An ilio-iliac arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is rare. Common factors leading to ilio-iliac AVF include congenital malformations, iatrogeny, and trauma. There is limited documentation in the literature of cases involving ilio-iliac AVF with May-Thurner syndrome. Here, we present a case of an ilio-iliac AVF with May-Thurner syndrome in an 80-year-old male. CT and angiography confirmed extensive ilio-iliac AVF. Successful endovascular procedures for ilio-iliac AVF were performed using several variablesized coils and 1400–2000 µm gelatin particles. After embolization, follow-up abdominopelvic CT revealed an improvement in edema in the left leg.

Objective: Research on fetal mortality due to congenital anomalies is insufficient, particularly that utilizing data specific to South Korea. Thus, we aimed to investigate the characteristics and risk factors for fetal death due to congenital anomalies in Korea. Methods: Fetal deaths registered from 2009-2020 with Statistics Korea were assessed. Fetal charac teristics included gestational age, body weight, sex, and multiple fetuses, while maternal characteri stics included age, educational level, nationality, and place of residence. Risk factors for fetal death were analyzed using simple comparison and logistic regression. Changes in fetal mortality by year were examined using Poisson regression analysis. Results: A total of 37,928 fetal deaths occurred, among which 3,758 were classified as congenital anomaly, 710 as non-congenital anomaly, and 33,460 as unknown cause. Fetal mortality for gesta tional weeks 20 to 27 and ≥28 were 75.3% and 24.7%, respectively. The proportion of congenital anomalies among fetal deaths during these gestational age periods is 11.3% and 5.8%. Multiple fetuses, maternal age of <20 years or ≥40 years were identified as risk factors for fetal death due to congenital anomalies. Among the top 30 causes, covering 97.5% of all deaths, unspecified causes were 88.2%, congenital malformations 8.2%, and other causes 2.0%, respectively. Fetal mortality and deaths from congenital anomalies exhibited downward trends. Conclusion Fetal deaths due to congenital anomalies showed a decreasing trend, but the risks, such as multiple fetuses and advanced maternal age are increasing in Korea. Therefore, careful monitoring of fetal deaths due to congenital anomalies are essential.

The Korean Society of Infectious Diseases has been regularly publishing guidelines for adult immunization since 2007. Following the release of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination recommendations in 2023, significant changes have occurred due to the emergence of new variant strains and the waning immunity from previous vaccinations. This article provides a comprehensive update as of November 2024, incorporating the latest evidence and guidelines. Focusing on the 2024–2025 season, this article reviews vaccines currently authorized in Korea and assesses their effectiveness against the predominant JN.1 lineage variants. The updated recommendations prioritize high-risk groups, including adults aged 65 and older, individuals with underlying medical conditions, residents of facilities vulnerable to infection, pregnant women, and healthcare workers, for vaccination with updated vaccines targeting the JN.1 strain. Additionally, COVID-19 vaccination is available for all individuals aged 6 months and older. For most adults, a single-dose strategy is emphasized, while tailored schedules may be recommended for immunocompromised individuals. This update aims to optimize vaccination strategies in Korea to ensure comprehensive protection for high-risk populations.

An ilio-iliac arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is rare. Common factors leading to ilio-iliac AVF include congenital malformations, iatrogeny, and trauma. There is limited documentation in the literature of cases involving ilio-iliac AVF with May-Thurner syndrome. Here, we present a case of an ilio-iliac AVF with May-Thurner syndrome in an 80-year-old male. CT and angiography confirmed extensive ilio-iliac AVF. Successful endovascular procedures for ilio-iliac AVF were performed using several variablesized coils and 1400–2000 µm gelatin particles. After embolization, follow-up abdominopelvic CT revealed an improvement in edema in the left leg.

