Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a rare inflammatory disease that most often affects the optic nerves and spinal cord. We describe a case of 36-year-old woman presented at 13 weeks of gestation with 4 extremities paresthesia and weakness that had lasted for two months at her first visit to our hospital. She had two previous uncomplicated full-term vaginal deliveries and no significant medical or family history. Spine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed extensive cervical cord lesion and aquaporin-4 antibodies were strongly positive, confirming the diagnosis of NMOSD. Initial management with high-dose corticosteroids and plasmapheresis was done and she showed substantial improvement, but she revisited hospital at 26 weeks of gestational age due to visual disturbance and aggravated weakness. Relapse of NMOSD was confirmed by spine MRI, so rituximab therapy was initiated at 28 weeks of gestational age for prevention of recurrence.The patient showed clinical improvement with no adverse effects and relapse of symptoms. She successfully delivered a healthy male infant at 39 weeks and 3 days of gestational age through uncomplicated vaginal delivery. This case demonstrates successful management of new-onset NMOSD during pregnancy using a multi-modal treatment approach including rituximab.

Background: The relationship between circulating lipid levels and the risk for heart failure (HF) is controversial. We aimed to examine this association, and whether it is modified by the duration of diabetes or treatment regimens in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: Individuals (n=2,439,978) who underwent health examinations in 2015 to 2016 were identified from the Korean National Health Information Database. Subjects were categorized according to the duration of diabetes (new-onset, <5, 5–10, or ≥10 years) and number of antidiabetic medications. Incident HF was defined according to the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10) code I50 as the primary diagnosis during hospitalization. The risk for HF was estimated using multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis. Results: During a median follow-up of 4.0 years, 151,624 cases of HF occurred. An inverse association between low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and incident HF was observed in the new-onset diabetes group, with an approximately 25% lower risk in those with LDL-C levels of 100–129, 130–159, and ≥160 mg/dL, compared to those with levels <70 mg/dL. However, J-shaped associations were noted in the long-standing diabetes group, with a 16% higher risk in those with LDL-C level ≥160 mg/dL, compared to those with levels <70 mg/dL. Similar patterns were observed in the relationship between total cholesterol or non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and the risk for HF, and when subjects were grouped according to the number of antidiabetic medications instead of diabetes duration. Conclusion Different associations between lipid levels and the risk for HF were noted according to disease progression status among individuals with diabetes.

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a rare inflammatory disease that most often affects the optic nerves and spinal cord. We describe a case of 36-year-old woman presented at 13 weeks of gestation with 4 extremities paresthesia and weakness that had lasted for two months at her first visit to our hospital. She had two previous uncomplicated full-term vaginal deliveries and no significant medical or family history. Spine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed extensive cervical cord lesion and aquaporin-4 antibodies were strongly positive, confirming the diagnosis of NMOSD. Initial management with high-dose corticosteroids and plasmapheresis was done and she showed substantial improvement, but she revisited hospital at 26 weeks of gestational age due to visual disturbance and aggravated weakness. Relapse of NMOSD was confirmed by spine MRI, so rituximab therapy was initiated at 28 weeks of gestational age for prevention of recurrence.The patient showed clinical improvement with no adverse effects and relapse of symptoms. She successfully delivered a healthy male infant at 39 weeks and 3 days of gestational age through uncomplicated vaginal delivery. This case demonstrates successful management of new-onset NMOSD during pregnancy using a multi-modal treatment approach including rituximab.

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a rare inflammatory disease that most often affects the optic nerves and spinal cord. We describe a case of 36-year-old woman presented at 13 weeks of gestation with 4 extremities paresthesia and weakness that had lasted for two months at her first visit to our hospital. She had two previous uncomplicated full-term vaginal deliveries and no significant medical or family history. Spine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed extensive cervical cord lesion and aquaporin-4 antibodies were strongly positive, confirming the diagnosis of NMOSD. Initial management with high-dose corticosteroids and plasmapheresis was done and she showed substantial improvement, but she revisited hospital at 26 weeks of gestational age due to visual disturbance and aggravated weakness. Relapse of NMOSD was confirmed by spine MRI, so rituximab therapy was initiated at 28 weeks of gestational age for prevention of recurrence.The patient showed clinical improvement with no adverse effects and relapse of symptoms. She successfully delivered a healthy male infant at 39 weeks and 3 days of gestational age through uncomplicated vaginal delivery. This case demonstrates successful management of new-onset NMOSD during pregnancy using a multi-modal treatment approach including rituximab.

