Objective:To investigate the compliance of patients with allergic rhinitis（AR） receiving sublingual immunotherapy and its influencing factors. Methods:The clinical data of 291 AR patients who received sublingual immunotherapy for dust mites at the First Hospital of Peking University from January 2016 to January 2018 were retrospectively analyzed, and their outpatient or telephone follow-up was conducted. For patients whose treatment time was less than 2 years, the time and reason for the loss were recorded, and the factors affecting their compliance were discussed from the aspects of gender, age, and education. Results:Among the 291 patients, 245 cases（84.2%） were successfully followed up, and 193 cases（78.8%） fell off midway（treatment time<2 years）. The overall compliance rate was 21.22%（52/245）. The compliance rate of children is higher than that of adults（χ²=21.306, P<0.05）, and gender and education level have no significant effect on the compliance rate. The time period for the largest number of shedding was 6-<12 months after treatment（68 cases, 27.8%）. The main cause of shedding was symptom relief, which was considered cured（16.7%）. Secondly, within 3 months after treatment, a total of 61 patients（24.9%） fell off, of which 34 cases（13.9%） fell off because of troublesome medication, often missed medication, and simply stopped taking the drug. Statistics on the overall reasons for shedding in 193 patients, the top three shedding reasons were: cured after symptom relief（59 cases, 30.6%）, troublesome medication, discontinuation after missed dose（44 cases, 22.8%）, slow onset or ineffectiveness（26 cases, 13.5%）. Conclusion:The overall compliance of sublingual immunotherapy in patients with allergic rhinitis is poor, and the compliance of children is better than that of adults. Clinicians should focus on the reasons for patients to fall off at various times, strengthen patient education, enhance patient confidence in treatment, and improve the compliance of patients.
Adult ; Child ; Animals ; Humans ; Sublingual Immunotherapy ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome ; Rhinitis, Allergic/drug therapy* ; Desensitization, Immunologic ; Pyroglyphidae ; Immunotherapy ; Antigens, Dermatophagoides/therapeutic use*

Objective:To monitor adherence to specific sublingual immunotherapy （SLIT） in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis（AR）, analyse factors influencing adherence, and provide research support to effectively improve adherence. Methods:Patients with AR who underwent Artemisia pollen SLIT at the Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University from May 2021 to April 2022 were retrospectively followed up by telephone to investigate the current status of treatment, count the causes of shedding, and extract relevant information from their medical record data for analysis. Results:Of the 112 patients surveyed, 34 discontinued treatment（30.3%）; patients who experienced adverse reactions and SLIT patients who had been on treatment for more than 6 months showed relatively good adherence（P<0.05）. The main reasons for discontinuation in patients who dropped out were: asymptomatic discomfort during the non-pollen phase and therefore discontinuation of treatment or feeling that treatment was ineffective 9 cases（26.5%）, forced discontinuation due to vaccination or pregnancy, or epidemics 6 cases（17.6%）. Conclusion:Long-term adherence of patients to Artemisia pollen SLIT still needs to be brought to the attention of healthcare professionals, especially in the early stages of treatment when good patient education and good channels of trust and communication between doctors and patients need to be established.
Humans ; Sublingual Immunotherapy ; Allergens ; Retrospective Studies ; Rhinitis, Allergic/therapy* ; Artemisia

No abstract available.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Asthma ; Cryptomeria ; Humans ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal ; Sublingual Immunotherapy

With rising prevalence of food allergy (FA), allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) for FA has become an active area of research in recent years. In AIT, incrementally increasing doses of inciting allergen are given with the goal to increase tolerance, initially through desensitization, which relies on regular exposure to allergen. With prolonged therapy in some subjects, AIT may induce sustained unresponsiveness, in which tolerance is retained after a period of allergen avoidance. Methods of AIT currently under study in humans include oral, sublingual, epicutaneous, and subcutaneous delivery of modified allergenic protein, as well as via DNA-based vaccines encoding allergen with lysosomal-associated membrane protein I. The balance of safety and efficacy varies by type of AIT, as well as by targeted allergen. Age, degree of sensitization, and other comorbidities may affect this balance within an individual patient. More recently, AIT with modified proteins or combined with immunomodulatory therapies has shown promise in making AIT safer and/or more effective. Though methods of AIT are neither currently advised by experts (oral immunotherapy [OIT]) nor widely available, AIT is likely to become a part of recommended management of FA in the coming years. Here, we review and compare methods of AIT currently under study in humans to prepare the practitioner for an exciting new phase in the care of food allergic patients in which improved tolerance to inciting foods will be a real possibility.
Comorbidity ; Food Hypersensitivity* ; Humans ; Immunomodulation ; Immunotherapy* ; Membrane Proteins ; Prevalence ; Sublingual Immunotherapy ; Vaccines

