OBJECTIVE: To explore the mechanism of acupuncture on improving ovarian hypofunction in aged rats from two perspectives: the overall regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis and the local ovarian follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)/cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling pathway. METHODS: Six 3-month-old female SPF-grade Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were selected as the blank group. Another twelve 9-month-old female SD rats were randomly divided into a model group and an acupuncture group, with six rats in each. The acupuncture group received acupuncture at "Baihui" (GV20), "Guanyuan" (CV4), and bilateral "Ciliao" (BL32) for 20 min per session, once every other day, for a total of 10 sessions. Vaginal smear tests were performed daily to observe the estrous cycle of the rats. Ovarian morphology was observed using HE staining, and follicles at various stages were counted. ELISA was used to detect levels of serum FSH, luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol (E₂), anti-müllerian hormone (AMH), hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), pituitary FSH and LH, and ovarian cAMP. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot were used to detect the protein expression of ovarian cAMP protein kinase catalytic subunit, FSH receptor (FSHR), and P450. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to measure mRNA expression levels of FSHR and P450 in ovarian tissue. RESULTS: Compared with the blank group, the model group showed an increased rate of estrous cycle disorder (P<0.01), reduced granulosa cell layers with blurred boundaries and disordered arrangement, decreased numbers of developing follicles at all stages, and increased numbers of atretic follicles (P<0.01); the serum levels of FSH and LH were increased (P<0.01), while E₂ and AMH levels were decreased (P<0.01); the hypothalamic GnRH and pituitary FSH and LH levels were elevated (P<0.01), and ovarian cAMP level was decreased (P<0.01); the positive expression and protein expression of ovarian P450, cAMP protein kinase catalytic subunit, and FSHR were reduced (P<0.01), and ovarian FSHR and P450 mRNA expression was decreased (P<0.01). Compared with the model group, the acupuncture group showed a reduced rate of estrous cycle disorder (P<0.01), clear granulosa cell margins, increased numbers of primordial and secondary follicles, and decreased numbers of atretic follicles (P<0.01); the serum FSH and LH levels were decreased (P<0.01, P<0.05), while E₂ and AMH levels were increased (P<0.05, P<0.01); the hypothalamic GnRH and pituitary FSH and LH levels were decreased (P<0.01, P<0.05), and ovarian cAMP level was increased (P<0.01); the positive expression and protein expression of ovarian P450, cAMP protein kinase catalytic subunit, and FSHR were elevated (P<0.01), and ovarian FSHR and P450 mRNA expression was increased (P<0.01). CONCLUSION Acupuncture could delay ovarian hypofunction in aged rats, possibly through regulating the HPO axis and the FSH/cAMP signaling pathway.
Animals ; Female ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Follicle Stimulating Hormone/genetics* ; Acupuncture Therapy ; Ovary/metabolism* ; Signal Transduction ; Humans ; Cyclic AMP/metabolism* ; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/metabolism* ; Aging/metabolism* ; Hypothalamus/metabolism* ; Pituitary Gland/metabolism* ; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone/metabolism*

Objective::To evaluate the diagnostic efficacy and clinical application of the Obstetrical Chinese Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) Scoring System (OCDSS).Methods::This study is a retrospective study that collected 1063 cases from Wuhan Union Hospital, Yichang Central People’s Hospital, and the Central Hospital of Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture between July 2017 and June 2024. These cases were divided into DIC and non-DIC groups based on score standard. Diagnosis of DIC, the rate of hysterectomy, neonatal mortality, and severe asphyxia are the main outcome measures. All the laboratory indicators are all determined by clinical laboratory department of the hospital. Data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range) and frequencies. Independent sample t-test or non-parametric test were used to compare measurement data, while the chi-square test was used for count data. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and area under curve (AUC) were used to test the predictive accuracy. Using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis to study the high-risk factors. P < 0.050 indicates a statistical significance. Results::Of 1063 participants in this study, 29 participants (2.73%) were diagnosed with obstetrical DIC by OCDSS score standard, and all the participants were diagnosed as DIC with underlying disease. When the Takao, Clark, and Erez score standard is the "gold standard", the OCDSS score standard always shows good sensitivity and specificity, with all the AUC over 0.75. OCDSS score standard also has better predictive of hysterectomy (68.18%, 91.07%, 0.872), severe neonatal asphyxia and death (79.17%, 75.07%, 0.842) than the other three score standards. All the indicators included in the OCDSS score standard contributed to the DIC diagnosis (all the P < 0.001). The indicators in the DIC group were more abnormal than the non-DIC group (all the P < 0.001). Conclusion::OCDSS is a first score standard, especially for pregnancies, it considers the underlying disease, clinical symptoms, and laboratory results. This score system shared a good diagnosis performance for DIC in the Chinese population and may help clinicians make timely decisions.