Objective: Research on fetal mortality due to congenital anomalies is insufficient, particularly that utilizing data specific to South Korea. Thus, we aimed to investigate the characteristics and risk factors for fetal death due to congenital anomalies in Korea. Methods: Fetal deaths registered from 2009-2020 with Statistics Korea were assessed. Fetal charac teristics included gestational age, body weight, sex, and multiple fetuses, while maternal characteri stics included age, educational level, nationality, and place of residence. Risk factors for fetal death were analyzed using simple comparison and logistic regression. Changes in fetal mortality by year were examined using Poisson regression analysis. Results: A total of 37,928 fetal deaths occurred, among which 3,758 were classified as congenital anomaly, 710 as non-congenital anomaly, and 33,460 as unknown cause. Fetal mortality for gesta tional weeks 20 to 27 and ≥28 were 75.3% and 24.7%, respectively. The proportion of congenital anomalies among fetal deaths during these gestational age periods is 11.3% and 5.8%. Multiple fetuses, maternal age of <20 years or ≥40 years were identified as risk factors for fetal death due to congenital anomalies. Among the top 30 causes, covering 97.5% of all deaths, unspecified causes were 88.2%, congenital malformations 8.2%, and other causes 2.0%, respectively. Fetal mortality and deaths from congenital anomalies exhibited downward trends. Conclusion Fetal deaths due to congenital anomalies showed a decreasing trend, but the risks, such as multiple fetuses and advanced maternal age are increasing in Korea. Therefore, careful monitoring of fetal deaths due to congenital anomalies are essential.

Background/Aims: Quick sequential organ failure assessment (qSOFA) is believed to identify patients at risk of poor outcomes in those with suspected infection. We aimed to evaluate the ability of modified qSOFA (m-qSOFA) to identify high-risk patients among those with acutely deteriorated chronic liver disease (CLD), especially those with acute-onchronic liver failure (ACLF). Methods: We used data from both the Korean Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure (KACLiF) and the Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver ACLF Research Consortium (AARC) cohorts. qSOFA was modified by replacing the Glasgow Coma Scale with hepatic encephalopathy, and an m-qSOFA ≥2 was considered high. Results: Patients with high m-qSOFA had a significantly lower 1-month transplant-free survival (TFS) in both cohorts and higher organ failure development in KACLiF than those with low m-qSOFA (Ps<0.05). Subgroup analysis by ACLF showed that patients with high m-qSOFA had lower TFS than those with low m-qSOFA. m-qSOFA was an independent prognostic factor (hazard ratios, HR=2.604, 95% confidence interval, CI 1.353–5.013, P=0.004 in KACLiF and HR=1.904, 95% CI 1.484– 2.442, P<0.001 in AARC). The patients with low m-qSOFA at baseline but high m-qSOFA on day 7 had a significantly lower 1-month TFS than those with high m-qSOFA at baseline but low m-qSOFA on day 7 (52.6% vs. 89.4%, P<0.001 in KACLiF and 26.9% vs. 61.5%, P<0.001 in AARC). Conclusions Baseline and dynamic changes in m-qSOFA may identify patients with a high risk of developing organ failure and short-term mortality among CLD patients with acute deterioration.

Background/Aims: Shifts in the gut microbiota and metabolites are interrelated with liver cirrhosis progression and complications. However, causal relationships have not been evaluated comprehensively. Here, we identified complication-dependent gut microbiota and metabolic signatures in patients with liver cirrhosis. Methods: Microbiome taxonomic profiling was performed on 194 stool samples (52 controls and 142 cirrhosis patients) via V3-V4 16S rRNA sequencing. Next, 51 samples (17 controls and 34 cirrhosis patients) were selected for fecal metabolite profiling via gas chromatography mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography coupled to timeof-flight mass spectrometry. Correlation analyses were performed targeting the gut-microbiota, metabolites, clinical parameters, and presence of complications (varices, ascites, peritonitis, encephalopathy, hepatorenal syndrome, hepatocellular carcinoma, and deceased). Results: Veillonella bacteria, Ruminococcus gnavus, and Streptococcus pneumoniae are cirrhosis-related microbiotas compared with control group. Bacteroides ovatus, Clostridium symbiosum, Emergencia timonensis, Fusobacterium varium, and Hungatella_uc were associated with complications in the cirrhosis group. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROCs) for the diagnosis of cirrhosis, encephalopathy, hepatorenal syndrome, and deceased were 0.863, 0.733, 0.71, and 0.69, respectively. The AUROCs of mixed microbial species for the diagnosis of cirrhosis and complication were 0.808 and 0.847, respectively. According to the metabolic profile, 5 increased fecal metabolites in patients with cirrhosis were biomarkers (AUROC >0.880) for the diagnosis of cirrhosis and complications. Clinical markers were significantly correlated with the gut microbiota and metabolites. Conclusions Cirrhosis-dependent gut microbiota and metabolites present unique signatures that can be used as noninvasive biomarkers for the diagnosis of cirrhosis and its complications.