Introduction: The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that noise pollution leads to a variety of short-term and long-term health issues, including sleep disorders, cardiovascular diseases, impaired concentration, decreased performance at work and school, and hearing difficulties. It has been established that for every 10 dB increase in environmental noise, the incidence of heart attacks among individuals aged 65 and older increases by 3.9% compared to those living in quieter environments (Seidler, et al., 2016). Furthermore, it has been found that noise pollution exceeding 65 dB is directly related to hypertension among residents living along high-traffic roads. Objective: To assessing traffic load and noise pollution on the roads of Ulaanbaatar Materials and Methods: The study was a cross-sectional survey conducted to determine noise pollution at 15 locations along roads such as Sun Road, Peace Avenue, Ard-Ayush Street, and Ikh Toiruu. Measurements were taken during morning (7-9 AM), afternoon (12-2 PM), evening (5-7 PM), and night (11 PM-1 AM) using a Noise Meter, Sound Level Meter, and portable equipment. Measurements were conducted at one point 100-200 meters from the main road, with three repetitions to assess hearing levels. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS-24 software, and the results were compared to the Air Quality Technical General Requirements MNS 4585:2016 standard (During the day (07:00-22:00), 60 dB(A), and at night (22:00 07:00), 45 dB(A)). Results: The measurement results revealed that the maximum noise value in the morning (7-9 AM) was 83 dB(A), the minimum noise value was 51 dB(A), and the average of the maximum noise values was 74.1±4.7 dB(A). The maximum noise value during the day was 97 dB(A), the minimum noise value was 47 dB(A), and the average of the maximum noise value was 74.4±6.9 dB(A). In the evening, the maximum noise value was 88 dB(A), the minimum noise value was 47 dB(A), and the average of the maximum noise value was 74.4±6.6 dB(A). For the night measurements, the maximum noise value was 86 dB(A), the minimum noise value was 49 dB(A), and the average of the maximum noise value was 69.4±7.7 dB(A).
When calculating the average noise pollution on weekdays and weekends, the average of the max and min values during the morning, evening, and night on weekdays was 0.59-4.33 dB(A) higher than that of the weekend. The average maximum value during the day on weekends was 2.79 dB(A) higher than that of weekdays. The number of vehicles participating in road traffic showed a strong positive correlation with environmental noise (Rxy=0.660, p=0.0001), and the number of times the horn was sounded also revealed strong positive correlation with environmental noise (Rxy=0.674, p=0.029). Conclusion The noise level along the main roads exceeds the permissible limits set by the "Air Quality. Technical General Requirements MNS 4585:2016" standard by 37 dB(A) during the day and by 41 dB(A) at night. The average maximum value during the day exceeds the standard by 14.6 dB(A). This indicates that Ulaanbaatar is experiencing noise pollution at levels that negatively affect the health of the urban population.

Background: Indoor air quality in schools is an important environmental health concern because children spend a substantial proportion of their time in classrooms and are particularly vulnerable to air pollutants. Objective: To assess common chemical, and biological pollutants in the indoor air of general education schools in Ulaanbaatar. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 10, 2025, to March 1, 2026, in 16 purposively selected schools and 32 classrooms across six districts of Ulaanbaatar. PM2.5, PM10, CO₂, and microclimatic parameters were monitored continuously for seven days. Volatile organic compounds, formaldehyde, BTEX compounds, and radon were also measured. Airborne microorganisms were assessed using 160 air samples, and 160 surface swabs were collected. Results were compared with MNS 7106:2026, MNS 5484:2005, and MNS 6410:2018 standards. Results: The mean 24-hour concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 were 25.2 and 36.1 µg/m³, respectively. PM2.5 exceeded the permissible level during winter and in schools located in apartment areas, whereas the mean PM10 concentration met the acceptable level. Total bacteria were detected in all air samples, with a mean concentration of 1,733.25 CFU/m³. Mould and fungi were detected in 56.3% of classrooms, and enteric bacteria were detected in 4.3% of surface swabs. Radon levels remained below the permissible limit, and pathogenic bacteria were not detected. Formaldehyde was detected in all samples, while total VOCs and toluene were detected in 81.3%; their mean concentrations remained within acceptable levels. In one classroom, the concentration of benzene was detected approximately 30 times higher the permissible level. Conclusion Although some indoor air-quality indicators met the relevant standards, PM2.5, total bacteria, mould and fungi, surface enteric bacteria, and benzene contamination require improvement and may pose health risks to children. Regular ventilation, improved cleaning and hygiene, proper maintenance of HEPA devices, and routine monitoring of particulate matter, mould, and VOCs are needed.

