In recent years, research on the quality and safety detection of bear bile powder has mainly involved three aspects. First, the identification of active components and substitutes. Quantitative analysis of bile acids and other components is performed using HPLC, HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry, and other techniques, combined with near-infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and polymerase chain reaction to identify adulteration. Isotope fingerprint analysis and glycosylation modification detection are used to distinguish natural products from biosynthetic substitutes, revealing significant differences in δ13C values and the proportion of specific glycosylation modifications between natural bear bile powder and synthetic products. Second, the detection of veterinary drug residues, mainly based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, which can screen over 100 types of residues, but targeted purification strategies are needed to address interference from the bile acid matrix. Thirdly, heavy metal detection, mainly using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and atomic absorption spectrometry, has revealed that contamination is associated with the breeding environment, with significant regional differences. Related detection technologies are gradually evolving from single-target analysis to multi-modal and intelligent approaches. Existing research faces issues, such as matrix effect interference, lack of international standards, and ethical controversies. It is suggested that future efforts should focus on the interdisciplinary application of detection technologies, develop rapid detection methods such as non-invasive monitoring and microfluidic chips, promote the standardization and equivalence evaluation of synthetic alternatives, and establish a full-chain quality control system integrating spatially resolved mass spectrometry imaging, artificial intelligence, and big data.

Objective To evaluate the molluscicidal effect of spraying different formulations of niclosamide ethanolamine salt with drones against Oncomelania hupensis in ditches. Methods A semi-dry and semi-wet ditch with O. hupensis snails was selected in the second branch field of Jiangbei Farm, Jiangling County, Hubei Province in May 2023, and divided into 4 experimental areas, named groups A1, A2, B1 and B2. Environmental cleaning was performed in groups A1 and B2, and was not conducted in groups A2 or B2. Then, 50% wettable powder of niclosamide ethanolamine salt was sprayed with drones at an effective dose of 2 g/m² in groups A1 and A2, and 5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granule was sprayed with drones at an effective dose of 2 g/m² in groups B1 and B2. O. hupensis snails were surveyed using the systematic sampling method 1, 3, 5, 7, 14 days after spraying, and the natural mortality and corrected mortality of O. hupensis snails were calculated. Results The occurrence of frames with living snails, mean density of living snails and natural mortality of snails were 97.50% (117/120), 6.30 snails/0.1 m² and 1.18% (9/765) in the test ditch before spraying, respectively. There were significant differences in the mortality of snails among four groups 1, 3, 5, 7 and 14 days after spraying niclosamide formulations with drones (χ² = 17.230, 51.707, 65.184, 204.050 and 34.435, all P values < 0.01). The overall mortality rates of snails were 94.51% (1 051/1 112), 79.44% (908/1 143), 96.54% (977/1 012) and 88.55% (1 021/1 153) in groups A1, A2, B1 and B2 (χ² = 207.773, P < 0.05), respectively. In addition, there was no significant difference in the overall snail mortality between groups A1 and B1 (P > 0.05), and the snail mortality in groups A1 and B1 were both statistically different from that in groups A2 and B2 (all P values < 0.05). Conclusion Both 50% wettlable powder of niclosamide ethanolamine salt and 5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granule sprayed with drones are active against O. hupensis snails in ditches, and environmental cleaning may improve the molluscicidal effect.

