Objective To investigate whether sodium butyrate(NaB)and sorafenib synergistically induces ferroptosis to suppress proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells and the possible underlying mechanisms.Methods CCK8 assay and colony formation assay were used to assess the effects of NaB and sorafenib,alone or in combination,on proliferation of HepG2 cells,and ferroptosis of the treated cells was detected with GSH assay and C11-BODIPY 581/591 fluorescent probe.TCGA database was used to analyze differential YAP gene expression between liver cancer and normal tissues.The effects of NaB and sorafenib on YAP and p-YAP expressions in HepG2 cells were invesitigated using Western blotting.Results NaB(2 mmol/L)significantly reduced the IC50 of sorafenib in HepG2 cells,and combination index analysis confirmed the synergy between sorafenib and NaB.The ferroptosis inhibitor Fer-1 and the YAP activator(XMU)obviously reversed the growth-inhibitory effects of the combined treatment with NaB and sorafenib in HepG2 cells.The combined treatment with NaB and sorafenib,as compared with the two agents used alone,significantly inhibited colony formation of HepG2 cells,further enhanced cellular shrinkage and dispersion,and decreased intracellular GSH and lipid ROS levels,and these effects were reversed by Fer-1 and XMU.TCGA analysis revealed a higher YAP mRNA expression in liver cancer tissues than in normal liver tissues.NaB combined with sorafenib produced significantly stronger effects than the individual agents for downregulating YAP protein expression and upregulating YAP phosphorylation level in HepG2 cells.Conclusion NaB combined with sorafenib synergistically inhibit hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation possibly by inducing ferroptosis via inhibiting YAP expression.

Sodium butyrate is a sodium salt of four-carbon short chain fatty acids produced by dietary fiber under the action of intestinal microorganisms,it can provide energy for intestinal epithelial cells,and plays an important role in maintaining the integrity of intestinal epithelial cells,inhibiting intestinal inflamma-tion and tumor.In recent years,many studies have indicated that sodium butyrate can mediate apoptosis of colorectal cancer cells by inhibiting histone deacetylase activity,cysteine protease mediation and endoplastic re-ticulum (ER) stress,suggesting that sodium butyrate may be a potential anti-colorectal cancer drug.This arti-cle aims to review the advance progress in the role and mechanism of sodium butyrate in colorectal cancer cell apoptosis,and briefly describe the relationship between sodium butyrate in maintaining intestinal microenvi-ronment and enhancing the immune barrier function of intestinal mucosa with inhibiting intestinal inflamma-tion in order to provide reference for the development of sodium butyrate as first-line anti-colorectal cancer drugs.

Objective To investigate whether sodium butyrate(NaB)and sorafenib synergistically induces ferroptosis to suppress proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells and the possible underlying mechanisms.Methods CCK8 assay and colony formation assay were used to assess the effects of NaB and sorafenib,alone or in combination,on proliferation of HepG2 cells,and ferroptosis of the treated cells was detected with GSH assay and C11-BODIPY 581/591 fluorescent probe.TCGA database was used to analyze differential YAP gene expression between liver cancer and normal tissues.The effects of NaB and sorafenib on YAP and p-YAP expressions in HepG2 cells were invesitigated using Western blotting.Results NaB(2 mmol/L)significantly reduced the IC50 of sorafenib in HepG2 cells,and combination index analysis confirmed the synergy between sorafenib and NaB.The ferroptosis inhibitor Fer-1 and the YAP activator(XMU)obviously reversed the growth-inhibitory effects of the combined treatment with NaB and sorafenib in HepG2 cells.The combined treatment with NaB and sorafenib,as compared with the two agents used alone,significantly inhibited colony formation of HepG2 cells,further enhanced cellular shrinkage and dispersion,and decreased intracellular GSH and lipid ROS levels,and these effects were reversed by Fer-1 and XMU.TCGA analysis revealed a higher YAP mRNA expression in liver cancer tissues than in normal liver tissues.NaB combined with sorafenib produced significantly stronger effects than the individual agents for downregulating YAP protein expression and upregulating YAP phosphorylation level in HepG2 cells.Conclusion NaB combined with sorafenib synergistically inhibit hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation possibly by inducing ferroptosis via inhibiting YAP expression.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2021.06.007.].

