Objective: Impact of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) changes on the criteria for schizophrenia (SZ) has been reported to be minimal in previous studies. However, this could be different in first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorders (FE-SSDs). We investigated what proportion of patients with FE-SSDs was diagnosed based on the sole presence of bizarre delusions (BDs) or first rank auditory hallucinations (FRAHs). Their alternative diagnosis by the DSM-5 was established and diagnostic stability over 1-year was identified. Methods: This was a retrospective review study on the medical records, case report forms for the subjects with FE-SSDs (n=404) participated in the Korea Early Psychosis Study. The two Japanese sites reviewed retrospectively only medical records of the subjects with FE-SSDs (n=103). We used three different definitions of BDs (strict, narrow, and broad) and specified subtypes of Other Specified Schizophrenia spectrum and Other psychotic disorders (OSSOs). To ensure inter-rater reliability between the hospitals, regular zoom meetings were held. Results: Forty (7.89%) subjects out of 507 were found to be diagnosed as SSDs based on the sole presence of BDs or FRAHs. All these patients met the criteria of OSSOs and were classified as having pure delusion (n=22), delusion with attenuated auditory hallucinations (AHs) (n=5), pure AHs (n=3) and AHs with attenuated delusion (n=10). The patients with first and second subtypes (n=27) were found to have BDs. The BDs fulfilled mostly strict definitions or satisfied the next broadest definition. The diagnostic stability of FE-OSSOs and its subgroups (first and second subtypes) over 1-year was substantially high (70.27% and 84% respectively). Conclusion These findings suggest that more rigorous diagnostic assessment should be performed especially to differentiate OSSOs from SZ in patients with FE-SSDs and more refined classification of the subtypes for OSSOs considered in the next DSM revision.

Objective: Impact of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) changes on the criteria for schizophrenia (SZ) has been reported to be minimal in previous studies. However, this could be different in first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorders (FE-SSDs). We investigated what proportion of patients with FE-SSDs was diagnosed based on the sole presence of bizarre delusions (BDs) or first rank auditory hallucinations (FRAHs). Their alternative diagnosis by the DSM-5 was established and diagnostic stability over 1-year was identified. Methods: This was a retrospective review study on the medical records, case report forms for the subjects with FE-SSDs (n=404) participated in the Korea Early Psychosis Study. The two Japanese sites reviewed retrospectively only medical records of the subjects with FE-SSDs (n=103). We used three different definitions of BDs (strict, narrow, and broad) and specified subtypes of Other Specified Schizophrenia spectrum and Other psychotic disorders (OSSOs). To ensure inter-rater reliability between the hospitals, regular zoom meetings were held. Results: Forty (7.89%) subjects out of 507 were found to be diagnosed as SSDs based on the sole presence of BDs or FRAHs. All these patients met the criteria of OSSOs and were classified as having pure delusion (n=22), delusion with attenuated auditory hallucinations (AHs) (n=5), pure AHs (n=3) and AHs with attenuated delusion (n=10). The patients with first and second subtypes (n=27) were found to have BDs. The BDs fulfilled mostly strict definitions or satisfied the next broadest definition. The diagnostic stability of FE-OSSOs and its subgroups (first and second subtypes) over 1-year was substantially high (70.27% and 84% respectively). Conclusion These findings suggest that more rigorous diagnostic assessment should be performed especially to differentiate OSSOs from SZ in patients with FE-SSDs and more refined classification of the subtypes for OSSOs considered in the next DSM revision.

Objective: Impact of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) changes on the criteria for schizophrenia (SZ) has been reported to be minimal in previous studies. However, this could be different in first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorders (FE-SSDs). We investigated what proportion of patients with FE-SSDs was diagnosed based on the sole presence of bizarre delusions (BDs) or first rank auditory hallucinations (FRAHs). Their alternative diagnosis by the DSM-5 was established and diagnostic stability over 1-year was identified. Methods: This was a retrospective review study on the medical records, case report forms for the subjects with FE-SSDs (n=404) participated in the Korea Early Psychosis Study. The two Japanese sites reviewed retrospectively only medical records of the subjects with FE-SSDs (n=103). We used three different definitions of BDs (strict, narrow, and broad) and specified subtypes of Other Specified Schizophrenia spectrum and Other psychotic disorders (OSSOs). To ensure inter-rater reliability between the hospitals, regular zoom meetings were held. Results: Forty (7.89%) subjects out of 507 were found to be diagnosed as SSDs based on the sole presence of BDs or FRAHs. All these patients met the criteria of OSSOs and were classified as having pure delusion (n=22), delusion with attenuated auditory hallucinations (AHs) (n=5), pure AHs (n=3) and AHs with attenuated delusion (n=10). The patients with first and second subtypes (n=27) were found to have BDs. The BDs fulfilled mostly strict definitions or satisfied the next broadest definition. The diagnostic stability of FE-OSSOs and its subgroups (first and second subtypes) over 1-year was substantially high (70.27% and 84% respectively). Conclusion These findings suggest that more rigorous diagnostic assessment should be performed especially to differentiate OSSOs from SZ in patients with FE-SSDs and more refined classification of the subtypes for OSSOs considered in the next DSM revision.

