Background: Active surveillance (AS) has emerged as a viable management strategy for low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC), following pioneering trials at Kuma Hospital and the Cancer Institute Hospital in Japan. Numerous prospective cohort studies have since validated AS as a management option for low-risk PTMC, leading to its inclusion in thyroid cancer guidelines across various countries. From 2016 to 2020, the Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study of Active Surveillance on Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma (MAeSTro) enrolled 1,177 patients, providing comprehensive data on PTMC progression, sonographic predictors of progression, quality of life, surgical outcomes, and cost-effectiveness when comparing AS to immediate surgery. The second phase of MAeSTro (MAeSTro-EXP) expands AS to low-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) tumors larger than 1 cm, driven by the hypothesis that overall risk assessment outweighs absolute tumor size in surgical decision-making. Methods: This protocol aims to address whether limiting AS to tumors smaller than 1 cm may result in unnecessary surgeries for low-risk PTCs detected during their rapid initial growth phase. By expanding the AS criteria to include tumors up to 1.5 cm, while simultaneously refining and standardizing the criteria for risk assessment and disease progression, we aim to minimize overtreatment and maintain rigorous monitoring to improve patient outcomes. Conclusion This study will contribute to optimizing AS guidelines and enhance our understanding of the natural course and appropriate management of low-risk PTCs. Additionally, MAeSTro-EXP involves a multinational collaboration between South Korea and Australia. This cross-country study aims to identify cultural and racial differences in the management of low-risk PTC, thereby enriching the global understanding of AS practices and their applicability across diverse populations.

Background: Active surveillance (AS) has emerged as a viable management strategy for low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC), following pioneering trials at Kuma Hospital and the Cancer Institute Hospital in Japan. Numerous prospective cohort studies have since validated AS as a management option for low-risk PTMC, leading to its inclusion in thyroid cancer guidelines across various countries. From 2016 to 2020, the Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study of Active Surveillance on Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma (MAeSTro) enrolled 1,177 patients, providing comprehensive data on PTMC progression, sonographic predictors of progression, quality of life, surgical outcomes, and cost-effectiveness when comparing AS to immediate surgery. The second phase of MAeSTro (MAeSTro-EXP) expands AS to low-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) tumors larger than 1 cm, driven by the hypothesis that overall risk assessment outweighs absolute tumor size in surgical decision-making. Methods: This protocol aims to address whether limiting AS to tumors smaller than 1 cm may result in unnecessary surgeries for low-risk PTCs detected during their rapid initial growth phase. By expanding the AS criteria to include tumors up to 1.5 cm, while simultaneously refining and standardizing the criteria for risk assessment and disease progression, we aim to minimize overtreatment and maintain rigorous monitoring to improve patient outcomes. Conclusion This study will contribute to optimizing AS guidelines and enhance our understanding of the natural course and appropriate management of low-risk PTCs. Additionally, MAeSTro-EXP involves a multinational collaboration between South Korea and Australia. This cross-country study aims to identify cultural and racial differences in the management of low-risk PTC, thereby enriching the global understanding of AS practices and their applicability across diverse populations.

Background: Active surveillance (AS) has emerged as a viable management strategy for low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC), following pioneering trials at Kuma Hospital and the Cancer Institute Hospital in Japan. Numerous prospective cohort studies have since validated AS as a management option for low-risk PTMC, leading to its inclusion in thyroid cancer guidelines across various countries. From 2016 to 2020, the Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study of Active Surveillance on Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma (MAeSTro) enrolled 1,177 patients, providing comprehensive data on PTMC progression, sonographic predictors of progression, quality of life, surgical outcomes, and cost-effectiveness when comparing AS to immediate surgery. The second phase of MAeSTro (MAeSTro-EXP) expands AS to low-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) tumors larger than 1 cm, driven by the hypothesis that overall risk assessment outweighs absolute tumor size in surgical decision-making. Methods: This protocol aims to address whether limiting AS to tumors smaller than 1 cm may result in unnecessary surgeries for low-risk PTCs detected during their rapid initial growth phase. By expanding the AS criteria to include tumors up to 1.5 cm, while simultaneously refining and standardizing the criteria for risk assessment and disease progression, we aim to minimize overtreatment and maintain rigorous monitoring to improve patient outcomes. Conclusion This study will contribute to optimizing AS guidelines and enhance our understanding of the natural course and appropriate management of low-risk PTCs. Additionally, MAeSTro-EXP involves a multinational collaboration between South Korea and Australia. This cross-country study aims to identify cultural and racial differences in the management of low-risk PTC, thereby enriching the global understanding of AS practices and their applicability across diverse populations.