Background: The relationship between circulating lipid levels and the risk for heart failure (HF) is controversial. We aimed to examine this association, and whether it is modified by the duration of diabetes or treatment regimens in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: Individuals (n=2,439,978) who underwent health examinations in 2015 to 2016 were identified from the Korean National Health Information Database. Subjects were categorized according to the duration of diabetes (new-onset, <5, 5–10, or ≥10 years) and number of antidiabetic medications. Incident HF was defined according to the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10) code I50 as the primary diagnosis during hospitalization. The risk for HF was estimated using multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis. Results: During a median follow-up of 4.0 years, 151,624 cases of HF occurred. An inverse association between low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and incident HF was observed in the new-onset diabetes group, with an approximately 25% lower risk in those with LDL-C levels of 100–129, 130–159, and ≥160 mg/dL, compared to those with levels <70 mg/dL. However, J-shaped associations were noted in the long-standing diabetes group, with a 16% higher risk in those with LDL-C level ≥160 mg/dL, compared to those with levels <70 mg/dL. Similar patterns were observed in the relationship between total cholesterol or non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and the risk for HF, and when subjects were grouped according to the number of antidiabetic medications instead of diabetes duration. Conclusion Different associations between lipid levels and the risk for HF were noted according to disease progression status among individuals with diabetes.

Background: The relationship between circulating lipid levels and the risk for heart failure (HF) is controversial. We aimed to examine this association, and whether it is modified by the duration of diabetes or treatment regimens in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: Individuals (n=2,439,978) who underwent health examinations in 2015 to 2016 were identified from the Korean National Health Information Database. Subjects were categorized according to the duration of diabetes (new-onset, <5, 5–10, or ≥10 years) and number of antidiabetic medications. Incident HF was defined according to the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10) code I50 as the primary diagnosis during hospitalization. The risk for HF was estimated using multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis. Results: During a median follow-up of 4.0 years, 151,624 cases of HF occurred. An inverse association between low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and incident HF was observed in the new-onset diabetes group, with an approximately 25% lower risk in those with LDL-C levels of 100–129, 130–159, and ≥160 mg/dL, compared to those with levels <70 mg/dL. However, J-shaped associations were noted in the long-standing diabetes group, with a 16% higher risk in those with LDL-C level ≥160 mg/dL, compared to those with levels <70 mg/dL. Similar patterns were observed in the relationship between total cholesterol or non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and the risk for HF, and when subjects were grouped according to the number of antidiabetic medications instead of diabetes duration. Conclusion Different associations between lipid levels and the risk for HF were noted according to disease progression status among individuals with diabetes.

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a rare inflammatory disease that most often affects the optic nerves and spinal cord. We describe a case of 36-year-old woman presented at 13 weeks of gestation with 4 extremities paresthesia and weakness that had lasted for two months at her first visit to our hospital. She had two previous uncomplicated full-term vaginal deliveries and no significant medical or family history. Spine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed extensive cervical cord lesion and aquaporin-4 antibodies were strongly positive, confirming the diagnosis of NMOSD. Initial management with high-dose corticosteroids and plasmapheresis was done and she showed substantial improvement, but she revisited hospital at 26 weeks of gestational age due to visual disturbance and aggravated weakness. Relapse of NMOSD was confirmed by spine MRI, so rituximab therapy was initiated at 28 weeks of gestational age for prevention of recurrence.The patient showed clinical improvement with no adverse effects and relapse of symptoms. She successfully delivered a healthy male infant at 39 weeks and 3 days of gestational age through uncomplicated vaginal delivery. This case demonstrates successful management of new-onset NMOSD during pregnancy using a multi-modal treatment approach including rituximab.

