Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a minimally invasive treatment modality used as an alternative to surgery in patients with benign thyroid nodules, recurrent thyroid cancers (RTCs), and primary thyroid microcarcinomas. The Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology (KSThR) initially developed recommendations for the optimal use of RFA for thyroid tumors in 2009 and revised them in 2012 and 2017. As new meaningful evidence has accumulated since 2017 and in response to a growing global interest in the use of RFA for treating malignant thyroid lesions, the task force committee members of the KSThR decided to update the guidelines on the use of RFA for the management of RTCs based on a comprehensive analysis of current literature and expert consensus.

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a minimally invasive treatment modality used as an alternative to surgery in patients with benign thyroid nodules, recurrent thyroid cancers (RTCs), and primary thyroid microcarcinomas. The Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology (KSThR) initially developed recommendations for the optimal use of RFA for thyroid tumors in 2009 and revised them in 2012 and 2017. As new meaningful evidence has accumulated since 2017 and in response to a growing global interest in the use of RFA for treating malignant thyroid lesions, the task force committee members of the KSThR decided to update the guidelines on the use of RFA for the management of RTCs based on a comprehensive analysis of current literature and expert consensus.

Objective: In South Korea, there is a significant gap in systematic, evidence-based research on intensive case management (ICM) for individuals with severe mental illness (SMI). This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of ICM through a randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing ICM with standard case management (non-ICM). Methods: An RCT was conducted to assess the effectiveness of Seoul-intensive case management (S-ICM) vs. non-ICM in individuals with SMI in Seoul. A total of 78 participants were randomly assigned to either the S-ICM group (n=41) or the control group (n=37). Various clinical assessments, including the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale, Health of the Nation Outcome Scale, and Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I), along with quality-of-life measures such as the WHO Disability Assessment Schedule, WHO Quality of Life scale, and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) were evaluated over a 3-month period. Statistical analyses, including analysis of covariance and logistic regression, were used to determine the effectiveness of S-ICM. Results: The S-ICM group had significantly lower odds of self-harm or suicidal attempts compared to the control group (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]=0.30, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.21–1.38). Psychiatric symptoms measured by the BPRS and perceived social support measured by the MSPSS significantly improved in the S-ICM group. The S-ICM group also had significantly higher odds of CGI-I compared to the control group (aOR=8.20, 95% CI: 2.66–25.32). Conclusion This study provides inaugural evidence on the effectiveness of S-ICM services, supporting their standardization and potential nationwide expansion.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are rare mesenchymal neoplasms that mainly occur in the stomach and small intestine; those arising in the esophagus are rarer. A 54-year-old woman was referred to our hospital with a one-month history of dysphagia. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), performed approximately five months earlier, had not revealed any specific findings. However, an EGD performed in our hospital showed the presence of a round, protruding lesion (approximately 40×30 mm in size), with a normal overlying mucosal surface, 35–39 cm from the upper incisor. Chest computed tomography (CT) revealed a large esophageal mass. Enucleation was performed on the esophageal mass, and a GIST was diagnosed using immunochemical staining. Imatinib mesylate administration was initiated two months postoperatively. The patient was stable, without any evident recurrence in the 8-month postoperative follow-up EGD and chest CT examinations. Therefore, physicians should consider that patients with worsening dysphagia may have an underlying organic condition, such as an acute increase in size of an esophageal GIST, even if recent examinations were unremarkable.

Idiopathic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (iNSIP) is recognized as a distinct entity among various types of idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. It is identified histologically by the nonspecific interstitial pneumonia pattern. A diagnosis of iNSIP is feasible once secondary causes or underlying diseases are ruled out. Usually presenting with respiratory symptoms such as shortness of breath and cough, iNSIP has a subacute or chronic course. It predominantly affects females aged 50 to 60 years who are non-smokers. Key imaging findings on chest high-resolution computed tomography include bilateral reticular opacities in lower lungs, traction bronchiectasis, reduced lung volumes and, ground-glass opacities. Abnormalities are typically diffuse across both lungs with subpleural distributions. Treatment often involves systemic steroids, either alone or in combination with other immunosuppressants, although evidence supporting effectiveness of these treatments is limited. Prognosis is generally more favorable for iNSIP than for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, with many studies reporting a 5-year survival rate above 70%. Antifibrotic agents should be considered in a condition, termed progressive pulmonary fibrosis, where pulmonary fibrosis progressively worsens.