Objective:To evaluate the clinical equivalence between a domestic calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate ointment and the originator product in the treatment of stable plaque psoriasis.Methods:A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, three-arm, parallel-group, active- and placebo-controlled study was conducted, and 449 patients aged 18 - 65 years with stable plaque psoriasis were enrolled from 25 hospitals (such as the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University). Eligible patients had a baseline physician's global assessment (PGA) score of ≥ 3 points, baseline body surface area (BSA) involvement of 5% - 30%, and a target lesion psoriasis area and severity index (TL-PASI) for plaque elevation of ≥ 3 points. Participants were randomly assigned in a 2:2:1 ratio to the test group ( n = 179), reference group ( n = 180), and placebo group ( n = 90), and applied the domestic calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate ointment, originator product, and ointment base respectively, once daily in the evening for 4 weeks. Efficacy and safety were assessed at weeks 1, 2, and 4. The primary efficacy endpoints were the treatment success rates and clinical success rates in each group at week 4. The per-protocol set (PPS) was used for the primary efficacy analysis, and the intention-to-treat (ITT) set for supplementary efficacy analysis. Equivalence between the test and reference preparations was tested using the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel method adjusted for randomization strata. Superiority of the test and reference preparations over the placebo was also tested. Measurement data were compared among the 3 groups using analysis of variance or non-parametric tests, while treatment success rates, clinical success rates, and incidence rates of adverse reactions were compared using the chi-square test. Results:The ITT, PPS, and safety sets included 447, 420, and 448 patients, respectively. In the ITT set, patients were aged 43.6 ± 12.8 years, including 320 (71.6%) males and 127 (28.4%) females, and the disease duration was 11.21 ± 9.05 years; 316 (70.7%) had a PGA score of 3 points and 131 (29.3%) had a PGA score of 4 - 5 points. No significant differences in the baseline characteristics (including age, sex, disease duration and disease severity) were observed among the 3 groups (all P > 0.05). Based on the PPS analysis, the treatment success rates were 57.9% (99/171) in the test group, 50.3% (86/171) in the reference group, and 7.7% (6/78) in the placebo group, and the clinical success rates were 57.9% (99/171), 50.3% (86/171), and 10.3% (8/78), respectively; both the test and reference groups were superior to the placebo group in both treatment and clinical success rates (all P < 0.001) ; the rate differences for treatment success (90% confidence interval [ CI]: -1.3% - 16.4%) and clinical success (90% CI: -1.3% - 16.3%) between the test and reference groups were entirely within the pre-defined equivalence margin (-20% - 20%). Subgroup analyses by baseline PGA scores: for patients with a baseline PGA score of 3 points, the treatment success rates in the test, reference, and placebo groups were 60.8% (73/120), 52.1% (62/119), and 11.1% (6/54), respectively, and the corresponding clinical success rates were 61.7% (74/120), 53.8% (64/119), and 13% (7/54), respectively; the test and reference groups did not differ significantly in treatment or clinical success rates (both P > 0.05), but both showed higher success rates than the placebo group (all P < 0.001) ; the results of statistical comparisons among the 3 groups in patients with a baseline PGA score of 4 - 5 points were consistent with those observed in patients with a baseline PGA score of 3 points. The percentage reductions in PGA and TL-PASI scores from baseline to weeks 1, 2, and 4 showed significant differences among the 3 groups, which were significantly higher in the test and reference groups than in the placebo group (all P < 0.001), but did not differ between the test and reference groups (all P > 0.05). The primary adverse reactions were local skin reactions, such as pruritus, pain, and erythema. The incidence rates of adverse reactions were 8.9% (16/179) in the test group, 7.3% (13/179) in the reference group, and 7.8% (7/90) in the placebo group, with no significant difference among the 3 groups ( P > 0.05) . Conclusions:The domestic calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate ointment demonstrated clinical equivalence to the originator product in the treatment of stable plaque psoriasis, and the two agents exhibited comparable efficacy for patients with varying degrees of disease severity, and were comparable in the speed and degree of clinical improvement, with similar favorable safety profiles.

