Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common skin disease with a wide range of symptoms. Due to the rapidly changing treatment landscape, regular updates to clinical guidelines are needed. Objective: This study aimed to update the guidelines for the treatment of AD to reflect recent therapeutic advances and evidence-based recommendations. Methods: The Patient characteristics, type of Intervention, Control, and Outcome framework was used to determine 48 questions related to AD management. Evidence was graded, recommendations were determined, and, after 2 voting rounds among the Korean Atopic Dermatitis Association (KADA) council members, consensus was achieved. Results: This guideline provides treatment guidance on advanced systemic treatment modalities for AD. In particular, the guideline offers up-to-date treatment recommendations for biologics and Janus-kinase inhibitors used in the treatment of patients with moderate to severe AD.It also provides guidance on other therapies for AD, along with tailored recommendations for children, adolescents, the elderly, and pregnant or breastfeeding women. Conclusion KADA’s updated AD treatment guidelines incorporate the latest evidence and expert opinion to provide a comprehensive approach to AD treatment. The guidelines will help clinicians optimize patient-specific therapies.

Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common skin disease with a wide range of symptoms. Due to the rapidly changing treatment landscape, regular updates to clinical guidelines are needed. Objective: This study aimed to update the guidelines for the treatment of AD to reflect recent therapeutic advances and evidence-based practices. Methods: The Patient characteristics, type of Intervention, Control, and Outcome framework was used to determine 48 questions related to AD management. Evidence was graded, recommendations were determined, and, after 2 voting rounds among the Korean Atopic Dermatitis Association (KADA) council members, consensus was achieved. Results: The guidelines provide detailed recommendations on foundational therapies, including the use of moisturizers, cleansing and bathing practices, allergen avoidance, and patient education. Guidance on topical therapies, such as topical corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors, is also provided to help manage inflammation and maintain skin barrier function in patients with AD. Additionally, recommendations on conventional systemic therapies, including corticosteroids, cyclosporine, and methotrexate, are provided for managing moderate to severe AD. Conclusion KADA’s updated AD guidelines offer clinicians evidence-based strategies focused on basic therapies, topical therapies, and conventional systemic therapies, equipping them to enhance quality of care and improve patient outcomes in AD management.

Background: In 2006, the Korean Atopic Dermatitis Association (KADA) working group released the diagnostic criteria for Korean atopic dermatitis (AD). Recently, more simplified, and practical AD diagnostic criteria have been proposed. Objective: Based on updated criteria and experience, we studied to develop and share a consensus on diagnostic criteria for AD in Koreans. Materials and Methods: For the diagnostic criteria, a questionnaire was constructed by searching the English-language literature in MEDLINE and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. A modified Delphi method composed of 3 rounds of email questionnaires was adopted for the consensus process. Fifty-four KADA council members participated in the 3 rounds of votes and expert consensus recommendations were established. Results: Diagnostic criteria for AD include pruritus, eczema with age-specific pattern, and chronic or relapsing history. Diagnostic aids for AD encompass xerosis, immunoglobulin E reactivity, hand–foot eczema, periorbital changes, periauricular changes, perioral changes, nipple eczema, perifollicular accentuation, and personal or family history of atopy. Conclusion This study streamlined and updated the diagnostic criteria for AD in Korea, making them more practicable for use in real-world clinical field.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine whether there is a positive correlation between gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) levels and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and whether GGT can be used as an easily checkable metabolic index using data from the large-scale Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES).METHODS: We obtained data of 211,725 participants of the KoGES. The collected data included age, sex, height, weight, waist circumference, and various biochemical characteristics, including serum GGT levels. The data of study participants who ingested more than 40 g/day of alcohol and who were diagnosed with metabolic syndrome at baseline was excluded. We analyzed the prevalence of metabolic syndrome according to GGT quartiles in both genders.RESULTS: The GGT level was significantly higher in subjects with metabolic syndrome compared to normal subjects (37.92±48.20 mg/dL vs. 25.62±33.56 mg/dL). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome showed a stepwise increase with GGT quartiles in both male and female subjects. Compared to the lowest GGT quartile, the odds ratio was 1.534 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.432 to 1.643), 1.939 (95% CI, 1.811 to 2.076), and 2.754 (95% CI, 2.572 to 2.948) in men and 1.155 (95% CI, 1.094 to 1.218), 1.528 (95% CI, 1.451 to 1.609), and 2.022 (95% CI, 1.921 to 2.218) in women with increasing GGT quartile. The cutoff value of GGT predicting risk of metabolic syndrome was 27 IU/L in men and 17 IU/L in women.CONCLUSION: We suggested that GGT could be an easily checkable marker for the prediction of metabolic syndrome.
Epidemiology ; Female ; gamma-Glutamyltransferase ; Genome ; Humans ; Male ; Odds Ratio ; Prevalence ; Waist Circumference