GB7 acetate is a galbulimima alkaloid obtained from Galbulimima belgraveana.However,information regarding its structure,biological activities,and related mechanisms is not entirely available.A series of spectroscopic analyses,structural degradation,interconversion,and crystallography were performed to identify the structure of GB7 acetate.The MTT assay was applied to measure cell proliferation on human colorectal cancer HCT 116 cells.The expressions of the related proteins were measured by Western blotting.Transmission electron microscopy(TEM),acridine orange(AO)and monodansylcadaverine(MDC)staining were used to detect the presence of autophagic vesicles and autolysosomes.A transwell assay was performed to demonstrate metastatic capabilities.Oxygen consumption rate(OCR)and extracellular acidification rate(ECAR)assays were performed to determine the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation(OXPHOS)and glycolysis activity of HCT 116 cells.The data showed that GB7 acetate suppressed the proliferation and colony-forming ability of HCT 116 cells.Pretreatment with GB7 acetate significantly induced the formation of autophagic vesicles and autolysosomes.GB7 acetate upregulated the expressions of LC3 and Thr172 phosphorylated adenosine 5'-monophosphate(AMP)-activated pro-tein kinase α(p-AMPKα),which are key elements of autophagy.In addition,GB7 acetate suppressed the metastatic capabilities of HCT 116 cells.Additionally,the production of matrix metallo-proteinase-2(MMP-2)and MMP-9 was reduced,whereas the expression of E-cadherin(E-cad)was upregulated.Furthermore,GB7 acetate significantly reduced mitochondrial OXPHOS and glycolysis.In conclusion,the structure of the novel Galbulimima alkaloid GB7 acetate was identified.GB7 acetate was shown to have anti-proliferative,pro-autophagic,anti-metastatic,and anti-metabolite capabilities in HCT 116 cells.This study might provide new insights into cancer treatment efficacy and cancer chemoprevention.

ERK pathway regulated the programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression which was linked to the response of programmed death-1 (PD-1)/PD-L1 blockade therapy. So it is deducible that ERK inhibitor could enhance the efficacy of PD-1 inhibitor in cancer immunotherapy. In this study, PD0325901, an oral potent ERK inhibitor, strongly enhanced the efficacy of PD-1 antibody

Objective:To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of human coronavirus (HCoV) in hospitalized children with respiratory tract infection in Hebei region, providing evidence for the diagnosis and prevention of children with respiratory tract infection.Methods:A retrospective study was conducted on 1 062 HCoV positive children hospitalized for respiratory tract infection in Children′s Hospital of Hebei Province from January 2015 to December 2020, aged from 33 days to 14 years, with a median age of 2 years. 27 932 (60.9%) were males and 17 944(39.1%) were females. And the gender, ages, seasonal distribution, HCoV-positive rates, co-detection distribution and clinical diagnosis of HCoV positive cases were analyzed by SPSS 25.0. Enumeration data were expressed by frequency and percentage; categorical variable were compared by the Pearson χ 2test. Results:The overall HCoV-positive rate was 2.31% (1 062/45 876), which was 2.37% (662/27 932) in male children and 2.23% (400/17 944) in female children. There was no statistically significant difference between genders (χ2=0.916, P=0.339). Children at age groups<1 years (2.44%) and 1-<3 years (2.63%) had higher HCoV-positive rates than those at age groups 3-<5 years (1.97%) and ≥5 years (1.38%) (χ2=27.332, P<0.01). The HCoV-positive rates from 2015 to 2018 were 2.13%, 2.45%, 2.28% and 2.23%. The HCoV-positive rate of 2019 (1.71%) was significantly lower than in 2016 (χ2=12.05, P<0.01), 2017 (χ2=7.34, P=0.01) and 2018 (χ2=6.78, P=0.01), but there was no significant difference compared with 2015 (χ2=2.84, P=0.09). The HCoV-positive rate of 2020 (3.37%) was significantly higher than in 2015 (χ2=13.636, P<0.01), 2016 (χ2=11.099, P<0.01), 2017 (χ2=15.482, P<0.01), 2018(χ2=18.601, P<0.01) and 2019(χ2=45.580, P<0.01). The positive rate was highest in spring (March to May) in 2015 and 2017 to 2018. February to April and July to September of 2016 were the peak periods of positive detection. No obvious seasonal change was observed in 2019 and the HCoV-positive rate of 2020 was extremely low from January to July, following significantly increased from August to December. 26.37% (280/1 062) of HCoV were co-detected with other respiratory pathogens and the most frequently identified mixed detection was RSV. Three or more pathogens were detected in 7.34% (78/1 062) of the HCoV-positive samples. Bronchopneumonia and bronchiolitis were more frequently observed in the single HCoV positive (61.89% and 16.75%) children compared to co-detected children(34.29% and 9.64%)(χ2=63.394 and 8.228, P<0.01). However, compared to those with HCoV mono-detection, co-detected children were more likely to have severe pneumonia (4.6% and 47.14%) (χ2=280.171, P<0.01). Conclusions:HCoV is one of the respiratory pathogens in children in Hebei region and more prevalent in spring. The susceptible population of HCoV is mainly children under the age of 3 years old. HCoV often co-detects with other respiratory pathogens, and the co-infection is one of the risk factors of severe pneumonia in children with respiratory infection.