Paraplegia caused by spinal cord injury is a serious neurological complication, for which surgery is currently the main treatment method. Due to different surgical approaches, patients are usually expected to maintain a passive prone position for a long time or switch between the supine and prone positions. Affected by multiple factors such as neurogenic sensory disorders, pathological changes in muscle tone and operative duration, the risk of intraoperative acquired pressure injury (IAPI) is significantly increased. Current clinical prevention strategies for IAPI in these patients predominantly focus on localized pressure relief during positioning, lacking systematic, standardized comprehensive prevention protocols or evidence-based guidelines. To address it, Department of Nursing, Orthopedics Branch, China International Exchange and Promotive Association for Medical and Health Care, Spinal Trauma Professional Committee, Orthopedics Branch, Chinese Medical Doctor Association, Nursing Group of Spine and Spinal Cord Professional Committee of Chinese Association of Rehabilitation Medicine organized experts in relevant fields to formulate Guideline for the prevention of intraoperative acquired pressure injury in paraplegic patients with spinal cord injury ( version 2025), based on evidence-based medical evidence and latest research results and clinical practice at home and abroad. Eleven recommendations were put forward from the aspects of preoperative risk assessment, intraoperative prevention strategies, postoperative handover and monitoring, and supportive mechanisms for IAPI prevention, aiming to standardize the prevention measures and management strategies of IAPI in paraplegic patients with spinal cord injury and accelerate the recovery of patients and improve the therapeutic effect.

Acute symptomatic osteoporotic thoracolumbar compression fracture (ASOTLF) can lead to chronic low back pain, kyphosis deformity, pulmonary dysfunction, loss of mobility, and even life-threatening complications. Vertebral augmentation is currently the mainstream treatment method for this condition. In 2019, the Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Trauma and the Spinal Trauma Group of Orthopedic Surgeons Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association collaboratively led the development of Clinical guideline for vertebral augmentation for acute symptomatic osteoporotic thoracolumbar compression fractures. Six years later, with advances in clinical diagnosis and treatment techniques as well as accumulating evidence in related fields, the 2019 guideline requires updating. To this end, the Spinal Trauma Group of Orthopedic Surgeons Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association, the Spinal Health Professional Committee of China Human Health Science and Technology Promotion Association, and the Minimally Invasive Orthopedics Professional Committee of Shaanxi Medical Doctor Association have organized experts in the field to develop the Clinical guideline for vertebral augmentation of acute symptomatic osteoporotic thoracolumbar compression fractures ( version 2025) , based on the latest evidence-based medical researches. This guideline incorporates 3 recommendations retained from the 2019 version with updated strength of evidence, along with 12 new recommendations. It provides recommendations from six aspects of diagnosis, pain management, treatment option selection, prevention of postoperative complications, anti-osteoporosis therapy, and postoperative rehabilitation, aiming to provide a reference for standard treatment of vertebral augmentation for ASOTLF in hospitals at all levels.

Objective To identify potential quality risks of Xiaoer Huatan Zhike Granules(Pediatric Phlegm-Resolving and Cough-Relieving Granules)through National Drug Sampling and Inspection,evaluate their overall quality,and propose improvements to the quality standards.Methods Samples from 34 manufacturers were tested using official standards.Exploratory methods were developed to enhance risk analysis,including thin-layer chromatography(TLC)identification,content uniformity testing,quantitative assays,and screening for unauthorized additives(e.g.,colorants).Results All batches met the official standards(100.0%compliance rate).However,deficiencies were observed:most manufacturers lacked controls for ephedrine hydrochloride content uniformity and quantification,omitted key ingredient identifications(e.g.,herbal components),and exhibited insufficient TLC specificity(e.g.,TLC of Ipecac tincture showed only one spot instead of multiple alkaloid-specific spots).Exploratory studies revealed risks in total emetine/cephaeline content,morroniside A/platycodin D content,ephedrine hydrochloride uniformity,and unauthorized colorant addition.Conclusions The overall quality of this variety is good,but the enterprise should improve the quality control measures throughout the entire process and establish stricter internal control standards;The official standards,unchanged for approximately 30 years,fail to address current regulatory requirements.The statutory quality standards need to be revised and improved.Qualitative or quantitative indicators for all drug flavors in the prescription should be added,and the content uniformity inspection of ephedrine hydrochloride should be increased.