Introduction: According to the WHO, being exposed to loud noise for a long time can be very harmful to health. It can lead to heart and blood vessel problems, mental health issues, trouble sleeping, and hearing loss. Noise pollution has a negative effect on the brain and nervous system, and it can cause many problems. High-frequency noise, in particular, can disturb the central nervous system. This can lead to problems like poor concentration, more anxiety, and feeling mentally tired. Many studies around the world have shown that noise levels of ≥85 dB at work increase the risk of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) and tinnitus.In Ulaanbaatar, environmental noise pollution continues to grow due to population growth, construction, and urban planning. Therefore, it is important to find out whether environmental noise pollution is linked to mental and behavioral disorders, insomnia, nervous fatigue, high blood pressure, and hearing loss among the population. Goal: The aim of this study is to examine the prevalence of primary hypertension (I10), nervous fatigue (F48.0), sleep disorders (F51.0), and tinnitus (H83.3) caused by environmental noise among the population of Ulaanbaatar. Materials and Methods: A descriptive research design was applied to examine statistical data from the Center for Health Development regarding diseases related to noise pollution. Based on the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), the study focused on conditions such as neurasthenia (F48.0), non-organic sleep disorders (F51), primary hypertension (I10), and hearing disorders (H83.3). The analysis included data recorded between 2014 and 2023 among the population of Ulaanbaatar city. Epidemiological analysis was performed using SPSS-24 software, and the results were calculated per 10,000 population. Ethical Considerations: This study did not receive any external funding or financial support from public or private organizations. It utilizes secondary data from the Health Development Center, which does not contain any personal information. Results: In 2014, the average age of individuals diagnosed with neurasthenia (F48.0) was 40.1±12.6 years; for non-organic sleep disorders (F51.0), it was 48.1±14.5 years; for noise-induced hearing disorders (H83.3), 47.2±12.7 years; and for primary hypertension (I10), the average age was 59.0±11.4 years. By 2023, the average age for primary hypertension had slightly decreased to 58.0±12.9 years. Since 2014, the number of cases of nervous fatigue, non organic sleep disorders, and hearing problems caused by noise has risen in Ulaanbaatar. In 2023, the average age of people with primary hypertension (I10) dropped to 58.0±12.9 years. Noise-related illnesses are common among people aged 40 to 60 in Ulaanbaatar, and this is lowering their quality of life. Conclusion Noise-related illnesses are being recorded among the 40–60 age group in Ulaanbaatar, which is negatively affecting their quality of life. It is urgently necessary to introduce measures for adequate protection of the population from the negative health effects of environmental noise.

Abstract Epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures, affects millions of people worldwide. Significant advancements in both diagnostic and therapeutic approaches have greatly improved outcomes, particularly for individuals with drug-resistant epilepsy. Modern neurostimulation techniques such as Responsive Neurostimulation (RNS), Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS), and Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) have demonstrated effectiveness in reducing seizure frequency in these patients. Additionally, emerging technologies like gene therapy and optogenetics are being explored to better understand the underlying mechanisms of epilepsy and hold promise as future treatment modalities.Traditional imaging techniques often fail to detect subtle epileptogenic zones. However, the introduction of ultra high-field 7T MRI scanners represents a major breakthrough. These advanced scanners use eight transmitters to generate higher-resolution images, reducing signal dropout and enabling the identification of previously undetected lesions. In one study involving 31 patients, 58% had their treatment plans modified based on 7T MRI findings, highlighting its potential to inform surgical decision-making. In terms of pharmacological treatment, newer medications such as sultiame, cannabidiol (CBD), and non-pharmacological approaches like the ketogenic diet have emerged as additional therapeutic options for drug-resistant epilepsy. These developments contribute to more effective, personalized management strategies for epilepsy. In summary, the landscape of epilepsy diagnosis and treatment is rapidly evolving. Innovations in imaging and therapeutic interventions are offering new hope for patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. Ongoing research and clinical trials remain essential to further refine these approaches and improve patient outcomes.

The survival of seeds in the soil is characterized by the ambient concentration of seed and seed distribution and seed maturation. Seedlings grown in a fully developed in the future viability of the plant growth shows revival. Ecological restoration of this important natural seed bank study could also be considered, assuming of Bogd Khan Uul “Shajin khurkh” around the goal of soil seed reservation. Goal to achieve the following objectives. Including:1. To learn soil seed stydies2. To familiarize with the methodology andresearch, make the research methodologyinto own3. To study soil seed bank around BogdKhan mountain “Shajin khurkh”Key words: Bogd Khan Mountain; soil; seed bankIntroductionNowadays, environmental problems aroundthe world, our country prone to desertifi cation gene pool of rare and endangered native plant conservation and is close to extinction benefi cial for some drugs, food and technical plant species restoration, conservation and proper use is a challenge today. With an easy transition to a market economy gain a group of people interested in nature pillage of rare animals and plants remove, and the intense drought shifting in recent years in Mongolian Gobi desert steppe has desertifi cation across the region. Natural conditions, rehabilitation of forest trees, shrubs and plants shrubs planted seeds and seedlings preparation step is performed to transfer. It is not possible to recover plant ecology without seeds. To destroy the vegetation limited nature of the environment and human infl uence in the work of restoring scientifi c conduct acomprehensive study to ensure that it is desirable to restore the ecology of the soil seed reserves in the area, primarily to determine what research.Materials and methodsThe location of points of GPS (Geographicalposition system) established with the help ofapparatus and measuring 10x10m area of each point and each of any two points each 1m2 5 this site soil samples from 5 repeats. Studies using soil samples takenin 2013-2014 according to German scientists K.Tomsony research methodology to test performance.Bogd khan ‘’Shajin khurkh’’ mountain thestudy are shown