BACKGROUND: Weight reduction is a lifestyle intervention that has been introduced for prevention and management of chronic kidney disease (CKD). We investigate the additive anti-proteinuric effect of weight reduction on the usage of angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) and its potential mechanisms in hypertensive CKD patients. METHODS: This study is a subanalysis of data from an open-label, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Among the 235 participants, 227 were assigned to subgroups according to changes in body weight. RESULTS: Fifty-eight participants (25.6%) were assigned to group 1 (≥1.5% decrease in body weight after 16 weeks), 32 participants (14.1%) were assigned to group 2 (1.5–0.1% decrease in body weight), and 136 participants (59.9%) were assigned to group 3 (≥ 0.0% increase in body weight). Characteristics at enrollment were not different among the three groups, but mean differences in weight and percent changes in urinary sodium excretion over the period were statistically different (P < 0.001 and P = 0.017). Over the study period, unintentional weight loss independently increased the probability of reduced albuminuria (group 1, relative risk 6.234, 95% confidence interval 1.913–20.315, P = 0.002). Among urinary cytokines, only podocalyxin level decreased significantly in participants who lost weight (P = 0.013). CONCLUSION: We observed that weight loss had an additive effect on the anti-proteinuric effects of ARBs in nondiabetic hypertensive CKD patients, although it was minimal. An additive effect was shown in both obese and non-obese participants, and its possible mechanism is related to reduction of podocyte damage.
Albuminuria ; Angiotensin II* ; Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists* ; Angiotensins* ; Body Weight ; Cytokines ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Life Style ; Podocytes ; Proteinuria* ; Receptors, Angiotensin* ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic* ; Sodium ; Weight Loss*

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Predialysis hyponatremia has been recently reported to be associated with mortality in incident hemodialysis patients. However, whether hyponatremia is associated with unfavorable outcomes in elderly patients remains unknown. We hypothesized that nephrology referral inf luences hyponatremia, and aimed to define how nephrology referral affects the association between hyponatremia and mortality in the elderly. METHODS: We retrospectively assessed mortality in 599 incident hemodialysis patients aged ≥ 70 at a tertiary university hospital, between 2000 and 2010. We analyzed 90-day and 1-year all-cause mortality (ACM) in relation to predialysis serum sodium (sNa). We divided the patients into two groups according to predialysis glucose-corrected sNa: hyponatremia (< 135 mmol/L) and normonatremia (135 to 145 mmol/L). RESULTS: Low estimated glomerular filtration rate, high phosphorus, low albumin, nonpreparation of arteriovenous fistula or graft, and late referral were associated with a low sNa in the elderly. Among 599 patients, 106 and 174 patients died at the 90-day and 1-year follow-ups, respectively. Each 10-mmol/L increase in predialysis sNa tended to be associated with lower 90-day and 1-year ACM. When patients were stratified by nephrology referral, hyponatremia was associated with increased mortality in early referral group (90-day ACM: hazard ratio [HR] = 2.335, p = 0.041; 1-year ACM: HR = 1.790, p = 0.024). However, hyponatremia was not associated with mortality in late referral group. CONCLUSIONS: Predialysis hyponatremia at hemodialysis initiation is associated with late referra
Aged* ; Arteriovenous Fistula ; Follow-Up Studies ; Glomerular Filtration Rate ; Humans ; Hyponatremia* ; Mortality* ; Nephrology ; Phosphorus ; Referral and Consultation ; Renal Dialysis* ; Retrospective Studies ; Sodium ; Transplants

BACKGROUND: Several epidemiologic studies have suggested that the urine sodium excretion (USE) can be estimated in lieu of performing 24-hour urine collection. However, this method has not been verified in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) or in an interventional study. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of estimating USE in a prospective low-salt diet education cohort (ESPECIAL). METHODS: A new formula was developed on the basis of morning fasting urine samples from 228 CKD patients in the ESPECIAL cohort. This formula was compared to the previous four formulas in the prediction of 24-hour USE after treatment with olmesartan and low-salt diet education. RESULTS: Most previously reported formulas had low predictability of the measured USE based on the ESPECIAL cohort. Only the Tanaka formula showed a small but significant bias (9.8 mEq/day, P < 0.05) with a low correlation (r = 0.34). In contrast, a new formula showed improved bias (−0.1 mEq/day) and correlation (r = 0.569) at baseline. This formula demonstrated no significant bias (−1.2 mEq/day) with the same correlation (r = 0.571) after 8 weeks of treatment with olmesartan. Intensive low-salt diet education elicited a significant decrease in the measured USE. However, none of the formulas predicted this change in the measured urine sodium after diet adjustment. CONCLUSION: We developed a more reliable formula for estimating the USE in CKD patients. Although estimating USE is applicable in an interventional study, it may be unsuitable for estimating the change of individual sodium intake in a low-salt intervention study.
Bias (Epidemiology) ; Cohort Studies ; Diet ; Diet, Sodium-Restricted* ; Education ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Fasting ; Humans ; Methods ; Prospective Studies ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic* ; Sodium* ; Urine Specimen Collection