Objective:To analyze clinical, immunoserological, and therapeutic features of patients with anti-p200 pemphigoid.Methods:Clinical data were collected from patients with confirmed anti-p200 pemphigoid at the Hospital of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences from January 2015 to February 2024. Their clinical, immunoserological, and therapeutic characteristics were retrospectively analyzed.Results:A total of 35 patients were included, with a male-to-female ratio of 2.5∶1 (25 males and 10 females) and ages of 57.74 ± 17.12 years. Two (5.71%) patients were accompanied by psoriasis. In these patients, anti-p200 pemphigoid exhibited heterogeneous clinical phenotypes, mimicking classic bullous pemphigoid (20 cases, 57.14%), linear IgA bullous dermatosis (8 cases, 22.86%), or eczema (4 cases, 11.43%). The positive rates of direct immunofluorescence (DIF), indirect immunofluorescence on salt-split skin (ss-IIF), Western blot analysis with dermal extracts as substrates, and Western blot analysis with laminin γ1 C-terminal region (Lnγ1C) as substrates were 100% (24/24), 82.86% (29/35), 100% (35/35), and 80.64% (25/31), respectively. Among the 35 patients, treatment and follow-up information was available for analysis in 33. Six patients (18.18%) received non-glucocorticoid systemic therapy and topical glucocorticoid therapy, with a follow-up period ( M [ Q1, Q3]) of 19.50 (6.50, 69.25) months, and 1 withdrew the drugs. Sixteen patients received systemic glucocorticoids combined with traditional anti-inflammatory drugs, with a follow-up period of 13.50 (4.25, 18.00) months, the initial dose of glucocorticoids was equivalent to 0.30 - 0.50 mg·kg -1·d -1 of prednisone, and the time to disease control was 15.31 ± 5.23 days; among the 16 patients, 3 experienced fluctuations in disease condition which were alleviated by adding dapsone, and 1 discontinued glucocorticoids. Five patients (15.15%) received systemic glucocorticoids combined with immunosuppressants, with a follow-up period of 26.00 (14.00, 90.00) months, the initial dose of glucocorticoids was equivalent to 0.50 - 0.75 mg·kg -1·d -1 of prednisone, and the time to disease control was 10.20 ± 3.27 days; among the 5 patients, 2 received maintenance treatment with glucocorticoids (5 - 10 mg/d prednisone), 2 withdrew the drugs, and 1 relapsed after discontinuing glucocorticoids. One patient (3.03%) received systemic glucocorticoids combined with rituximab therapy, with a follow-up period of 53 months, and discontinued glucocorticoids thereafter. One patient (3.03%) received systemic glucocorticoids combined with dupilumab therapy, which proved to be effective. Four patients (12.12%) received systemic glucocorticoids combined with Janus kinase inhibitors, and 3 responded well. Conclusions:Anti-p200 pemphigoid presented a heterogeneous clinical profile in this series of patients, but scarring and milia were rare. Some patients showed negative results in Western blot analysis with Lnγ1C as substrates. The prognosis of anti-p200 pemphigoid was usually favorable, and most patients could achieve complete remission and ultimately discontinue medication.

Objective:To analyze clinical and immunoserological features of patients with epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA) .Methods:Clinical data were collected from patients with confirmed EBA at the Hospital of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences from January 2017 to January 2022, and their clinical and immunoserological characteristics were retrospectively analyzed.Results:A total of 20 patients were collected, including 7 males and 13 females, and they were aged 41.85 ± 18.43 years. Ten patients presented with the classical phenotype of EBA, 8 with the inflammatory phenotype of EBA, and 2 with the mixed phenotype of EBA. Mucosal involvement occurred in 19 cases, nail involvement occurred in 4, scarring was observed in 9, and milia in 13. Indirect immunofluorescence on salt-split skin showed IgG deposition on the dermal side in 19 cases. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for type Ⅶ collagen revealed positive results in 19 cases, with a diagnostic sensitivity of 95%. Western blot analysis with dermal extracts as substrates revealed a protein band with a relative molecular mass of 290 000 in 16 cases, with a diagnostic sensitivity of 80%, and multiple autoantibodies against different basement membrane zone antigens were identified in 3 cases. Fifteen patients received systemic glucocorticoids, including 2 receiving combined immunosuppressive agents and 13 receiving combined anti-inflammatory agents with dapsone and colchicine as the first and second commonly used anti-inflammatory agents respectively; among 5 patients receiving non-glucocorticoid therapy, 2 with inflammatory EBA were sensitive to dapsone and colchicine, while the other 3 patients were lost to follow-up. Totally, 17 patients were followed up for an average duration of 26.21 months. Among the 17 patients, 1 achieved complete remission off therapy, 2 achieved complete remission on minimal therapy, and the remaining 14 patients achieved partial remission.Conclusions:The treatment of EBA is challenging, and anti-inflammatory agents such as dapsone and colchicine are often used. Immunoserological tests are of great value in the diagnosis of EBA.