Objective To compare the success rate and stability of rat models of comorbid chronic pain and depression induced by different doses of complete Freund's adjuvant(CFA).Methods Sixty SD rats were divided randomly into a control group,low-dose CFA group(CFA-L),and high-dose CFA group(CFA-H)(n=20 rats per group).Rats in the CFA-L and CFA-H groups were injected with 50 and 100 μL CFA,respectively,and rats in the control group were injected with 0.9％sodium chloride solution.The general state,body weight,mechanical withdrawal threshold(MWT),and thermal withdrawal latency(TWL)were observed at 0,7,14,21,and 28 days after modeling.Depressive behavior was evaluated using the open field test(OFT),forced swim test(FST),and tail suspension test(TST).Glutamate(Glu)and γ-aminobutyric acid(GABA)levels in the anterior cingulate cortex were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)expression in the anterior cingulate cortex was detected by immunohistochemistry,and pathological changes in the anterior cingulate cortex were observed by HE staining.Results(1)Regarding the general condition of the rats,the left ankle joint and toes were obviously red and swollen in the CFA-L and CFA-H groups on the 7th day after modeling,and the swelling was more severe in the CFA-H group.The redness and swelling of the left hind foot and ankle joint and toes gradually recovered in the CFA-L group on days 14,21,and 28 after modeling,but were still obvious in the CFA-H group,and the water and food intake decreased.(2)The body mass was significantly lower in rats in the CFA-H group compared with those in the blank and CFA-L groups on days 14,21,and 28 after modeling(P＜0.05,P＜0.05).(3)Regarding pain-related behavior,the MWT and TWL were significantly decreased in the CFA-L and CFA-H groups on the 7th and 14th days after modeling,compared with the control group(P＜0.05,P＜0.05).On day 21 after modeling,MWT was significantly lower in the CFA-H group than in the blank and CFA-L groups(P＜0.05,P＜0.05),and TWL was significantly lower in the CFA-L and CFA-H groups than in the blank group(P＜0.05,P＜0.05).On day 28 after modeling,MWT and TWL were significantly lower in the CFA-H group than in the blank and CFA-L groups(P＜0.05,P＜0.05).(4)In terms of depression-related behaviors,the total OFT movement distance was significantly lower in the CFA-H group than in the blank and CFA-L groups on day 7 after modeling(P＜0.05,P＜0.05).The total OFT distance and central dwell time were significantly lower in the CFA-H group than in the blank and CFA-L groups on days 14,21,and 28 after modeling(P＜0.05,P＜0.05),and the result in the FST and TST were significantly higher than in the blank and CFA-L groups(P＜0.05,P＜0.05).(5)Glu,GABA,and BDNF expression levels were significantly higher in the CFA-H group than in the blank and CFA-L groups(P＜0.05,P＜0.05),while GABA,Glu/GABA,and BDNF levels were significantly lower in the CFA-H group than in the blank and CFA-L groups(P＜0.05,P＜0.05,P＜0.05).(6)The CFA-L group showed less damage in the anterior cingulate cortex,more pyramidal cells,more arranged cells,clear nucleoli,and a small number of cells with karyokynesis and deep staining.Compared with the CFA-L group,rats in the CFA-H group showed a disordered cell arrangement in the injured area of the anterior cingulate cortex,a large number of pyknotic and hyperchromatic neurons,significantly fewer or absent pyramidal cells,and vacuoles,red blood cells,and neurofibrillary tangles in the interstitial space.Conclusions Injection of CFA 100 μL can be used to establish a rat model of chronic inflammatory pain and depression,showing hyperalgesia,depression-like behavioral changes,changes in levels of Glu,GABA,and BDNF in the anterior cingulate cortex,and pathological changes in the anterior cingulate cortex,consistent with the pathophysiological characteristics of chronic pain and depression.