No abstract available.
Acute Kidney Injury/microbiology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; Biopsy ; Humans ; Kidney/*microbiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mycoplasma pneumoniae/drug effects/*isolation & purification ; Nephritis/diagnosis/drug therapy/*microbiology ; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma/diagnosis/drug therapy/*microbiology ; Skin Diseases, Bacterial/diagnosis/drug therapy/*microbiology ; Steroids/therapeutic use ; Treatment Outcome ; Vasculitis/diagnosis/drug therapy/*microbiology

Stomach cancer is one of the most common cancers in Korea. The aim of this study was to identify the association between the prevalence of cancer, particularly stomach cancer, and the amount of 24-hr urine sodium excretion estimated from spot urine specimens. The study included 19,083 subjects who took part in the Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey between 2009 and 2011. The total amount of urine sodium excreted in a 24-hr period was estimated by using two equations based on the values for spot urine sodium and creatinine. In subjects who had an estimated 24-hr urine sodium excretion of more than two standard deviations above the mean (group 2), the prevalence of stomach cancer was higher than in subjects with lower 24-hr sodium excretion (group 1). By using the Tanaka equation to estimate it, the prevalence of stomach cancer was 0.6% (114/18,331) in group 1, whereas it was 1.6% (9/568) in group 2 (P=0.006). By using the Korean equation, the prevalence was 0.6% (115/18,392) in group 1, and 1.6% in group 2 (8/507) (P=0.010). By using the Tanaka equation, breast cancer in women is more prevalent in group 2 (1.9%, 6/324) than group 1 (0.8%, 78/9,985, P=0.039). Higher salt intake, as defined by the estimated amount of 24-hr urine sodium excretion, is positively correlated with a higher prevalence of stomach or breast cancer in the Korean population.
Adult ; Aged ; Algorithms ; Breast Neoplasms/*epidemiology/pathology ; Creatine/urine ; Demography ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nutrition Surveys ; Prevalence ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Sodium, Dietary/*urine ; Stomach Neoplasms/*epidemiology/pathology ; Urine Specimen Collection

It is not well described the pathophysiology of renal injuries caused by a high salt intake in humans. The authors analyzed the relationship between the 24-hr urine sodium-to-creatinine ratio (24HUna/cr) and renal injury parameters such as urine angiotensinogen (uAGT/cr), monocyte chemoattractant peptide-1 (uMCP1/cr), and malondialdehyde-to-creatinine ratio (uMDA/cr) by using the data derived from 226 hypertensive chronic kidney disease patients. At baseline, the 24HUna/cr group or levels had a positive correlation with uAGT/cr and uMDA/cr adjusted for related factors (P<0.001 for each analysis). When we estimated uAGT/cr in the 24HUna/cr groups by ANCOVA, the uAGT/cr in patients with > or =200 mEq/g cr was higher than in patients with <100 mEq/g cr (708 [95% CI, 448-967] vs. 334 [95% CI, 184-483] pg/mg cr, P=0.014). Similarly, uMDA/cr was estimated as 0.17 (95% CI, 0.14-0.21) pM/mg cr in patients with <100 mEq/g cr and 0.27 (95% CI, 0.20-0.33) pM/mg cr in patients with > or =200 mEq/g cr (P=0.016). During the 16-week follow-up period, an increase in urinary sodium excretion predicted an increase in urinary angiotensinogen excretion. In conclusion, high salt intake increases renal renin-angiotensin-system (RAS) activation, primarily, and directly or indirectly affects the production of reactive oxygen species through renal RAS activation.
Adult ; Aged ; Angiotensinogen/urine ; Chemokine CCL2/urine ; Creatine/urine ; Demography ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Hypertension/complications ; Male ; Malondialdehyde/urine ; Middle Aged ; Reactive Oxygen Species/*metabolism ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/complications/*pathology ; Renin-Angiotensin System/*physiology ; Sodium, Dietary/*urine ; Urine Specimen Collection

