.1% vs. 82.0%; p = 0.730). The CI of 1-year non-relapse mortality was significantly higher in the PTCy alone group than in the PTCy plus ATG group (42.2% vs. 15.9%; p = 0.022). The 1-year overall survival (OS) was significantly better in the PTCy plus ATG group (75.9% vs. 35.3%; p = 0.011). The 1-year GVHD-free, relapse-free survival rate was 29.4% in the PTCy alone group and 54.0% in the PTCy plus ATG group (p = 0.038). Conclusion Serum IL-6 levels were higher in the PTCy alone group than in the PTCy plus ATG group. The addition of ATG before stem cell infusion affected IL-6 levels and reduced the incidences of CRS and grade II–IV acute GVHD in haplo-HSCT patients. This study suggests that PTCy plus ATG as GVHD prophylaxis in haplo-HSCT is beneficial in terms of clinical outcomes and complications of HSCT.

Non-union fractures represent a challenge in veterinary orthopedics.Traditional methods, such as autograft are commonly used but come with limitations, including donor site morbidity and restricted graft material. In this case report, a 2-year-old Maltese presented with a viable hypertrophic non-union femoral fracture. Surgical intervention involved the application of a custom-designed 3D-printed titanium scaffold combined with rh-BMP2, a potent osteoinductive agent, to stimulate bone regeneration. Additionally, a double plating technique was utilized to ensure robust mechanical stabilization. Postoperative assessments through radiographic imaging and computed tomography (CT) scans taken 6 months post operation confirmed successful bone union. This case highlights the advantages of integrating cutting-edge technology, such as 3D-printed titanium scaffolds, rh-BMP2 and double plating into non-union fracture management protocols.

Objective: This study aims to evaluate endoscopic foraminotomy through the iliac window, using three-dimensionally (3D) printing guide based on the preoperative plan, in cadaveric dogs. Methods: Trans-iliac foraminotomies were performed on each side of five canine cadavers using and individualized 3D printing guide. The intervertebral foramen (IVF) area was divided into entrance, middle, and exit zones and the trajectory angle was calculated from the computed tomography data. Results: Trans-iliac foraminotomy with an endoscope through the iliac hole using a 3D printed guide provide good visual access to the L7-S1 region. The variations in IVF in three zones were not significantly different after surgery. The angle of deviation of the guide was not significantly different caudally or ventrally after surgery. The mean trajectory angle after surgery was 14.06 ± 4.61°caudally and 13.07 ± 6.79° ventrally. Conclusions and Relevance: Our results suggest that surgical site were directly visualized during foraminotomy by the lateral approach through the spinal endoscope. However, other procedure including corpectomy and discectomy were not performed in this study.

Objective: This study aims to evaluate endoscopic foraminotomy through the iliac window, using three-dimensionally (3D) printing guide based on the preoperative plan, in cadaveric dogs. Methods: Trans-iliac foraminotomies were performed on each side of five canine cadavers using and individualized 3D printing guide. The intervertebral foramen (IVF) area was divided into entrance, middle, and exit zones and the trajectory angle was calculated from the computed tomography data. Results: Trans-iliac foraminotomy with an endoscope through the iliac hole using a 3D printed guide provide good visual access to the L7-S1 region. The variations in IVF in three zones were not significantly different after surgery. The angle of deviation of the guide was not significantly different caudally or ventrally after surgery. The mean trajectory angle after surgery was 14.06 ± 4.61°caudally and 13.07 ± 6.79° ventrally. Conclusions and Relevance: Our results suggest that surgical site were directly visualized during foraminotomy by the lateral approach through the spinal endoscope. However, other procedure including corpectomy and discectomy were not performed in this study.

Objective: This study aims to evaluate endoscopic foraminotomy through the iliac window, using three-dimensionally (3D) printing guide based on the preoperative plan, in cadaveric dogs. Methods: Trans-iliac foraminotomies were performed on each side of five canine cadavers using and individualized 3D printing guide. The intervertebral foramen (IVF) area was divided into entrance, middle, and exit zones and the trajectory angle was calculated from the computed tomography data. Results: Trans-iliac foraminotomy with an endoscope through the iliac hole using a 3D printed guide provide good visual access to the L7-S1 region. The variations in IVF in three zones were not significantly different after surgery. The angle of deviation of the guide was not significantly different caudally or ventrally after surgery. The mean trajectory angle after surgery was 14.06 ± 4.61°caudally and 13.07 ± 6.79° ventrally. Conclusions and Relevance: Our results suggest that surgical site were directly visualized during foraminotomy by the lateral approach through the spinal endoscope. However, other procedure including corpectomy and discectomy were not performed in this study.

Objective: This study aims to evaluate endoscopic foraminotomy through the iliac window, using three-dimensionally (3D) printing guide based on the preoperative plan, in cadaveric dogs. Methods: Trans-iliac foraminotomies were performed on each side of five canine cadavers using and individualized 3D printing guide. The intervertebral foramen (IVF) area was divided into entrance, middle, and exit zones and the trajectory angle was calculated from the computed tomography data. Results: Trans-iliac foraminotomy with an endoscope through the iliac hole using a 3D printed guide provide good visual access to the L7-S1 region. The variations in IVF in three zones were not significantly different after surgery. The angle of deviation of the guide was not significantly different caudally or ventrally after surgery. The mean trajectory angle after surgery was 14.06 ± 4.61°caudally and 13.07 ± 6.79° ventrally. Conclusions and Relevance: Our results suggest that surgical site were directly visualized during foraminotomy by the lateral approach through the spinal endoscope. However, other procedure including corpectomy and discectomy were not performed in this study.

Objectives: We evaluated the efficacy of a medial arthroscopic approach to the coxofemoral joint of dogs by analyzing the joint visible area and performing a safety analysis. Methods: Arthroscopic approaches to the coxofemoral joint were made in five cadavers using a traditional (dorsal) and novel (medial) approach. Three observers scored the visible area of images and videos of the acetabulum and femur. A safety analysis was performed via dissection of the medial hind limb. The distance between neurovascular structures and arthroscopic portals was measured. Results: The acetabulum was more visible in the dorsal than in the medial approach, with mean visualization scores of 16 ± 0.00 and 11.83 ± 1.26, respectively. The medioventral side of the femur was significantly more visible in the medial than in the dorsal approach, with mean visualization scores of 3.9 ± 0.99 and 6.93 ± 0.58, respectively. Safety analysis confirmed the medial portal site was safe, provided that the surgeon has comprehensive knowledge of the joint. The minimum distance from the arthroscopic medial portals to the nearest neurovascular structures was 2.5 mm. Conclusions A medial arthroscopic approach to the canine coxofemoral joint has potential clinical application. Dorsal and medial approaches differ significantly and have distinct purposes. The medial approach is useful to access the ventromedial joint, making it an eligible diagnostic method for an arthroscopic evaluation of this area.