Objective: Biological processes are the sum of metabolic reactions that result in intermediate and end metabolite products. These processes are the reflection of genetic regulation and are profoundly impacted by environmental influence and changes, including those associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study aimed to assess the untargeted plasma metabolomic profile of children and adolescents with ADHD and to compare them with healthy controls and to study associations of dysregulated metabolic parameters with the clinical and socio-demographic parameters of ADHD. Methods: This study involved 42 registered cases of ADHD among children aged 6 to 16 years, diagnosed based on DSM-5 criteria. Each case was matched by age and gender with 24 healthy controls. The severity of ADHD was evaluated using the ADHD Rating Scale, while behavioral issues were assessed through the Child Behavior Checklist. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique was employed to examine changes in plasma metabolite content. Results: We identified a total of 45 metabolites in the ADHD subtypes, which exhibited altered levels compared to the control group. The content of these metabolites and associated metabolic pathways showed significant differences between ADHD subjects and controls. Furthermore, we analyzed biomarkers derived from the compounds with the greatest fold changes in accumulation levels. Conclusion The identification and analysis of these metabolites and metabolic pathways represent a promising new approach for tracking disease progression in ADHD. The findings of this study indicate that metabolite-based biomarkers may hold considerable potential for effective disease management.

Background: Transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that modulates cortical excitability through stochastic resonance. While promising, its safety and efficacy in psychiatric disorders remain underexplored. Objective: To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of tRNS in various psychiatric disorders. Methods: A systematic review was conducted per PRISMA guidelines and registered on PROSPERO (CRD420251040192).Databases searched included CENTRAL-Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Studies were included from their inception to 30th April, 2025. Studies involving tRNS in psychiatric populations, regardless of study design, were included. The risk of bias was assessed using JBI tools. Results: 22 studies were included (642 individuals), spanning ADHD, depression, schizophrenia, dyslexia, and other conditions. Most studies used 20-minute tRNS sessions over 1−4 weeks. ADHD and dyslexia showed consistent improvements in overall executive function and reading & phonological skills, respectively. Schizophrenia studies demonstrated significant reductions in negative symptoms and auditory hallucinations. Effects in depression were mixed, with some studies reporting substantial symptom relief, while others found no significant benefit. Across disorders, tRNS was generally well-tolerated with only mild, transient adverse effects. Conclusion tRNS appears to be a safe, well-tolerated, and potentially effective intervention for specific psychiatric symptoms, especially in ADHD, dyslexia, and schizophrenia. However, inconsistent protocols and mixed outcomes in mood disorders highlight the need for standardized protocols and further research.

Objective: COVID-19 has gravely affected patients with psychiatric conditions. Potential interactions may occur between psychotropic medications and medications used in treatment of COVID-19. This study aimed to compare the online databases in terms of the quality of drug-drug interaction related information available on them. Methods: 216 drug interactions which included fifty-four psychotropic medication interactions with four COVID-19 drugs across six databases were analyzed by four authors independently. The overall grading of the databases was done on Likert scale independently by the authors using the parameters of ease of understanding for consumers and professionals, level of completeness, discussion on level of evidence and the number of available drugs, congruity with other databases and the mean score was tabulated. Results: Drugbank and Lexicomp had maximum discrepancy. The safety profile of Hydroxychloroquine was the best (eighteen moderate/severe psychotropic medication reactions) while Ritonavir has worst profile with thirty-nine medications. Drugbank had the highest SCOPE score (1.00) for completeness and covid19druginteractions.com had least (0.81). Overall, Liverpool© Drug Interaction Group and Lexicomp scored the highest (23/30 each) and were the best interaction checker software closely followed by Drugs.com (22/30). Medscape and WebMD were the poorest interaction checker databases. Conclusion There is significant variability in the available online databases. Liverpool © Drug Interaction Group and Lexicomp were the most reliable sources for healthcare workers whereas for patients, Drugs.com was the easiest to understand (as it segregates the needs of general consumers and professionals distinctly to explain the interaction).

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a time tested treatment modality for the management of various psychiatric disorders. There have been a lot of modifications in the techniques of delivering ECT over decades. Despite lots of criticisms encountered, ECT has still been used commonly in clinical practice due to its safety and efficacy. Research evidences found multiple neuro-biological mechanisms for the therapeutic effect of ECT. ECT brings about various neuro-physiological as well as neuro-chemical changes in the macro- and micro-environment of the brain. Diverse changes involving expression of genes, functional connectivity, neurochemicals, permeability of blood-brain-barrier, alteration in immune system has been suggested to be responsible for the therapeutic effects of ECT. This article reviews different neurobiological mechanisms responsible for the therapeutic efficacy of ECT.
Brain ; Electroconvulsive Therapy* ; Immune System ; Mental Disorders ; Neurobiology ; Permeability ; Therapeutic Uses

No abstract available.
Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant* ; Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation*

No abstract available.
Leg* ; Muscle Cramp* ; Psychomotor Agitation*

No abstract available.
Catatonia* ; Lorazepam* ; Seizures*

No abstract available.
Alprazolam* ; Arousal*

Neuro-stimulation techniques have gradually evolved over the decades and have emerged potential therapeutic modalities for the treatment of psychiatric disorders, especially treatment refractory cases. The neuro-stimulation techniques involves modalities like electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) and others. This review discusses the role of neuro-stimulation techniques in the treatment of anxiety disorders. The various modalities of neuro-stimulation techniques are briefly discussed. The evidence base relating to use of these techniques in the treatment of anxiety disorders is discussed further. The review then highlights the challenges in conducting research in relation to the use of neuro-stimulation techniques with reference to patients with anxiety disorders. The review provides the future directions of research and aimed at expanding the evidence base of treatment of anxiety disorders and providing neuro-stimulation techniques as promising effective and acceptable alternative in select cases.
Anxiety Disorders* ; Anxiety* ; Electroconvulsive Therapy ; Humans ; Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation ; Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ; Vagus Nerve Stimulation

Early life adversities like parental loss during childhood, physical abuse, sexual abuse and emotional harassment may have deleterious consequences in an individual’s life, which can manifest under the form of various externalizing or internalizing behaviors. This case study aimed to highlight the impact of unusual early life adversities in a young woman’s mental health and related management issues. Methods: We reported a case of a young lady presenting with anxiety, low mood, disturbed sleep and appetite for more than six months. She also had episodes of dissociative stupor following any stressful event for approximately 13 years. She was hospitalized, evaluated clinically as well as by psychometric assessment. Relevant pharmacological and psychological interventions were performed. Results: She was diagnosed with Major depressive disorder with dissociative disorder and borderline personality disorder. The patient had multiple stressors during childhood like - loss of parents, emotional & physical abuse, which had an impact on her mental wellbeing. Conclusion: Early life adversities are detrimental to the mental health of an individual. The clinical outcome depended upon on the nature of trauma to the mental well-being, mode of intervention done and available psychosocial supports. ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 17 (2): July – December 2016: XX XX.