BACKGROUND: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a global health problem and is characterised by one or more symptoms, including sneezing, itching, nasal congestion and rhinorrhea. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the features of AR and the physician's approach to the management of AR patients in four geographical regions. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, a questionnaire survey concerning AR was completed by Honorary and Corresponding Members of the Italian Society of Rhinology from different countries among 4 world geographical regions—Asia, Europe, the Americas, and Africa. RESULTS: The prevalence of AR was reported to be 15%–25%. Children and adolescents, as well as young adults, were the age groups more affected by AR with comorbidities of asthma, sinusitis, conjunctivitis, and nasal polyposis. Nasal symptoms of AR were more intense in the spring (51.92%) and autumn (28.85%). The most common aero-allergens were pollen and mites (67.31%), animal dander and pollutants (23.08%), and fungal allergens (21.15%). Allergen-specific immunotherapy was prescribed for both perennial and seasonal allergens (32.69%) via sublingual swallow (46.15%) and subcutaneous (32.69%) routes. For the AR patients, the most prescribed drugs were intranasal corticosteroids (86.54%) and oral H₁-antihistamines (82.69%). CONCLUSION: A network of experts can improve our knowledge concerning AR epidemiology, and together with guidelines, could assist practitioners and otolaryngologists in standardising the diagnosis and treatment of AR.
Adolescent ; Adrenal Cortex Hormones ; Africa ; Allergens ; Americas ; Animals ; Asthma ; Child ; Comorbidity ; Conjunctivitis ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Dander ; Diagnosis ; Epidemiology ; Estrogens, Conjugated (USP) ; Europe ; Global Health ; Humans ; Immunotherapy ; Mites ; Pollen ; Prevalence ; Pruritus ; Rhinitis, Allergic ; Seasons ; Sinusitis ; Sneezing ; Sublingual Immunotherapy ; Young Adult

To analyze the impact of sublingual immunotherapy(SLIT)on the quality of life in children with allergic rhinitis.Fifty children with allergic rhinitis who have received sublingual immunotherapy were enrolled in this study.Quality of life was evaluated via measurement of VAS score and rhinoconjunctivitis quality of life questionnaire(RQLQ)before and after treatment.Twenty patients after treatment had complete remission,13 cases were partly alleviated and 17 cases had no response.The total effective rate was 66%.The Multi-VAS scores and Uni-VAS scores in each observation time point(at half a year,one year,two years after treatment)had statistically significant difference compared with that of pre-treatment with SLIT(<0.05).According to RQLQ scores,the quality of life,nasal symptoms,conjunctiva symptoms,non-nasal(ocular)symp-toms,behaviors and emotional responses were greatly improved in each time point compared with that of pretreatment(<0.05).Symptomatic treatment scores in each time point after treatment were significantly different and had a positive correlation with the scores of RQLQ(<0.05).SLIT can improve the nasal allergic symptoms,children's life quality and reduce the use of symptomatic treatment medicines.
Administration, Sublingual ; Child ; Humans ; Quality of Life ; Rhinitis, Allergic ; therapy ; Sublingual Immunotherapy ; Treatment Outcome

Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) is an effective treatment for allergic diseases. However, the mechanism by which this therapy exhibits its efficacy has not been fully delineated. To elucidate the mechanisms of SLIT in the treatment of cedar pollinosis (CP), we performed a multivariate analysis of microarray data on mRNA expression in CD4⁺ T cells and basophils. Although 2-year treatment with SLIT using cedar extracts was effective in >70% of patients with CP, the remaining patients did not respond to this therapy. The mRNA expression levels in peripheral CD4⁺ T cells and basophils from both high- and non-responder patients before and after undergoing SLIT were comparatively studied using microarray analysis. By processing the data using serial multivariate analysis, an apoptosis pathway was extracted in both CD4⁺ T cells and basophils. Conclusively, the strong treatment effectiveness of SLIT in patients with CP may be caused by the induction of apoptosis in CD4⁺ T cells and basophils in these patients (Trial registry at University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry Database, UMIN000016532).
Apoptosis ; Basophils ; Cytokines ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin E ; Information Services ; Microarray Analysis ; Multivariate Analysis* ; Rhinitis, Allergic ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal* ; RNA, Messenger ; Sublingual Immunotherapy* ; T-Lymphocytes ; Treatment Outcome