Objective:To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of human coronavirus (HCoV) in hospitalized children with respiratory tract infection in Hebei region, providing evidence for the diagnosis and prevention of children with respiratory tract infection.Methods:A retrospective study was conducted on 1 062 HCoV positive children hospitalized for respiratory tract infection in Children′s Hospital of Hebei Province from January 2015 to December 2020, aged from 33 days to 14 years, with a median age of 2 years. 27 932 (60.9%) were males and 17 944(39.1%) were females. And the gender, ages, seasonal distribution, HCoV-positive rates, co-detection distribution and clinical diagnosis of HCoV positive cases were analyzed by SPSS 25.0. Enumeration data were expressed by frequency and percentage; categorical variable were compared by the Pearson χ 2test. Results:The overall HCoV-positive rate was 2.31% (1 062/45 876), which was 2.37% (662/27 932) in male children and 2.23% (400/17 944) in female children. There was no statistically significant difference between genders (χ2=0.916, P=0.339). Children at age groups<1 years (2.44%) and 1-<3 years (2.63%) had higher HCoV-positive rates than those at age groups 3-<5 years (1.97%) and ≥5 years (1.38%) (χ2=27.332, P<0.01). The HCoV-positive rates from 2015 to 2018 were 2.13%, 2.45%, 2.28% and 2.23%. The HCoV-positive rate of 2019 (1.71%) was significantly lower than in 2016 (χ2=12.05, P<0.01), 2017 (χ2=7.34, P=0.01) and 2018 (χ2=6.78, P=0.01), but there was no significant difference compared with 2015 (χ2=2.84, P=0.09). The HCoV-positive rate of 2020 (3.37%) was significantly higher than in 2015 (χ2=13.636, P<0.01), 2016 (χ2=11.099, P<0.01), 2017 (χ2=15.482, P<0.01), 2018(χ2=18.601, P<0.01) and 2019(χ2=45.580, P<0.01). The positive rate was highest in spring (March to May) in 2015 and 2017 to 2018. February to April and July to September of 2016 were the peak periods of positive detection. No obvious seasonal change was observed in 2019 and the HCoV-positive rate of 2020 was extremely low from January to July, following significantly increased from August to December. 26.37% (280/1 062) of HCoV were co-detected with other respiratory pathogens and the most frequently identified mixed detection was RSV. Three or more pathogens were detected in 7.34% (78/1 062) of the HCoV-positive samples. Bronchopneumonia and bronchiolitis were more frequently observed in the single HCoV positive (61.89% and 16.75%) children compared to co-detected children(34.29% and 9.64%)(χ2=63.394 and 8.228, P<0.01). However, compared to those with HCoV mono-detection, co-detected children were more likely to have severe pneumonia (4.6% and 47.14%) (χ2=280.171, P<0.01). Conclusions:HCoV is one of the respiratory pathogens in children in Hebei region and more prevalent in spring. The susceptible population of HCoV is mainly children under the age of 3 years old. HCoV often co-detects with other respiratory pathogens, and the co-infection is one of the risk factors of severe pneumonia in children with respiratory infection.

OBJECTIVE: To prepare warangalone-loaded thermosensitive liposomes (WLTSL) and evaluate its inhibitory effect on breast cancer cells . METHODS: MTT assay was used to assess the changes in proliferation of 3 breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231, MCF7, and SKBR3) following treatment with warangalone, soy isoflavone and genistein. Colony-forming assay and wound healing assay was used to assess colony forming activity and migration of MDA-MB-231 cells treated with warangalone. The effect of warangalone on the expression of MMP2 and MMP9 in MDA-MB-231 cells was examined with Western blotting. The thermosensitive liposomes (TSL) and WLTSL were prepared using a thin film hydration method, and the morphology, size, encapsulation efficiency and stability of the prepared liposomes were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering scanning and UV spectrophotometry. MTT assay was used to examine the inhibitory effect of WLTSL on mouse breast cancer cells (4T1) . RESULTS: Warangalone showed stronger anti-proliferation effects than soy isoflavones and genistein in the 3 human breast cancer cell lines and significantly inhibited colony formation by MDA-MB-231 cells. Treatment with warangalone significantly inhibited migration of the breast cancer cells and down-regulated the cellular expressions of MMP2 and MMP9. The prepared TSL and WLTSL presented with a homogeneous, irregular spherical morphology, with a mean particle size of 56.23±0.61 nm, a polymer dispersity index of 0.241±0.014, a Zeta potential of -40.40±0.46 mV, and an encapsulation efficiency was 87.68±2.41%. WLTSL showed a good stability at 4 ℃ and 37 ℃ and a stronger inhibitory effect than warangalone in 4T1 cells. CONCLUSIONS Warangalone inhibits the proliferation, migration and invasion of breast cancer cells, and the prepared WLTSL possesses good physical properties and strong anti-breast cancer activity.
Animals ; Breast Neoplasms ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Movement ; Cell Proliferation ; Humans ; Isoflavones ; Liposomes ; Mice