Background: The relationship between circulating lipid levels and the risk for heart failure (HF) is controversial. We aimed to examine this association, and whether it is modified by the duration of diabetes or treatment regimens in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: Individuals (n=2,439,978) who underwent health examinations in 2015 to 2016 were identified from the Korean National Health Information Database. Subjects were categorized according to the duration of diabetes (new-onset, <5, 5–10, or ≥10 years) and number of antidiabetic medications. Incident HF was defined according to the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10) code I50 as the primary diagnosis during hospitalization. The risk for HF was estimated using multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis. Results: During a median follow-up of 4.0 years, 151,624 cases of HF occurred. An inverse association between low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and incident HF was observed in the new-onset diabetes group, with an approximately 25% lower risk in those with LDL-C levels of 100–129, 130–159, and ≥160 mg/dL, compared to those with levels <70 mg/dL. However, J-shaped associations were noted in the long-standing diabetes group, with a 16% higher risk in those with LDL-C level ≥160 mg/dL, compared to those with levels <70 mg/dL. Similar patterns were observed in the relationship between total cholesterol or non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and the risk for HF, and when subjects were grouped according to the number of antidiabetic medications instead of diabetes duration. Conclusion Different associations between lipid levels and the risk for HF were noted according to disease progression status among individuals with diabetes.

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a rare inflammatory disease that most often affects the optic nerves and spinal cord. We describe a case of 36-year-old woman presented at 13 weeks of gestation with 4 extremities paresthesia and weakness that had lasted for two months at her first visit to our hospital. She had two previous uncomplicated full-term vaginal deliveries and no significant medical or family history. Spine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed extensive cervical cord lesion and aquaporin-4 antibodies were strongly positive, confirming the diagnosis of NMOSD. Initial management with high-dose corticosteroids and plasmapheresis was done and she showed substantial improvement, but she revisited hospital at 26 weeks of gestational age due to visual disturbance and aggravated weakness. Relapse of NMOSD was confirmed by spine MRI, so rituximab therapy was initiated at 28 weeks of gestational age for prevention of recurrence.The patient showed clinical improvement with no adverse effects and relapse of symptoms. She successfully delivered a healthy male infant at 39 weeks and 3 days of gestational age through uncomplicated vaginal delivery. This case demonstrates successful management of new-onset NMOSD during pregnancy using a multi-modal treatment approach including rituximab.

Background: Skin rejuvenation has become an increasingly popular noninvasive approach to address age-related changes such as sagging, wrinkles, and skin laxity. Energy-based devices (EBDs) and injectables are widely used, but their application requires careful customization based on individual patient characteristics to optimize outcomes and minimize potential adverse effects. Objective: This study aimed to explore clinical practice patterns among board-certified dermatologists in South Korea, focusing on their strategies for tailoring skin rejuvenation treatments to individual patients, including the integration of EBDs, injectables, and senotherapeutics. Methods: A structured survey comprising 10 questions was administered to 13 experienced dermatologists specializing in skin rejuvenation. The survey covered treatment strategies for patients with varying facial fat volumes, pain management approaches, and the use of EBDs, injectables and senotherapeutics. Results: High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) and radiofrequency (RF) were the most employed EBDs, often combined with injectables for enhanced outcomes. For patients with higher facial fat, HIFU and deoxycholic acid injections were preferred for contouring and tightening. For those with lower facial fat, biostimulatory agents such as poly-D, L-lactic acid and microneedle RF were favored to restore volume and elasticity. Pain management strategies included topical anesthetics and stepwise protocols. Although less commonly used, senotherapeutics were occasionally prescribed for specific conditions, such as melasma and extensive photoaging. Conclusion Dermatologists in South Korea employ a variety of patient-specific strategies for skin rejuvenation, combining various EBDs, injectables, and senotherapeutics. These findings highlight the importance of personalized treatment protocols and the need for further research to optimize treatment efficacy and safety.