PURPOSE: This study aims to determine the efficacy and safety of house dust mite (HDM)-sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) in elderly patients with AR. METHODS: A total of 45 patients aged ≥ 60 years with HDM-induced AR who had ≥ 3 A/H ratio on skin prick test and/or ≥ 0.35 IU/L to both Dermatophagoides farinae and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus by ImmunoCAP were enrolled in 4 university hospitals. To evaluate additional effects of HDM-SLIT, they were randomized to the SLIT-treated group (n = 30) or control group (n = 15). Rhinoconjunctivitis total symptom score (RTSS), rhinoscopy score, Korean rhinoconjunctivitis quality of life questionnaire, rhinitis control assessment test, asthma control test scores, and adverse reactions, were assessed at the first visit (V1) and after 1 year of treatment (V5); for immunological evaluation, serum levels of HDM-specific immunoglobulin A/IgE/IgG1/IgG4 antibodies and basophil response to HDMs were compared between V1 and V5 in both groups. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in demographics, RTSS, skin reactivity to HDMs, or serum total/specific IgE levels to HDMs (P < 0.05, respectively) between the 2 groups. Nasal symptom score and RTSS decreased significantly at year 1 in the 2 groups (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in percent decrease in nasal symptom score and RTSS at year 1 between the 2 groups (P < 0.05); however, rhinoscopic nasal symptom score decreased significantly in the SLIT-treated group (P < 0.05). Immunological studies showed that serum specific IgA levels (not specific IgE/IgG) and CD203c expression on basophils decreased significantly at V5 in the SLIT-treated group (P = 0.011 and P = 0.001, respectively), not in the control group. The control group required more medications compared to the treatment group, but there were no differences in adverse reactions. CONCLUSIONS: It is suggested that HDM-SLIT for 1 year could induce symptom improvement and may induce immunomodulation in elderly rhinitis patients.
Aged* ; Antibodies ; Asthma ; Basophils ; Demography ; Dermatophagoides farinae ; Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus ; Dust* ; Hospitals, University ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin A ; Immunoglobulin E ; Immunoglobulins ; Immunomodulation ; Immunotherapy ; Pyroglyphidae* ; Quality of Life ; Rhinitis* ; Rhinitis, Allergic ; Skin ; Sublingual Immunotherapy*

BACKGROUND: Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) with house dust mites (HDM) preparation has recently been proven to be beneficial for treating allergic rhinitis and asthma. However, there has been no report regarding the efficacy and safety of SLIT in Korean patients with atopic dermatitis (AD). OBJECTIVE: We intended to investigate the efficacy and safety of SLIT in Korean patients with AD. METHODS: A total of 34 patients with AD and immunoglobulin E (IgE)-proven HDM sensitization (Class ≥3) were recruited. Eczema area and severity index (EASI) score, total serum IgE level, specific IgE assays to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, D. farinae, and adverse effects were recorded during follow-up. "Responder" was defined as a patient with ≥30% improvement in EASI score after SLIT. RESULTS: Twenty-three patients continued SLIT for 12 months or more, whereas 3 patients (8.8%) dropped out because of exacerbation of dermatitis, and 8 patients (23.5%) were lost to follow-up. The average duration of SLIT treatment was 22.4 months (range, 12~32 months). EASI scores reduced significantly after 6 months of treatment (p<0.05) compared with those at baseline. A total of 18 patients were determined to be responders to SLIT after 6 months. Total and specific IgE serum levels did not significantly reduce after SLIT. No patients experienced serious adverse events, with the exception of two patients who developed transient lip and tongue swelling. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated that SLIT with HDM extracts is effective and tolerable in Korean patients with AD. Further controlled long-term trials are required to reinforce the current results.
Asthma ; Dermatitis ; Dermatitis, Atopic* ; Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus ; Eczema ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin E ; Immunoglobulins ; Lip ; Lost to Follow-Up ; Pyroglyphidae ; Rhinitis, Allergic ; Sublingual Immunotherapy* ; Tongue

Several recent clinical trials reported that intralymphatic immunotherapy (ILIT) for some allergens, such as cat dander and pollen, induce tolerance more rapidly than conventional subcutaneous or sublingual immunotherapy, have a comparable duration of effect after only 3 injections, and do not provoke serious local or systemic reactions. However, the efficacy and safety of ILIT are using Dermatophagoides farinae (Df), Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dp), and dog, which are indoor allergens that are commonly found globally, need to be evaluated. Furthermore, use of multiple allergens in ILIT should be investigated. We assessed the clinical efficacy and adverse effects of ILIT using aqueous Df, Dp, dog, and cat allergens or mixtures thereof in patients with allergic rhinitis. A total of 11 subjects with AR sensitized to Df, Dp, cat, and/or dog allergens received 3 intralymphatic inguinal injections of sensitized allergen extract (HollisterStier, New Orleans, LA, USA). Clinical parameters were assessed before ILIT, and 4 months and 1 year after the first injection. Rhinitis symptoms were alleviated and quality of life was improved 4 months after ILIT (P=0.012 and P=0.007, respectively), and these improvements lasted for 1 year after ILIT (P=0.047 and P=0.009, respectively). However, we observed 2 cases of anaphylaxis, one case of a moderate-to-severe systemic hypersensitivity reaction and the other case of a severe local reaction at the injection site after ILIT. In conclusion, ILIT can rapidly improve allergy symptoms and quality of life, and this effect lasts for 1 year. In hypersensitized patients, however, ILIT can provoke severe systemic and/or local hypersensitivity reactions when performed using aqueous allergen extracts.
Allergens ; Anaphylaxis ; Animals ; Cats ; Dander ; Dermatophagoides farinae ; Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus ; Dogs* ; Dust* ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity* ; Immunotherapy* ; Pilot Projects* ; Pollen ; Pyroglyphidae* ; Quality of Life ; Rhinitis ; Rhinitis, Allergic ; Sublingual Immunotherapy ; Treatment Outcome