The innate immune response is the first line of defense for the host against viral infections. Targeted degradation of pathogenic microorganisms through autophagy, in conjunction with pattern recognition receptors synergistically inducing the production of interferon (IFN), constitutes an important pathway for the body to resist viral infections. Rubicon, a Run domain Beclin 1-interacting and cysteine-rich domain protein, has an inhibitory effect on autophagy and IFN production. On the one hand, Rubicon, as a component of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) complex, interacts with different domains of vacuolar protein sorting 34 (Vps34), ultraviolet radiation resistance associated gene (UVRAG), guanosine triphosphate (GTP) kinase, and RAS oncogene family member 7 (Rab7) to mediate the inhibition of autophagy maturation; on the other hand, Rubicon inhibits the ubiquitination of nuclear factor κB essential modulator (NEMO) and the dimerization of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), thereby blocking the signal transduction related to IFN production. Research has revealed that various viruses, such as Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), Sendai virus (SeV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV), achieve innate immune evasion by regulating the expression or function of Rubicon. Rubicon is expected to be a new target for antiviral therapy.
Humans ; Autophagy/immunology* ; Immunity, Innate ; Interferons/immunology* ; Immune Evasion ; Animals ; Virus Diseases/virology* ; Signal Transduction ; Viruses/immunology* ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/immunology* ; Autophagy-Related Proteins

Objective: To analyze and compare therapy responses, outcomes, and incidence of severe hematologic adverse events of flumatinib and imatinib in patients newly diagnosed with chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) . Methods: Data of patients with chronic phase CML diagnosed between January 2006 and November 2022 from 76 centers, aged ≥18 years, and received initial flumatinib or imatinib therapy within 6 months after diagnosis in China were retrospectively interrogated. Propensity score matching (PSM) analysis was performed to reduce the bias of the initial TKI selection, and the therapy responses and outcomes of patients receiving initial flumatinib or imatinib therapy were compared. Results: A total of 4 833 adult patients with CML receiving initial imatinib (n=4 380) or flumatinib (n=453) therapy were included in the study. In the imatinib cohort, the median follow-up time was 54 [interquartile range (IQR), 31-85] months, and the 7-year cumulative incidences of CCyR, MMR, MR(4), and MR(4.5) were 95.2%, 88.4%, 78.3%, and 63.0%, respectively. The 7-year FFS, PFS, and OS rates were 71.8%, 93.0%, and 96.9%, respectively. With the median follow-up of 18 (IQR, 13-25) months in the flumatinib cohort, the 2-year cumulative incidences of CCyR, MMR, MR(4), and MR(4.5) were 95.4%, 86.5%, 58.4%, and 46.6%, respectively. The 2-year FFS, PFS, and OS rates were 80.1%, 95.0%, and 99.5%, respectively. The PSM analysis indicated that patients receiving initial flumatinib therapy had significantly higher cumulative incidences of CCyR, MMR, MR(4), and MR(4.5) and higher probabilities of FFS than those receiving the initial imatinib therapy (all P<0.001), whereas the PFS (P=0.230) and OS (P=0.268) were comparable between the two cohorts. The incidence of severe hematologic adverse events (grade≥Ⅲ) was comparable in the two cohorts. Conclusion: Patients receiving initial flumatinib therapy had higher cumulative incidences of therapy responses and higher probability of FFS than those receiving initial imatinib therapy, whereas the incidence of severe hematologic adverse events was comparable between the two cohorts.
Adult ; Humans ; Adolescent ; Imatinib Mesylate/adverse effects* ; Incidence ; Antineoplastic Agents/adverse effects* ; Retrospective Studies ; Pyrimidines/adverse effects* ; Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy* ; Treatment Outcome ; Benzamides/adverse effects* ; Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic-Phase/drug therapy* ; Aminopyridines/therapeutic use* ; Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use*

Obesity-associated protein (FTO) is an important m6A demethylase that regulates RNA methylation modification and can promote the proliferation of acute myeloid leukemia(AML) cells. FTO regulates the methylation level of AML through multiple cellular signaling pathways such as FTO/RARA/ASB2, FTO/m6A/CEBPA, and PDGFRB/ERK, and participates in the occurrence, development, treatment and prognosis of AML. At present, studies have found that a variety of inhibitors targeting FTO have shown good anti-leukemia effects, and the study of FTO will provide new ideas for the treatment of AML. This review focus on the mechanism of action of FTO in AML and the research progress of FTO inhibitors in AML.
Humans ; Methylation ; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics* ; Prognosis ; Alpha-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase FTO/metabolism*