BACKGROUND: Although both thyroid histology and serum concentrations of hormones are known to change with age, only a few reports exist on the relationship between the age-related structural and functional changes of the thyroid follicles in both mice and humans. Our objectives were to investigate age-related histological changes of the thyroid follicles and to determine whether these morphological changes were associated with the functional activity of the follicles. METHODS: The thyroid glands of mice at 18 weeks and at 6, 15, and 30 months of age were histologically examined, and the serum levels of thyroid hormones were measured in 11-week-old and 20-month-old mice. Samples of human thyroid tissue from 10 women over 70 years old and 10 women between 30 and 50 years of age were analyzed in conjunction with serum thyroid hormone level. RESULTS: The histological and functional changes observed in the thyroid follicles of aged mice and women were as follows: variable sizing and enlargement of the follicles; increased irregularity of follicles; Sanderson’s polsters in the wall of large follicles; a large thyroglobulin (Tg) globule or numerous small fragmented Tg globules in follicular lumens; oncocytic change in follicular cells; and markedly dilated follicles empty of colloid. Serum T3 levels in 20-month-old mice and humans were unremarkable. CONCLUSIONS: Thyroid follicles of aged mice and women show characteristic morphological changes, such as cystic atrophy, empty colloid, and Tg globules.
Aged ; Animals ; Atrophy ; Colloids ; Female ; Humans* ; Infant ; Mice ; Thyroglobulin ; Thyroid Gland* ; Thyroid Hormones

BACKGROUND: Bone mineral density (BMD) is influenced by many factors. Despite the reported association between body components and BMD, most of these studies investigated the relationship between absolute muscle mass or fat mass and BMD in postmenopausal women or elderly subjects. The aim of this study is to investigate the association between muscle mass deficits (MMD) estimated from bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and lumbar spinal BMD in Korean adults 20 to 49 years of age. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 1,765 men and women who visited a health promotion center for a routine checkup. The lumbar spinal BMD was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Body composition analysis was performed using BIA. RESULTS: The mean age of the subjects was 40.2±6.3 years. Ten thousand subjects (56.7%) were males and 126 subjects (7.1%) belonged to the low BMD (Z-score ≤-2.0). MMD had the strongest influence on BMD after adjusting for all covariates. The adjusted odds ratio of Group 3 (MDD >2.6 kg) for low BMD was 2.74 (95% CI, 1.46-5.15) after adjusting for age, gender, body mass index, height, and smoking. CONCLUSIONS: MMD estimated by BIA showed a significant association with BMD and could be regarded as an independent risk factor for low BMD in adults 20 to 49 years of age. These findings support that interventions such as physical activity or lifestyle changes may simultaneously modify both muscle and bone health in this age group.
Absorptiometry, Photon ; Adult* ; Aged ; Body Composition ; Body Mass Index ; Bone Density* ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Electric Impedance* ; Female ; Health Promotion ; Humans ; Life Style ; Male ; Motor Activity ; Muscles ; Odds Ratio ; Osteoporosis ; Risk Factors ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Spine*

OBJECTIVES: The seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) among high-risk groups overseas is high, but studies in these groups are rare in South Korea. We conducted the present study from April to November 2012 to obtain data on the seroprevalence and associated risk factors for HEV among slaughterhouse workers in South Korea. METHODS: Slaughterhouse workers from 80 workplaces nationwide were surveyed in South Korea in 2012. The subjects comprised 1848 cases: 1434 slaughter workers and 414 residual products handlers. By visiting 80 slaughterhouses, which were mixed with 75 of which also performed residual products handling, we conducted a questionnaire survey for risk factors and obtained blood samples in order to determine the seropositivity and seroprevalence of HEV. Anti-HEV IgG and IgM were measured using HEV IgG and IgM enzyme-linked immunospecific assay kits and HEV antigen was measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS: The seropositivity of anti-HEV IgG was 33.5% (slaughter workers 32.8% and residual products handlers 36.2%), and among the seropositive individuals the seroprevalence of anti-HEV IgM was 0.5% (slaughter workers 0.5%, residual products handlers 0.7%). The response rate of HEV-antigen as measured by RT-PCR was 0.2%. Risk factors significantly related to anti-HEV IgG seropositivity were age, sex , and working duration (slaughter workers only). CONCLUSIONS: There were significant risk factors (sex, age, and working duration) for HEV identified in our study. All three positive cases for HEV-antigen by RT-PCR were related to pig slaughter but without statistical significance. To prevent HEV, an educational program and working guidelines may be needed for high risk groups.
Abattoirs ; Adult ; Aged ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Female ; Hepatitis Antibodies/blood ; Hepatitis E/*diagnosis/epidemiology/virology ; Hepatitis E virus/genetics/*immunology/metabolism ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G/blood ; Immunoglobulin M/blood ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Multivariate Analysis ; Prevalence ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Risk Factors ; Workplace