Objective::To evaluate the diagnostic efficacy and clinical application of the Obstetrical Chinese Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) Scoring System (OCDSS).Methods::This study is a retrospective study that collected 1063 cases from Wuhan Union Hospital, Yichang Central People’s Hospital, and the Central Hospital of Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture between July 2017 and June 2024. These cases were divided into DIC and non-DIC groups based on score standard. Diagnosis of DIC, the rate of hysterectomy, neonatal mortality, and severe asphyxia are the main outcome measures. All the laboratory indicators are all determined by clinical laboratory department of the hospital. Data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range) and frequencies. Independent sample t-test or non-parametric test were used to compare measurement data, while the chi-square test was used for count data. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and area under curve (AUC) were used to test the predictive accuracy. Using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis to study the high-risk factors. P < 0.050 indicates a statistical significance. Results::Of 1063 participants in this study, 29 participants (2.73%) were diagnosed with obstetrical DIC by OCDSS score standard, and all the participants were diagnosed as DIC with underlying disease. When the Takao, Clark, and Erez score standard is the "gold standard", the OCDSS score standard always shows good sensitivity and specificity, with all the AUC over 0.75. OCDSS score standard also has better predictive of hysterectomy (68.18%, 91.07%, 0.872), severe neonatal asphyxia and death (79.17%, 75.07%, 0.842) than the other three score standards. All the indicators included in the OCDSS score standard contributed to the DIC diagnosis (all the P < 0.001). The indicators in the DIC group were more abnormal than the non-DIC group (all the P < 0.001). Conclusion::OCDSS is a first score standard, especially for pregnancies, it considers the underlying disease, clinical symptoms, and laboratory results. This score system shared a good diagnosis performance for DIC in the Chinese population and may help clinicians make timely decisions.

Objective:To evaluate the clinical equivalence between a domestic calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate ointment and the originator product in the treatment of stable plaque psoriasis.Methods:A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, three-arm, parallel-group, active- and placebo-controlled study was conducted, and 449 patients aged 18 - 65 years with stable plaque psoriasis were enrolled from 25 hospitals (such as the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University). Eligible patients had a baseline physician's global assessment (PGA) score of ≥ 3 points, baseline body surface area (BSA) involvement of 5% - 30%, and a target lesion psoriasis area and severity index (TL-PASI) for plaque elevation of ≥ 3 points. Participants were randomly assigned in a 2:2:1 ratio to the test group ( n = 179), reference group ( n = 180), and placebo group ( n = 90), and applied the domestic calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate ointment, originator product, and ointment base respectively, once daily in the evening for 4 weeks. Efficacy and safety were assessed at weeks 1, 2, and 4. The primary efficacy endpoints were the treatment success rates and clinical success rates in each group at week 4. The per-protocol set (PPS) was used for the primary efficacy analysis, and the intention-to-treat (ITT) set for supplementary efficacy analysis. Equivalence between the test and reference preparations was tested using the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel method adjusted for randomization strata. Superiority of the test and reference preparations over the placebo was also tested. Measurement data were compared among the 3 groups using analysis of variance or non-parametric tests, while treatment success rates, clinical success rates, and incidence rates of adverse reactions were compared using the chi-square test. Results:The ITT, PPS, and safety sets included 447, 420, and 448 patients, respectively. In the ITT set, patients were aged 43.6 ± 12.8 years, including 320 (71.6%) males and 127 (28.4%) females, and the disease duration was 11.21 ± 9.05 years; 316 (70.7%) had a PGA score of 3 points and 131 (29.3%) had a PGA score of 4 - 5 points. No significant differences in the baseline characteristics (including age, sex, disease duration and disease severity) were observed among the 3 groups (all P > 0.05). Based on the PPS analysis, the treatment success rates were 57.9% (99/171) in the test group, 50.3% (86/171) in the reference group, and 7.7% (6/78) in the placebo group, and the clinical success rates were 57.9% (99/171), 50.3% (86/171), and 10.3% (8/78), respectively; both the test and reference groups were superior to the placebo group in both treatment and clinical success rates (all P < 0.001) ; the rate differences for treatment success (90% confidence interval [ CI]: -1.3% - 16.4%) and clinical success (90% CI: -1.3% - 16.3%) between the test and reference groups were entirely within the pre-defined equivalence margin (-20% - 20%). Subgroup analyses by baseline PGA scores: for patients with a baseline PGA score of 3 points, the treatment success rates in the test, reference, and placebo groups were 60.8% (73/120), 52.1% (62/119), and 11.1% (6/54), respectively, and the corresponding clinical success rates were 61.7% (74/120), 53.8% (64/119), and 13% (7/54), respectively; the test and reference groups did not differ significantly in treatment or clinical success rates (both P > 0.05), but both showed higher success rates than the placebo group (all P < 0.001) ; the results of statistical comparisons among the 3 groups in patients with a baseline PGA score of 4 - 5 points were consistent with those observed in patients with a baseline PGA score of 3 points. The percentage reductions in PGA and TL-PASI scores from baseline to weeks 1, 2, and 4 showed significant differences among the 3 groups, which were significantly higher in the test and reference groups than in the placebo group (all P < 0.001), but did not differ between the test and reference groups (all P > 0.05). The primary adverse reactions were local skin reactions, such as pruritus, pain, and erythema. The incidence rates of adverse reactions were 8.9% (16/179) in the test group, 7.3% (13/179) in the reference group, and 7.8% (7/90) in the placebo group, with no significant difference among the 3 groups ( P > 0.05) . Conclusions:The domestic calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate ointment demonstrated clinical equivalence to the originator product in the treatment of stable plaque psoriasis, and the two agents exhibited comparable efficacy for patients with varying degrees of disease severity, and were comparable in the speed and degree of clinical improvement, with similar favorable safety profiles.