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the efficacy and safety of VDZ (Vedolizumab) in the salvage treatment of glucocorticoid resistance to gastrointestinal graft-versus-host disease (GR-GI GVHD) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) in children. METHODS: The clinical data of 5 patients with refractory GI GVHD who received allo-HSCT in Wuhan Children's Hospital from December 2020 to December 2021 were retrospectively analyzed with VDZ salvage therapy. RESULTS: Among the 5 children with refractory GI GVHD, there were 1 male and 4 female, including 2 cases of extremely severe aplastic anemia, 1 case of acute myeloid leukemia (M2, high-risk), 1 case of fanconi anemia and 1 case of myelodysplastic syndrome. The median age of transplant recipients was 54.4 (12-164) months. The median treatment time from transplantation to VDZ was 1.4 (0.6-6.8) months. On average, 3.5 (2-5) doses of VDZ were received. After receiving treatment, 2 patients achieved a complete response (CR), 2 patients achieved a very good partial response (VGPR), 1 patient was non-responsive (NR) after a short-term partial response (PR). Compared with that before VDZ treatment, the amount of diarrhea, stool color, blood and traits of the children after medication were effectively improved. The median follow-up time was 9.3 (7.23-12.83) months. No disseminated or severe bacterial/fungal infections occurred during VDZ treatment and follow-up, and 2 children died of leukemia recurrence and pulmonary bronchiolitis obliterans. CONCLUSION VDZ salvage treatment of refractory GI GVHD in children has obvious short-term efficacy and good safety.
Child ; Humans ; Female ; Male ; Child, Preschool ; Salvage Therapy ; Glucocorticoids/therapeutic use* ; Retrospective Studies ; Graft vs Host Disease

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prognostic value of GELTAMO-IPI for patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). METHODS: The clinical data of 238 newly diagnosed DLBCL patients treated in Shanxi Cancer Hospital from September 2011 to March 2016 were collected retrospectively, the risk stratification and prognostic evaluation of the patients were analyzed according to GELTAMO-IPI. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of the patients were analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method, COX regression analysis was used to compare the risk of death and progress in each risk group. Harrell's C statistics was used to compare the prognostic stratification ability of each model. RESULTS: The 3-year OS rate statistics showed that both IPI and GELTAMO-IPI could distinguish low risk group and Low-intermediate risk group, but the prognosis stratification ability of IPI was better (IPI: HR=5.085, P<0.05; GELTAMO-IPI; HR=4.639, P>0.05). GELTAMO-IPI could distinguish High-intermediate risk group from high risk group (GELTAMO-IPI: HR=2.966, P<0.05; 3 years OS rate was 34.5%), but the ability of IPI to identify high risk groups was weak (3 years OS>50%). The results of Harrell's C statistics showed the C-index of IPI and GELTAMO-IPI was 0.687 and 0.721 (P<0.001); the C-index of the predicted PFS was 0.672 and 0.700 (P<0.001). It was suggested that the prognostic stratification ability of GELTAM0-IPI be superior to that of IPI, R-IPI, NCCN-IPI. CONCLUSION GELTAMO-IPI can make a clear distinction between DLBCL patients with different prognosis, especially for high-risk patients, and the prognostic stratification ability of GELTAMO-IPI is significantly better than that of IPI.
Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols ; Humans ; Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/drug therapy* ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors

OBJECTIVE: To explore the role of bone marrow niche in the chemotherapy resistance of patient with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and to investigate the effects of the MSCs on the apoptosis of HL-60 cell and its underlying mechanisms. METHODS: MSCs were derived from the bone marrow of newly diagnosed AML patients (AML-MSCs) and health donors(MSCs) were co-cultured with HL-60 cells respectively. The apoptosis of HL-60 cells in the presence/absence of MSCs and/or Daunorubicin were determined by flow cytometry with Annexin V/PI double staining. In addition, the morphological features of HL-60 cells were observed by Wright-Giemsa staining, and the ratio of blasts and differentiated cells were counted. Furthermore, the expressions of apoptosis-related factors including Caspase-3, Caspase-8,Caspase-9 and Survivin were detected by Western blot. RESULTS: The flow cytometry showed that there was no significant change in apoptosis of HL-60 cells co-cultured with MSC derived from healthy donors or AML patients. After adding Daunorubicin into different cultural systems, the apoptotic rates of HL-60, HL-60 co-cultured with normal MSCs and HL-60 co-cultured with AML-MSCs were (49.57±7.44)%, (30.72±4.05)% and (22.99±4.08)%, respectively, which showed that normal MSCs and AML-MSCs could remarkably supress Daunorubicin-induced HL-60 apoptosis, however, there was no statistically significant difference of apoptosis between HL-60 co-cultured with normal MSCs and HL-60 co-cultured with AML-MSCs. Wright-Giemsa staining showed that most of the HL-60 cells co-cultured with AML-MSCs were primitive, and cell differentiation was unusual. In AML-MSCs co-cultured group, the cell apoptosis and differentiation caused by DNR was significant decreased, and most of HL-60 cells were initial. Western blot showed that the cleavage activity of Caspase-3 of HL-60 in AML-MSCs and normal MSCs co-cultured group was decreased, compared with HL-60 in single cultured group, moreover, the decrease was significantly in AML-MSC group. Additionally, the expression of survivin in AML-MSCs and normal MSCs co-cultured group was increased, compared with that in single cultured group, and increase was significant in AML-MSCs group. CONCLUSION MSCs can suppress Daunorubicin-induced HL-60 apoptosis via inhibiting Caspase-3 and maintaining survivin level.
Apoptosis ; Bone Marrow Cells ; Caspase 3 ; Cell Proliferation ; Daunorubicin ; HL-60 Cells ; Humans ; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute ; Mesenchymal Stem Cells ; Survivin