Renal tubular acidosis (RTA) refers to a group of disorders involving transport defects in bicarbonate reabsorption or hydrogen excretion. Features like metabolic acidosis with a normal anion gap, neurological symptoms, and electrolyte imbalances indicate RTA. Kidney transplantation, cirrhosis, sickle cell anemia, medications, and autoimmune diseases, particularly Sjogren's syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis, are related to RTA. We encountered a rare case of a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus accompanied by RTA secondary to tacrolimus administration, who had muscle weakness and paralysis. Her symptoms improved after discontinuing tacrolimus and correcting the acidosis and potassium levels. Here, we report on this case and review the relevant literature.
Acid-Base Equilibrium ; Acidosis ; Acidosis, Renal Tubular* ; Anemia, Sickle Cell ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid ; Autoimmune Diseases ; Fibrosis ; Humans ; Hydrogen ; Kidney Transplantation ; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic* ; Muscle Weakness ; Paralysis ; Potassium ; Sjogren's Syndrome ; Tacrolimus*

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Although trials have suggested an association between osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD), the relationship between fracture risk and cardiovascular disease is not well defined. Here, we examined whether subjects with a higher risk of fracture also share an increased likelihood of developing CVD. METHODS: This study included 477 subjects; patients with a history of diabetes, chronic hepatopathy, nephritic syndrome, or any cardiovascular diseases were excluded. We used dual energy X-ray absorptiometry to assess the bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine and femur, and calculated fracture risk based on the Fracture Risk Assessment (FRAX) score. The Framingham risk score (FRS) was used to estimate cardiovascular risk. RESULTS: Of the 477 subjects, 222 had osteopenia and 150 had osteoporosis; the remaining 105 had a normal BMD. In men, no significant differences were observed in systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and triglyceride (TG) between groups. Men with osteoporosis were generally older, and had significantly higher total cholesterol (TC). In women, age and FRS were significantly higher in the osteoporosis group. In the multivariate analysis, age, SBP, TC, HDL, TG, and FRAX were all significantly associated with FRS. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that patients with a higher risk of fracture are also at greater risk of developing CVD, indicating a possible mechanistic link between CVD and osteoporosis.
Absorptiometry, Photon ; Blood Pressure ; Bone Density ; Bone Diseases, Metabolic ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Cholesterol ; Female ; Femur ; Humans ; Lipoproteins ; Male ; Multivariate Analysis ; Osteoporosis ; Risk Assessment* ; Spine ; Triglycerides

PURPOSE: Isolated gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) deficiency (IGD) is classified as Kallmann syndrome (KS) with anosmia and normosmic idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (nIHH). This study was undertaken to investigate the clinical, endocrinological, and molecular characteristics in Korean patients with KS and nIHH. METHODS: Twenty-six patients from 25 unrelated families were included. Their clinical, endocrinological, and radiological findings were analyzed retrospectively. Mutation analysis of the GNRH1, GNRHR, KISS1, KISS1R, PROK2, PROKR2, TAC3, TACR3, FGF8, FGFR1, and KAL1 genes was performed in all patients. CHD7 and SOX10 were analyzed in patients with CHARGE (Coloboma, Heart defects, choanae Atresia, Growth retardation, Genitourinary abnormality, Ear abnormality) features or deafness. RESULTS: Of the 26 patients, 16 had KS and 10 had nIHH. At diagnosis, mean chronologic age was 18.1 years in males and 18.0 years in females; height SDS were -0.67+/-1.35 in males, -1.12+/-1.86 in females; testis volume was 2.0+/-1.3 mL; and Tanner stage was 1.5. There were associated anomalies in some of the KS patients: hearing loss (n=6) and congenital heart disease (n=4). Absence or hypoplasia of the olfactory bulb/sulci was found in 84.62% of patients with KS. Molecular defects in KAL1, SOX10, and CHD7 were identified in 5 patients from 4 families (16.0%, 4/25 pedigrees). After sex hormone replacement therapy, there were improvement in sexual characteristics and the sexual function. CONCLUSION: This study described the clinical, endocrinological, and molecular genetic features in IGD patients in Korea. Although the mutation screening was performed in 10 genes that cause IGD, molecular defects were identified in relatively small proportions of the cohort.
Cohort Studies ; Deafness ; Diagnosis ; Ear ; Female ; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone ; Hearing Loss ; Heart ; Heart Defects, Congenital ; Hormone Replacement Therapy ; Humans ; Hypogonadism* ; Immunoglobulin D ; Kallmann Syndrome* ; Korea ; Male ; Mass Screening ; Molecular Biology ; Nasopharynx ; Olfaction Disorders ; Retrospective Studies ; Testis ; Urogenital Abnormalities