Objective: Biportal endoscopic spine surgery (BESS) has emerged as a minimally invasive alternative for lumbar decompression, offering improved visualization with reduced tissue disruption. Therefore, this study aims to identify key anatomical considerations, particularly interlaminar-disc mismatch and the “banana-shaped” curvature of the lamina, and to examine their impact on portal trajectory, alignment of the surgical corridor, and preservation of spinal structures. Methods: A retrospective, video-based analysis was conducted on 23 BESS lumbar decompression cases performed between January and March 2024. Surgical levels included L3–4 (n=3), L4–5 (n=17), and L5–S1 (n=3). Intraoperative anatomical landmarks were assessed independently by 2 spine surgeons. Interobserver agreement was evaluated using Cohen kappa, based on the identification of 3 landmarks per case in 23 cases, calculated with unweighted kappa. Visualization quality was scored on a 3-point scale. Cranial and caudal interlaminar-disc mismatches were measured and averaged. Results: Interlaminar-disc mismatch was identified in 93% of cases, with cranial and caudal mismatches ranging from 5.5±1.02 mm to 8±1.2 mm. Laminar curvature was consistently observed at L4–5 and L5–S1, which required a medial-caudal portal. In addition, the superior articular process (SAP) served as a reliable fluoroscopic and endoscopic landmark, facilitating safe access to the intervertebral disc. A limited medial facetectomy provided adequate operating space. The findings also demonstrated high interobserver reliability for anatomical identification (κ=0.84), and the use of layer-specific flavectomy preserved the inner layer of the ligamentum flavum. Conclusion Successful BESS requires integrating detailed anatomical understanding with intraoperative adaptability. Recognizing interlaminar-disc mismatch, laminar curvature, and SAP orientation enables optimal portal placement and targeted decompression. These principles are essential for achieving reproducible and safe outcomes in BESS.

Aims: Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO) is an enzyme capable of cleaving glycoside bonds of recalcitrant polysaccharides through an oxidative mechanism. LPMO activity, in synergy with hydrolytic enzymes, increases the production of monomer sugars from the biodegradation of lignocellulose. This study was aimed at evaluating actinomycete S2 strain LPMO activity based on the release of xylose as one of reducing sugar and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the course of lignocellulosic biodegradation. Methodology and results: The oxidation activity of LPMO from actinomycete S2 strain was measured by using the substrate of Avicel supplemented with ascorbic acid and copper ions (Cu2+) to identify its effect on the release of xylose as one of reducing sugar. The optimum incubation time for the LPMO production was also conducted. Further, H2O2 quantitative analysis was performed as by-product of LPMO activity and 16S rRNA gene sequence of actinomycete S2 strain were subsequently determined. We found that supplementation of 1 mM ascorbic acid and 0.2 mM Cu2+ increased xylose as one of reducing sugar production by up to 5-fold from 255.03 to 1290 μg/mL after an optimal incubation period of 6 days. Based on H2O2 production, the LPMO activity of actinomycete S2 strain was 0.019 ± 0.001 U/mL. There is likelihood that LPMO activity derived from actinomycete S2 strain has a synergistic effect with the activity of other lignocellulose-degrading enzymes. This actinomycete showed 99% similarity to the 16S rRNA gene sequence of Streptomyces avermitilis strain EAAG80. Conclusion, significance, and impact of study LPMO enzyme activity from actinomycete S2 strain as determined by the production of reducing sugar and H2O2 was greatly increased by supplementation with ascorbic acid as an electron donor and Cu2+ ions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first elucidation of LPMO activity from an indigenous Indonesian actinomycete.
Mixed Function Oxygenases--metabolism ; Lignin--metabolism

Objective: To compare the level of glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG), the ratio of GSH/GSSG and the concentration of albumin in plasma of patients with complicated and un-complicated falciparum malaria. Methods: This research was a cross sectional study using comparison analysis with the plasma GSH and GSSG, the ratio of plasma GSH/GSSG and the concentration of plasma albumin as variables. The complicated malaria patients were obtained from Dr. Saiful Anwar Hospital Malang, whereas uncomplicated malaria patients were obtained from the Regency of Pleihari South Kalimantan. Plasma GSH and GSSG levels were determined by the spectrophotometer at the wave length of 412 nm, whereas the concentration of albumin was determined by bromocresol green method in the pH of 4.1. Results: There were no significant differences between the level of plasma GSH and GSSG in complicated and uncomplicated malaria patients, as well as the ratio of plasma GSH/GSSG in the two groups (P=0.373;P=0.538;and P=0.615, respectively, independent t-test). In contrast, the plasma albumin concentration in complicated malaria patients were significantly higher than uncomplicated malaria patients (P=0.000, Mann Whitney U test). Conclusions: It can be concluded that the average of plasma GSH and GSSG level, also plasma GSH/GSSG ratio in complicated malaria are not different from uncomplicated ma-laria. Although plasma concentration of albumin in both groups is below the normal range, there is an increase in complicated malaria that might be as compensation of oxidative stress.