Purpose: The risk stratification of pediatric anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) has not been standardized. In this study, new risk factors were included to establish a new risk stratification system for ALCL, and its feasibility in clinical practice was explored. Materials and Methods: On the basis of the non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma Berlin–Frankfurt–Munster 95 (NHL-BFM-95) protocol, patients with minimal disseminated disease (MDD), high-risk tumor site (multiple bone, skin, liver, and lung involvement), and small cell/lymphohistiocytic (SC/LH) pathological subtype were enrolled in risk stratification. Patients were treated with a modified NHL-BFM-95 protocol combined with an anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitor or vinblastine (VBL). Results: A total of 136 patients were enrolled in this study. The median age was 8.8 years. The 3-year event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival of the entire cohort were 77.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 69.0% to 83.9%) and 92.3% (95% CI, 86.1% to 95.8%), respectively. The 3-year EFS rates of low-risk group (R1), intermediate-risk group (R2), and high-risk group (R3) patients were 100%, 89.5% (95% CI, 76.5% to 95.5%), and 67.9% (95% CI, 55.4% to 77.6%), respectively. The prognosis of patients with MDD (+), stage IV cancer, SC/LH lymphoma, and high-risk sites was poor, and the 3-year EFS rates were 45.3% (95% CI, 68.6% to 19.0%), 65.7% (95% CI, 47.6% to 78.9%), 55.7% (95% CI, 26.2% to 77.5%), and 70.7% (95% CI, 48.6% to 84.6%), respectively. At the end of follow-up, one of the five patients who received maintenance therapy with VBL relapsed, and seven patients receiving anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitor maintenance therapy did not experience relapse. Conclusion This study has confirmed the poor prognostic of MDD (+), high-risk site and SC/LH, but patients with SC/LH lymphoma and MDD (+) at diagnosis still need to receive better treatment (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03971305).

Objective:To summarize clinical, histopathological, immunoserological, and therapeutic features of patients with autoimmune subepidermal bullous diseases characterized by annular erythema and blisters.Methods:Clinical data were collected from patients with autoimmune subepidermal bullous diseases characterized by annular erythema and blisters in the Hospital of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College from 2015 to 2022, and their clinical, pathological, immunoserological and therapeutic characteristics were retrospectively analyzed.Results:A total of 25 patients were enrolled, including 10 males and 15 females, aged 39.21 ± 24.65 years; there were 9 patients with linear IgA bullous dermatosis (LABD), 7 with bullous pemphigoid (BP), 5 with anti-P200 pemphigoid and 4 with epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA), and 20 (80%) patients suffered from pruritus to different extents. Dermal eosinophil infiltration was observed in 15 (60%) patients, elevated peripheral blood eosinophil counts in 11 (44%), and both were observed in 7 (28%). Indirect immunofluorescence on salt-split skin and Western blot analysis showed that both IgG and IgA anti-basement membrane zone antibodies were present in 9 patients, including 4 with BP, 1 with LABD, 2 with anti-P200 pemphigoid, and 2 with EBA; and multiple antibodies against different basement membrane zone antigens were present in 5. All the 7 BP patients were treated with systemic glucocorticoids, including 5 (71.4%) receiving combined immunosuppressive agents, and 2 receiving combined minocycline; the patients with LABD, anti-P200 pemphigoid or EBA were sensitive to anti-inflammatory drugs and dapsone.Conclusion:Multiple types of autoimmune subepidermal bullous diseases may manifest as annular erythema and blisters, and it is necessary to make a differential diagnosis based on immunoserological tests.

Objective:To optimize indirect immunofluorescence on salt-split skin (IIF-SSS), and to evaluate its performance in detection of bullous pemphigoid (BP) antibodies.Methods:Normal human foreskin and non-foreskin skin tissues were used to prepare salt-split substrates under 3 different experimental conditions: traditional group rotated at 4 ℃ for 48 - 72 hours, low-temperature immersion group soaked at 4 ℃ for 48 - 72 hours, room-temperature immersion group soaked at 25 ℃ (range: 23 - 27 ℃) for 24 hours. Serum samples were obtained from 20 patients with bullous pemphigoid (BP) in Hospital of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences between August 2019 and August 2020, and subjected to IIF on the intact skin or salt-split substrates by using a multiple dilution method. Paired-sample t test was used for comparisons of means between two paired samples. Results:No dermal-epidermal separation was observed in the substrates prepared in the low-temperature immersion group at 48 - 72 hours, while dermal-epidermal separation occurred in the lower lamina lucida of the foreskin and non-foreskin substrates in the room-temperature immersion group and the traditional group. For the 20 patients with BP, the reciprocal end-point titers ( M[ Q1, Q3]) detected with the salt-split non-foreskin skin and salt-split foreskin in the room-temperature immersion group, and with the salt-split non-foreskin skin in the traditional group were 5 120 (2 560, 17 920), 1 280 (640, 2 560), 1 280 (640, 2 560), respectively. Moreover, 19 (95%) patients with BP showed that the reciprocal end-point titers detected with the substrates in the room-temperature immersion group were 1 - 5 times those in the traditional group ( t = 8.04, P<0.001), suggesting that the performance of salt-split skin in the room-temperature immersion group was superior to that in the traditional group in the detection of BP antibodies; however, there was no significant difference in the reciprocal end-point titers of BP antibodies between the salt-split foreskin in the room-temperature immersion group and salt-split non-foreskin skin in the traditional group ( t<0.001, P>0.05). The reciprocal end-point titers in 20 BP sera detected by conventional IIF on the intact non-foreskin skin and foreskin were 320 (160, 640) and 480 (160, 1 120), respectively; the reciprocal end-point titers detected by IIF on the salt-split foreskin and non-foreskin skin in the room-temperature immersion group, as well as on the salt-split non-foreskin skin in the traditional group, were all consistent with or 1 - 7 times higher than those detected by conventional IIF ( t = 6.47, 14.83, 5.26, respectively, all P<0.001) . Conclusion:The soaking method at room temperature 25 ℃ (23 - 27 ℃) for preparing salt-split substrates has advantages of short duration and simple procedure, and the sensitivity of IIF-SSS using the substrates prepared by this method is equal or superior to the traditional salt-split method for detecting BP antibodies.