Objective: Impact of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) changes on the criteria for schizophrenia (SZ) has been reported to be minimal in previous studies. However, this could be different in first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorders (FE-SSDs). We investigated what proportion of patients with FE-SSDs was diagnosed based on the sole presence of bizarre delusions (BDs) or first rank auditory hallucinations (FRAHs). Their alternative diagnosis by the DSM-5 was established and diagnostic stability over 1-year was identified. Methods: This was a retrospective review study on the medical records, case report forms for the subjects with FE-SSDs (n=404) participated in the Korea Early Psychosis Study. The two Japanese sites reviewed retrospectively only medical records of the subjects with FE-SSDs (n=103). We used three different definitions of BDs (strict, narrow, and broad) and specified subtypes of Other Specified Schizophrenia spectrum and Other psychotic disorders (OSSOs). To ensure inter-rater reliability between the hospitals, regular zoom meetings were held. Results: Forty (7.89%) subjects out of 507 were found to be diagnosed as SSDs based on the sole presence of BDs or FRAHs. All these patients met the criteria of OSSOs and were classified as having pure delusion (n=22), delusion with attenuated auditory hallucinations (AHs) (n=5), pure AHs (n=3) and AHs with attenuated delusion (n=10). The patients with first and second subtypes (n=27) were found to have BDs. The BDs fulfilled mostly strict definitions or satisfied the next broadest definition. The diagnostic stability of FE-OSSOs and its subgroups (first and second subtypes) over 1-year was substantially high (70.27% and 84% respectively). Conclusion These findings suggest that more rigorous diagnostic assessment should be performed especially to differentiate OSSOs from SZ in patients with FE-SSDs and more refined classification of the subtypes for OSSOs considered in the next DSM revision.

Objective: Impact of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) changes on the criteria for schizophrenia (SZ) has been reported to be minimal in previous studies. However, this could be different in first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorders (FE-SSDs). We investigated what proportion of patients with FE-SSDs was diagnosed based on the sole presence of bizarre delusions (BDs) or first rank auditory hallucinations (FRAHs). Their alternative diagnosis by the DSM-5 was established and diagnostic stability over 1-year was identified. Methods: This was a retrospective review study on the medical records, case report forms for the subjects with FE-SSDs (n=404) participated in the Korea Early Psychosis Study. The two Japanese sites reviewed retrospectively only medical records of the subjects with FE-SSDs (n=103). We used three different definitions of BDs (strict, narrow, and broad) and specified subtypes of Other Specified Schizophrenia spectrum and Other psychotic disorders (OSSOs). To ensure inter-rater reliability between the hospitals, regular zoom meetings were held. Results: Forty (7.89%) subjects out of 507 were found to be diagnosed as SSDs based on the sole presence of BDs or FRAHs. All these patients met the criteria of OSSOs and were classified as having pure delusion (n=22), delusion with attenuated auditory hallucinations (AHs) (n=5), pure AHs (n=3) and AHs with attenuated delusion (n=10). The patients with first and second subtypes (n=27) were found to have BDs. The BDs fulfilled mostly strict definitions or satisfied the next broadest definition. The diagnostic stability of FE-OSSOs and its subgroups (first and second subtypes) over 1-year was substantially high (70.27% and 84% respectively). Conclusion These findings suggest that more rigorous diagnostic assessment should be performed especially to differentiate OSSOs from SZ in patients with FE-SSDs and more refined classification of the subtypes for OSSOs considered in the next DSM revision.

Background: Sarcopenia is a muscle-wasting condition that affects older individuals. It can lead to changes in movement patterns, which can increase the risk of falls and other injuries. Methods: Older women participants aged ≥65 years who could walk independently were recruited and classified into two groups based on knee extension strength (KES). Participants with low KES scores were assigned to the possible sarcopenia group (PSG; n=7) and an 8-week exercise intervention was implemented. Healthy seniors with high KES scores were classified as the reference group (RG; n=4), and a 3-week exercise intervention was conducted. Kinematic movement data were recorded during the intervention period. All participants' exercise repetitions were used in the data analysis (number of data points=1,128). Results: The PSG showed significantly larger movement patterns in knee rotation during wide squats compared to the RG, attributed to weakened lower limb strength. The voting classifier, trained on the movement patterns from wide squats, determined that significant differences in overall movement patterns between the two groups persisted until the end of the exercise intervention. However, after the exercise intervention, significant improvements in lower limb strength in the PSG resulted in reduced knee rotation range of motion and max, thereby stabilizing movements and eliminating significant differences with the RG. Conclusion This study suggests that exercise interventions can modify the movement patterns in older individuals with possible sarcopenia. These findings provide fundamental data for developing an exercise management system that remotely tracks and monitors the movement patterns of older adults during exercise activities.