Background: Active surveillance (AS) has emerged as a viable management strategy for low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC), following pioneering trials at Kuma Hospital and the Cancer Institute Hospital in Japan. Numerous prospective cohort studies have since validated AS as a management option for low-risk PTMC, leading to its inclusion in thyroid cancer guidelines across various countries. From 2016 to 2020, the Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study of Active Surveillance on Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma (MAeSTro) enrolled 1,177 patients, providing comprehensive data on PTMC progression, sonographic predictors of progression, quality of life, surgical outcomes, and cost-effectiveness when comparing AS to immediate surgery. The second phase of MAeSTro (MAeSTro-EXP) expands AS to low-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) tumors larger than 1 cm, driven by the hypothesis that overall risk assessment outweighs absolute tumor size in surgical decision-making. Methods: This protocol aims to address whether limiting AS to tumors smaller than 1 cm may result in unnecessary surgeries for low-risk PTCs detected during their rapid initial growth phase. By expanding the AS criteria to include tumors up to 1.5 cm, while simultaneously refining and standardizing the criteria for risk assessment and disease progression, we aim to minimize overtreatment and maintain rigorous monitoring to improve patient outcomes. Conclusion This study will contribute to optimizing AS guidelines and enhance our understanding of the natural course and appropriate management of low-risk PTCs. Additionally, MAeSTro-EXP involves a multinational collaboration between South Korea and Australia. This cross-country study aims to identify cultural and racial differences in the management of low-risk PTC, thereby enriching the global understanding of AS practices and their applicability across diverse populations.

An implant-supported hybrid prosthesis is a fixed restoration composed of a metal framework and acrylic resin, offering advantages such as aesthetics, function, phonetics, and lip support, while providing retention and support through the splinting of implants with the metal framework. However, poor oral hygiene can lead to peri-implantitis, and long-term use may result in wear or fracture of the artificial teeth, causing reduced masticatory function and loss of vertical dimension. Traditionally, a new metal framework is cast for remanufacturing, but if the existing framework is intact, it can be reused for a more rapid and simplified protocol. This case involves a 58-year-old male patient with peri-implantitis, where some implants were removed and treated, and the superstructure was remanufactured using the existing metal framework. By preserving the existing metal framework during the remanufacturing of the implant-supported hybrid prosthesis, the treatment time and number of visits were reduced, minimizing patient discomfort.

An implant-supported hybrid prosthesis is a fixed restoration composed of a metal framework and acrylic resin, offering advantages such as aesthetics, function, phonetics, and lip support, while providing retention and support through the splinting of implants with the metal framework. However, poor oral hygiene can lead to peri-implantitis, and long-term use may result in wear or fracture of the artificial teeth, causing reduced masticatory function and loss of vertical dimension. Traditionally, a new metal framework is cast for remanufacturing, but if the existing framework is intact, it can be reused for a more rapid and simplified protocol. This case involves a 58-year-old male patient with peri-implantitis, where some implants were removed and treated, and the superstructure was remanufactured using the existing metal framework. By preserving the existing metal framework during the remanufacturing of the implant-supported hybrid prosthesis, the treatment time and number of visits were reduced, minimizing patient discomfort.