Objective To characterize proteins and other nutrients in striatin (DLBS0333), a bioactive protein fraction isolated from snakehead fish (Channa striata) and to investigate its wound healing activity. Methods Proteins and other constituents in striatin were characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, two dimension electrophoresis, immunoblotting assay, spectroscopy and high performance liquid chromatography. The wound healing activity of striatin was studied in vitro using 3T3 fibroblast cells and in vivo using wound-induced animal model. Various parameters related to wound healing process were evaluated. Results Striatin contained four major bioactive proteins with approximate molecular weight of 8.3, 10.9, 15.4 and 16.7 kDa. In addition to proteins, striatin also contained amino acids (10 essential and 7 non essential amino acids), fatty acids (palmitic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, arachidonic acid), vitamins (vitamin A, vitamin B

Objective To compare the level of glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG), the ratio of GSH/GSSG and the concentration of albumin in plasma of patients with complicated and un-complicated falciparum malaria. Methods This research was a cross sectional study using comparison analysis with the plasma GSH and GSSG, the ratio of plasma GSH/GSSG and the concentration of plasma albumin as variables. The complicated malaria patients were obtained from Dr. Saiful Anwar Hospital Malang, whereas uncomplicated malaria patients were obtained from the Regency of Pleihari South Kalimantan. Plasma GSH and GSSG levels were determined by the spectrophotometer at the wave length of 412 nm, whereas the concentration of albumin was determined by bromocresol green method in the pH of 4.1. Results There were no significant differences between the level of plasma GSH and GSSG in complicated and uncomplicated malaria patients, as well as the ratio of plasma GSH/GSSG in the two groups (P = 0.373; P = 0.538; and P = 0.615, respectively, independent t-test). In contrast, the plasma albumin concentration in complicated malaria patients were significantly higher than uncomplicated malaria patients (P = 0.000, Mann Whitney U test). Conclusions It can be concluded that the average of plasma GSH and GSSG level, also plasma GSH/GSSG ratio in complicated malaria are not different from uncomplicated malaria. Although plasma concentration of albumin in both groups is below the normal range, there is an increase in complicated malaria that might be as compensation of oxidative stress.

Aims: The study focused on screening, identification and characterization of mannanolytic actinomycetes isolated from soil and leaf litter samples obtained from several sites in Indonesia. Methodology and results: A total of 337 isolates of actinomycetes isolated from soil and leaf litter samples collected from various areas in Indonesia were screened for their mannanolytic activity. Mannanase activity was analysed using locus bean gum (LBG) as the substrate. The strain ID06-0379 displayed significant mannanase activity. The strain ID06- 0379 was analysed for its mannanase activity by determining the rate of enzyme production when cultured in the presence of palm kernel cake (PKC) as a substrate. The highest mannanase activity from ID06-0379 was 4.40 U/mL at 5% PKC concentration at 5 days incubation. Chemotaxonomic and phenotypic characterisation of mannanolytic actinomycete was done and the strain ID06-0379 contained meso-diaminopimelic acid, and madurose was the diagnostic sugar in whole cell sugar. The polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, and hydroxy-phosphatidylethanolamine. The predominant menaquinone of strain ID06-0379 was MK-9(H4). The major cellular fatty acids were C16:0 (31.47%), cis9-C16:1 (15.23%) and iso-C16:0 (10.84%), and the G+C content of the DNA was 71.7 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rDNA sequences revealed that strain ID06- 379 was closely related to species of Nonomuraea jabiensis A4036T with 99% nucleotide similarity. Conclusion, significance and impact study: The results from this study revealed that the mannanolytic actinomycete strain ID06-379 belongs to the genus Nonomuraea that closely related to N. jabiensis A4036T . Mannanase production using agricultural waste such as palm kernel cake may contribute to the development and utilisation of biomass bioconversion processes. Keywords: Indonesian actinomycetes, mannanase enzyme, locus bean gum, palm kernel cake, Nonomuraea sp. ID06- 0379.

This study is quite representative. Most patients older men in accordance with previous studies. The left side is dominant according to the literature. The elbow side is dominant, after hemodialysis performed and double lumen catheter improvement requires further research.

Aims: Purification of methanol dehydrogenase (MDH) from methylotrophic bacteria was conducted to obtain pure enzyme for further research and industrial applications due to the enzyme’s unique activity that catalyzes oxidation of methanol as an important carbon source in methylotrophic bacteria. Methodology and Results: The enzyme was screened from methylotrophic bacteria isolated from human mouth. Purification of this enzyme was conducted using ammonium sulphate precipitation followed by cation exchange chromatography. Two types of media were used to produce the enzymes: luria broth and standard mineral salts media (MSM). MSM produced MDH with higher specific activity than LB. Specific activity was also increased along with the purification steps. Application of ammonium sulphate increased the purity of enzyme and was more effective for the enzyme produced in LB. Using sepharose increased the enzyme activity 10 -57 folds. Conclusion, significant and impact of this study: With this, ammonium sulphate precipitation coupled with single cation exchange chromatographic system has been proved to provide sufficient purified of methanol dehydrogenase from methylotrophic bacteria origin of human mouth with high specific activity for further application.