Background: Sarcopenia is a muscle-wasting condition that affects older individuals. It can lead to changes in movement patterns, which can increase the risk of falls and other injuries. Methods: Older women participants aged ≥65 years who could walk independently were recruited and classified into two groups based on knee extension strength (KES). Participants with low KES scores were assigned to the possible sarcopenia group (PSG; n=7) and an 8-week exercise intervention was implemented. Healthy seniors with high KES scores were classified as the reference group (RG; n=4), and a 3-week exercise intervention was conducted. Kinematic movement data were recorded during the intervention period. All participants' exercise repetitions were used in the data analysis (number of data points=1,128). Results: The PSG showed significantly larger movement patterns in knee rotation during wide squats compared to the RG, attributed to weakened lower limb strength. The voting classifier, trained on the movement patterns from wide squats, determined that significant differences in overall movement patterns between the two groups persisted until the end of the exercise intervention. However, after the exercise intervention, significant improvements in lower limb strength in the PSG resulted in reduced knee rotation range of motion and max, thereby stabilizing movements and eliminating significant differences with the RG. Conclusion This study suggests that exercise interventions can modify the movement patterns in older individuals with possible sarcopenia. These findings provide fundamental data for developing an exercise management system that remotely tracks and monitors the movement patterns of older adults during exercise activities.

Background: Sarcopenia is a muscle-wasting condition that affects older individuals. It can lead to changes in movement patterns, which can increase the risk of falls and other injuries. Methods: Older women participants aged ≥65 years who could walk independently were recruited and classified into two groups based on knee extension strength (KES). Participants with low KES scores were assigned to the possible sarcopenia group (PSG; n=7) and an 8-week exercise intervention was implemented. Healthy seniors with high KES scores were classified as the reference group (RG; n=4), and a 3-week exercise intervention was conducted. Kinematic movement data were recorded during the intervention period. All participants' exercise repetitions were used in the data analysis (number of data points=1,128). Results: The PSG showed significantly larger movement patterns in knee rotation during wide squats compared to the RG, attributed to weakened lower limb strength. The voting classifier, trained on the movement patterns from wide squats, determined that significant differences in overall movement patterns between the two groups persisted until the end of the exercise intervention. However, after the exercise intervention, significant improvements in lower limb strength in the PSG resulted in reduced knee rotation range of motion and max, thereby stabilizing movements and eliminating significant differences with the RG. Conclusion This study suggests that exercise interventions can modify the movement patterns in older individuals with possible sarcopenia. These findings provide fundamental data for developing an exercise management system that remotely tracks and monitors the movement patterns of older adults during exercise activities.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has caused a worldwide pandemic. The first reports of patients with COVID-19 were provided to World Health Organization on December 21, 2019 and were presumably associated with seafood markets in Wuhan, China. As of October 25, 2020, more than 42 million cases have been confirmed worldwide, with more than 1.1 million deaths. Asymptomatic transmission contributes significantly to transmission, and clinical features are non-specific to the disease. Thus, the diagnosis of COVID-19 requires specific viral RNA testing. The disease demonstrates extensive human-to-human transmissibility and has infected healthcare workers at high rates. Clinical awareness of the epidemiology and the risk factors for nosocomial transmission of COVID-19 is essential to preventing infection. Moreover, effective control measures should be further identified by comprehensive evaluation of hospital and community responses. In this review, we provide a comprehensive update on the epidemiology, presentation, transmission, risk factors, and public health measures associated with COVID-19. We also review past insights from previous coronavirus epidemics [i.e., severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)] to suggest measures to reduce transmission.

Background and Objectives: Ankyloglossia often results in articulation disorders, which depends on age, articulation ability, and mobility of the tongue. A primary treatment strategy includes surgery and/or speech therapy. This study aimed to evaluate the changes of the tongue length, tongue mobility, and percentage of consonants correct (PCC) after frenotomy.We investigated the optimal surgery timing for ankyloglossia. Subjects and Methods: A total of 136 patients underwent frenotomy for the tongue tie between January 2016 and December 2019. There were 90 males and 46 females, with the mean age of 5.23, which ranged from 2 to 10 years. The length of the tongue was measured for all patients during the operation preoperatively and postoperatively. The mobility of the tongue and PCC were performed preoperatively and 1 month after surgery by two speech therapists. Patients were divided according to age into three groups: 2-3 years, 4-5 years, and over 6 years old. Results: The mean tongue length of all age groups was significantly elongated after surgery(p<0.05). After frenotomy, the mobility of tongue, including horizontal protrusion, protrusion with upward pointing, circumlocution, and lateral movement, was improved. Also, PCCs of all age groups were significantly improved after surgery (p<0.05). Conclusion Frenotomy can be an effective procedure for children with ankyloglossia in all age groups. After frenotomy, length of the tongue, mobility of the tongue and PCC were significantly improved.