Objective To compare the success rate and stability of rat models of comorbid chronic pain and depression induced by different doses of complete Freund's adjuvant(CFA).Methods Sixty SD rats were divided randomly into a control group,low-dose CFA group(CFA-L),and high-dose CFA group(CFA-H)(n=20 rats per group).Rats in the CFA-L and CFA-H groups were injected with 50 and 100 μL CFA,respectively,and rats in the control group were injected with 0.9％sodium chloride solution.The general state,body weight,mechanical withdrawal threshold(MWT),and thermal withdrawal latency(TWL)were observed at 0,7,14,21,and 28 days after modeling.Depressive behavior was evaluated using the open field test(OFT),forced swim test(FST),and tail suspension test(TST).Glutamate(Glu)and γ-aminobutyric acid(GABA)levels in the anterior cingulate cortex were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)expression in the anterior cingulate cortex was detected by immunohistochemistry,and pathological changes in the anterior cingulate cortex were observed by HE staining.Results(1)Regarding the general condition of the rats,the left ankle joint and toes were obviously red and swollen in the CFA-L and CFA-H groups on the 7th day after modeling,and the swelling was more severe in the CFA-H group.The redness and swelling of the left hind foot and ankle joint and toes gradually recovered in the CFA-L group on days 14,21,and 28 after modeling,but were still obvious in the CFA-H group,and the water and food intake decreased.(2)The body mass was significantly lower in rats in the CFA-H group compared with those in the blank and CFA-L groups on days 14,21,and 28 after modeling(P＜0.05,P＜0.05).(3)Regarding pain-related behavior,the MWT and TWL were significantly decreased in the CFA-L and CFA-H groups on the 7th and 14th days after modeling,compared with the control group(P＜0.05,P＜0.05).On day 21 after modeling,MWT was significantly lower in the CFA-H group than in the blank and CFA-L groups(P＜0.05,P＜0.05),and TWL was significantly lower in the CFA-L and CFA-H groups than in the blank group(P＜0.05,P＜0.05).On day 28 after modeling,MWT and TWL were significantly lower in the CFA-H group than in the blank and CFA-L groups(P＜0.05,P＜0.05).(4)In terms of depression-related behaviors,the total OFT movement distance was significantly lower in the CFA-H group than in the blank and CFA-L groups on day 7 after modeling(P＜0.05,P＜0.05).The total OFT distance and central dwell time were significantly lower in the CFA-H group than in the blank and CFA-L groups on days 14,21,and 28 after modeling(P＜0.05,P＜0.05),and the result in the FST and TST were significantly higher than in the blank and CFA-L groups(P＜0.05,P＜0.05).(5)Glu,GABA,and BDNF expression levels were significantly higher in the CFA-H group than in the blank and CFA-L groups(P＜0.05,P＜0.05),while GABA,Glu/GABA,and BDNF levels were significantly lower in the CFA-H group than in the blank and CFA-L groups(P＜0.05,P＜0.05,P＜0.05).(6)The CFA-L group showed less damage in the anterior cingulate cortex,more pyramidal cells,more arranged cells,clear nucleoli,and a small number of cells with karyokynesis and deep staining.Compared with the CFA-L group,rats in the CFA-H group showed a disordered cell arrangement in the injured area of the anterior cingulate cortex,a large number of pyknotic and hyperchromatic neurons,significantly fewer or absent pyramidal cells,and vacuoles,red blood cells,and neurofibrillary tangles in the interstitial space.Conclusions Injection of CFA 100 μL can be used to establish a rat model of chronic inflammatory pain and depression,showing hyperalgesia,depression-like behavioral changes,changes in levels of Glu,GABA,and BDNF in the anterior cingulate cortex,and pathological changes in the anterior cingulate cortex,consistent with the pathophysiological characteristics of chronic pain and depression.