Objective:To evaluate the value of indirect immunofluorescence on salt-split skin (IIF-SSS) in the diagnosis of bullous pemphigoid (BP) .Methods:A single-center clinical retrospective study was conducted. Totally, 163 patients with newly diagnosed BP were collected from Hospital of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences from January 2013 to January 2019, so were 404 controls, including 161 with pemphigus, 67 with eczema, 26 with drug eruption, 23 with erythema multiforme, 18 with prurigo nodularis, etc. Blood samples were collected before the treatment, and IIF-SSS, BP180 NC16A enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and direct immunofluorescence (DIF) assay were performed to evaluate the value of IIF-SSS in the diagnosis of BP. Measurement data were compared by using t test and Mann-Whitney test, and enumeration data were compared by using chi-square test and Fisher′s exact test or McNemar test. Results:The number of cases positive for IIF-SSS, BP180 NC16A ELISA and DIF assay was 160, 153 and 127 respectively in the BP group, and 0, 18 and 26 respectively in the control group. The sensitivities of IIF-SSS, BP180 NC16A ELISA and DIF assay for the diagnosis of BP were 98.15%, 93.86% and 77.91% respectively, and their specificities were 100%, 95.54% and 93.56% respectively. There was strong consistency in the diagnosis of BP between IIF-SSS and DIF (Kappa coefficient= 0.767, P < 0.001) . Conclusion:IIF-SSS has relatively high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of BP, and can serve as a routine method for diagnosing BP.

Objective:To analyze clinical and immunoserological features of patients with anti-p200 pemphigoid.Methods:Clinical data were collected from patients with confirmed anti-p200 pemphigoid in Hospital of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences from January 2015 to October 2021, and their clinical and immunoserological characteristics were retrospectively analyzed.Results:Seven patients with anti-p200 pemphigoid were included. Indirect immunofluorescence on salt-split skin (IIF-SSS) showed that serum IgG antibodies of the 7 patients were located in the dermis of the salt-split skin, and Western blot analysis with dermal extracts as substrates revealed a protein band with a relative molecular mass of 200 000. Four patients presented with classic bullous pemphigoid-like skin lesions, 2 initially presented with eczematous lesions, and 1 presented with linear IgA bullous dermatosis-like skin lesions. Circulating IgG antibodies could recognize the recombinant laminin γ1 C-terminal region in 6 cases. Four patients received different doses of systemic glucocorticoids, 1 of whom was resistant to high-dose systemic glucocorticoids (equivalent to 1.4 mg·kg -1·d -1 prednisone) ; 2 responded well to minocycline and dapsone; 1 was lost to follow-up. Four patients achieved complete remission and discontinued the treatment at a mean follow-up of 22.5 months; 2 received complete remissiona on minimal therapy at a mean follow-up of 8 months. Conclusion:Patients with anti-p200 pemphigoid presented with heterogeneous clinical manifestations, and the recombinant C-terminal fragment of laminin γ1 can serve as a reliable antigen substrate for the detection of autoantibodies in patients with anti-p200 pemphigoid; some patients can eventually achieve complete remission off treatment.

Papillon–Lefevre syndrome (PLS) (OMIM: 245000) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by palmoplantar hyperkeratosis and early onset periodontitis, resulting in the premature loss of the deciduous and permanent teeth. PLS is caused by mutations in the cathepsin C (CTSC) gene (OMIM: 602365), which has been mapped to chromosome 11q14– q21. Genetic analysis can help early and rapid diagnosis of PLS. Here we report on a Chinese PLS pedigree with two affected siblings. We have identified two novel compound heterozygous mutations c.763T＞C (p.C255R) and c.1015C＞ A (p.R339S) in the CTSC gene. The two mutations expand the spectrum of CTSC mutations in PLS.