The introduction of anti-amyloid therapies for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), such as lecanemab (Lequembi®), which was recently approved in Korea, necessitates careful monitoring for amyloid-related imaging abnormalities (ARIA) using brain MRI. To optimize ARIA monitoring in Korean clinical settings, the Korean Society of Neuroradiology (KSNR) and the Age and Neurodegeneration Imaging (ANDI) Study Group proposed MRI protocol recommendations on essential MR sequences, MRI acquisition parameters, timing and condition of MRI examinations, and essential details to provide a scientific basis for maximizing the safety and efficacy of AD treatment. A customized, standardized MRI protocol focusing on Korea’s healthcare environment can improve ARIA management and ensure patient safety through early detection of potential anti-amyloid therapy side effects, thereby enhancing treatment quality.

Objectives: To evaluate changes in probing depth, bleeding on probing, and three-dimensional plaque distribution after using an interdental brush for three months. Methods: This was a split-mouth design, examiner-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Fifteen patients were randomly assigned to use an interdental brush between their maxillary left or right 1st and 2nd premolar. They were instructed not to use an interdental brush on the opposite side for three months. Probing depth, bleeding on probing, bleeding on using an interdental brush, gingival recession, and plaque distribution were assessed at baseline and after three months. Results: After using an interdental brush for three months, 4.26±15.16% of plaque on interdental surfaces decreased. Bleeding on probing and bleeding on using an interdental brush also decreased by 16.67% and 40%, respectively. The size of interdental areas increased by 0.16 mm when using an interdental brush. There were no statistically significant changes in probing depth or gingival recession. Conclusions An interdental brush is an effective interdental cleaning aid that reduces interdental plaque and decreases inflammation of interdental soft tissues.

Background: The 5th edition of WHO classification (WHO5) renamed pituitary adenoma as pituitary neuroendocrine tumor (PitNET), aligning with NET nomenclature from other sites.This study investigated the clinicopathological characteristics of surgically resected PitNET based on the WHO5 classification. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 210 cases of surgically resected and pathologically confirmed PitNET treated at Seoul National University Hospital from 2021 to 2023. The tumors were graded using the French five-tiered grading system proposed by Trouillas et al. Detailed information on grade 3 metastatic PitNET cases is provided. Results: The cohort’s median age was 53 years (age range: 8–84 years), with a male-to-female ratio of 1:1.1. Mean tumor size was 2.5 cm (range: 0.1–6.5 cm). Macroadenomas predominated (91.9%), followed by microadenoma (6.7%), and giant tumors (1.4%), with 56.2% extending suprasellarly. SF1-lineage PitNET was most prevalent (49.5%), followed by PIT1-lineage (23.3%) and TPIT-lineage (17.1%). Null cell tumors (5.7%) and unclassified plurihormonal PitNET (4.3%) were rare. PIT1-lineage PitNET comprised somatotrophs (47.0%), mature plurihormonal PIT1 lineage tumors (18.4%), thyrotrophs (16.3%), immature PIT1-lineage tumors (16.3%), and acidophilic stem cell tumors (n=1), however, there was no lactotroph PitNET. Among SF1-lineage tumors, serologically non-functional tumors predominated (79%), while, immunohistochemically, 71.2% were gonadotrophin (FSH/LH)-positive.Tumor grades by the French five-tiered classification system were distributed as follows:grade 1a (58.1%), 1b (17.6%), 2a (16.2%), 2b (7.1%), and 3 (1.0%). Two cases of metastatic corticotroph PitNET were observed: The first case, a 50-year-old female had liver metastasis and experienced tumor recurrence 7 years after his initial diagnosis of PitNET, ultimately dying 9.5 years later. The primary tumor appeared bland, but the metastatic tumor exhibited a high mitotic rate and a Ki-67 index was 48%. The second case involved a 44-year-old man with metastases to the paranasal sinus, liver, and bone. Despite showing initial bland histopathology and a low proliferation index, this tumor displayed aggressive behavior.The patient had a recurrence 1.5 years after diagnosis, with additional metastases emerging 3 years later. He survived for 8.0 years and is currently disease-free following surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Conclusion This comprehensive analysis of surgically resected PitNETs using the new WHO5 classification provides valuable insights into the distribution of the subtypes in the surgical cohort. Key findings were the predominant gonadotroph PitNET, the absence of lactotroph PitNET, and the rarity of null cell tumors in surgical cases. The lack of lactotrophs was mainly due to medical treatment. This study highlights the discrepancy between serological and immunohistochemical findings of SF1-lineage PitNETs. While metastatic PitNET cases showed poor prognosis, the predictive value of the French grading system for PitNET requires further validation through extended follow-up.