We investigated the association between 24-hr urinary sodium (24UNA) and adequacy of blood pressure (BP) control in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and nonCKD. All data were collected retrospectively by accessing the electrical medical records in patients with 24-hr urine collection and serum creatinine. Enrolled 400 subjects were subgrouped by the amount of 24UNA, or CKD stage. The appropriate BP was defined as BP < 130/80 mmHg for subjects with proteinuria, and BP < 140/90 mmHg for subjects without proteinuria. The mean level of 24UNA was 166+/-76 mEq/day. The 24UNA group was an independently related factor to diastolic BP as a continuous variable. The rate of appropriate BP control in patients with proteinuria was highest in 24UNA <100 mEq/L (P=0.012). The odds to fail achievement of BP target in subjects with 24UNA> or =90 mEq/day was 2.441 (1.249-4.772, P=0.009) higher than that of 24UNA <90 mEq/day among participants with proteinuria. There was difference in the amount of 24UNA between CKD and non-CKD except each stage of CKD group. In conclusion, salt intake estimated by 24-hr urine sodium excretion is a risk factor to achieve appropriate BP control.
Adult ; Aged ; Algorithms ; Blood Pressure/*physiology ; Creatine/blood ; Demography ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension/complications ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Odds Ratio ; Proteinuria/complications ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/complications/*pathology ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Severity of Illness Index ; Sodium, Dietary/*urine ; Urine Specimen Collection

No large-scale studies have investigated the association between salt intake and hypertension in Korean population. To investigate the relationship of blood pressure to salt consumption, we analyzed data from 19,476 participants in the 2009-2011 Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (KNHANES). Urinary sodium excretion over 24-hr (24HUNa) was estimated from spot urine tests using Tanaka's equation. The study subjects were stratified into hypertensive and normotensive groups. Hypertensive participants (n=6,552, 33.6%) had higher estimated 24HUNa, 150.4+/-38.8 mEq/day, than normotensive participants, 140.5+/-34.6 mEq/day (P<0.001). The association between 24HUNa and blood pressure outcomes was not affected by adjustment for other risk factors for hypertension (odds ratio 0.001; 95% confidence interval 0.001-0.003; P<0.001). Increases in 24HUNa of 100 mEq/day were associated with a 6.1+/-0.3/2.9+/-0.2 mmHg increase in systolic/diastolic blood pressure in all participants. This effect was stronger in hypertensive participants (increase of 8.1+/-0.5/3.4+/-0.3 mmHg per 100 mEq/day) and smaller in normotensive participants (2.9+/-0.3/1.3+/-0.2 mmHg). These results support recommendations for low salt intake in Korean population to prevent and control adverse blood pressure levels.
Adult ; Algorithms ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Blood Pressure/*physiology ; Demography ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension/epidemiology/*urine ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nutrition Surveys ; Prevalence ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Risk Factors ; Sodium, Dietary/*urine ; Urine Specimen Collection

The relationship between salt intake and adequate blood pressure control is not well investigated in Korea populations, especially in patients with cardiovascular disease. This cross-sectional study enrolled 19,083 subjects who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted from 2009-2011. The amount of salt intake was estimated using the Tanaka equations based on spot urine samples. Comparing patients with and without cardiovascular disease, systolic blood pressure (129.1+/-18.1 mmHg vs. 120.0+/-18.1 mmHg, P<0.001) and the amount of urinary sodium excretion (149.4+/-37.5 mM/day vs. 144.1+/-36.2 mM/day, P<0.001) were higher in patients with cardiovascular diseases. Among patients with cardiovascular disease, the high blood pressure group showed an increased amount of urinary sodium excretion compared to the normal blood pressure group (155.5+/-38.2 vs. 146.6+/-36.9 mM/day, P<0.001). The odds ratio (OR) of high blood pressure was higher (OR, 1.825; 95% CI, 1.187-2.807; P-for-trend 0.003, highest quartile of urinary sodium excretion vs. lowest quartile) in patients with cardiovascular disease. A higher amount of urinary sodium excretion was associated with a lower rate of adequate blood pressure control in Korean population, especially with cardiovascular disease.
Adult ; Aged ; Algorithms ; Blood Pressure/*physiology ; Cardiovascular Diseases/complications/*pathology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Demography ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension/complications ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nutrition Surveys ; Odds Ratio ; Sodium, Dietary/*urine