An implant-supported hybrid prosthesis is a fixed restoration composed of a metal framework and acrylic resin, offering advantages such as aesthetics, function, phonetics, and lip support, while providing retention and support through the splinting of implants with the metal framework. However, poor oral hygiene can lead to peri-implantitis, and long-term use may result in wear or fracture of the artificial teeth, causing reduced masticatory function and loss of vertical dimension. Traditionally, a new metal framework is cast for remanufacturing, but if the existing framework is intact, it can be reused for a more rapid and simplified protocol. This case involves a 58-year-old male patient with peri-implantitis, where some implants were removed and treated, and the superstructure was remanufactured using the existing metal framework. By preserving the existing metal framework during the remanufacturing of the implant-supported hybrid prosthesis, the treatment time and number of visits were reduced, minimizing patient discomfort.

An implant-supported hybrid prosthesis is a fixed restoration composed of a metal framework and acrylic resin, offering advantages such as aesthetics, function, phonetics, and lip support, while providing retention and support through the splinting of implants with the metal framework. However, poor oral hygiene can lead to peri-implantitis, and long-term use may result in wear or fracture of the artificial teeth, causing reduced masticatory function and loss of vertical dimension. Traditionally, a new metal framework is cast for remanufacturing, but if the existing framework is intact, it can be reused for a more rapid and simplified protocol. This case involves a 58-year-old male patient with peri-implantitis, where some implants were removed and treated, and the superstructure was remanufactured using the existing metal framework. By preserving the existing metal framework during the remanufacturing of the implant-supported hybrid prosthesis, the treatment time and number of visits were reduced, minimizing patient discomfort.

An implant-supported hybrid prosthesis is a fixed restoration composed of a metal framework and acrylic resin, offering advantages such as aesthetics, function, phonetics, and lip support, while providing retention and support through the splinting of implants with the metal framework. However, poor oral hygiene can lead to peri-implantitis, and long-term use may result in wear or fracture of the artificial teeth, causing reduced masticatory function and loss of vertical dimension. Traditionally, a new metal framework is cast for remanufacturing, but if the existing framework is intact, it can be reused for a more rapid and simplified protocol. This case involves a 58-year-old male patient with peri-implantitis, where some implants were removed and treated, and the superstructure was remanufactured using the existing metal framework. By preserving the existing metal framework during the remanufacturing of the implant-supported hybrid prosthesis, the treatment time and number of visits were reduced, minimizing patient discomfort.

The prevalence and intensity of Opisthorchis viverrini metacercariae (OvMc) were investigated in fish from 3 southern administrative regions along the Mekong River in Cambodia, i.e., Phnom Penh, Takeo, and Kandal Provinces from 2017 to 2020. A total of 295 freshwater fish (24 species) were transported to our laboratory with ice and examined using the artificial digestion method. In Phnom Penh, among 4 fish species positive for OvMc, 9 (23.7%) of 38 specimens examined were infected, and their intensity of infection averaged 4.3 metacercariae per infected fish. In Takeo Province, among 10 fish species positive for OvMc, 24 (38.1%) out of 63 fish examined were infected, and their intensity of infection was av. 14.4 metacercariae per infected fish. In particular, all of 3 Osteochilus schlegelii fish examined were infected, and their infection intensity was high, 34.7 metacercariae per fish. In Kandal Province, among 6 fish species positive for OvMc, 46 (90.2%) out of 51 specimens examined were infected, and their infection intensity was 24.0 metacercaraie per infected fish. All fish of Systomus orphoides (n=17), Barbonymus altus (n=14), and Rasbora aurotaenia (n=2) were infected, and their intensity of infection averaged 37.7, 21.6, and 18.5 metacercariae per fish, respectively. Metacercariae of Haplochis yokogawai, Haplorchis taichui, and Centrocestus formosanus were detected in fish from Takeo and Kandal Provinces. From these results, it has been confirmed that a variety of fish species from Phnom Penh, Takeo, and Kandal Provinces are commonly infected with OvMc, and preventive measures to avoid human O. viverrini infection should be performed in Cambodia.