OBJECTIVE: To study the instability of mitochondrial DNA（mt DNA） D-loop region genes in patients with Leukemia. METHODS: The HV-1 and HV-2 regions of D-loop region in 24 patients with leukemia were amplificated and sequenced, then their results were compared with revised Cambridge reference sequence (rCRS) and Databank mtDB. The mutation rate was detected by SPSS 22.0 statistics software. RESULTS: The total mutation rate in patients was 95.83% (23/24), the detection showed 82 mutated genes, out of which 47 (57.32%) mutated genes located in HV-1 region, 35 (42.68%) mutated genes in HV-2 region. The comparison showed that the mutation rate in untreated (UT) group and treated (T) group of AML patients was (2.37±0.82)×10 and (4.76±2.45)×10 respectively(P＜0.01), the mutation rate in PR and CR groups of treated AML patients was (5.10±2.56)×10 and (4.51±2.51)×10 respectively (P＜0.05), the comparison among M3 group showed that the mutation rates in UT, PR and CR groups were (2.55±0.63)×10, (5.37±3.41)×10 and (3.71±1.65)×10 respectively (P＞0.05). CONCLUSION The more high mutation rate and many kinds of mutation types exist in D-loop region, suggesting that the genes in D-loop region display the more strong instability, the chemotherapy may aggravate the instability of genes in D-loop region.
DNA, Mitochondrial ; Humans ; Leukemia ; Mitochondria ; Mutation ; Mutation Rate

OBJECTIVE: To study the influence of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) microenvironment on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). METHODS: MSCs were isolated from the bone marrow of newly diagnosed AML patients (AML-MSCs) and were cultured. The morphology of MSC was observed by inverted microscopy, the immunophenotypes of MSC were detected by flow cytometry, the proliferation ability of MSC was detected by using MTT method, the multi-differentation ability of MSC was assayed by osteogenic, lipogenic and chrondrogenic induction. The morphologic features, immunophenotypic characteristics, cell proliferation, and multipotential differentiation capability were compared between the MSC derived from normal healthy donors and AML patients. RESULTS: AML-MSCs presented the morphological features similar to the normal MSCs. In addition, AML-MSCs highly expressed CD29, CD44, CD73, CD105 and HLA-ABC. Meanwhile, they were homogenously negative for CD14，CD31, CD34, CD45, CD80, CD86 and HLA-DR. Further-more, AML-MSCs showed cell proliferation ability similar to normal MSCs. Notably, AML-MSCs exerted increased osteogenic-differentiation capacity as compared with normal MSCs. CONCLUSION AML-MSCs possess typical MSC phenotypes but displayed enhanced osteogenic-differentiation capacity.
Bone Marrow Cells ; Cell Differentiation ; Cells, Cultured ; Humans ; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute ; Mesenchymal Stem Cells ; Osteogenesis ; Tumor Microenvironment

OBJECTIVE: To explore the role of bone marrow microenvironment(niche) in the development of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and the effect of AML patients-derived MSC on the proliferation, cell cycle and immuno-phenotypes of HL-60 cells. METHODS: The MSC derived from bone marrow of patients with newly diagnosed AML were isolated and co-cultured with HL-60 cells. The effect of MSC on proliferation of HL-60 cells was detected by using 3H-TdR incorporation method, the cell cycle and immunophenotypes of HL-60 cells were detected by flow cytometry. RESULTS: The results of 3H-TdR incorporation assay showed that both AML-MSCs and normal MSCs remarkably suppressed the HL-60 cell proliferation in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The results of cell cycle analysis demonstrated that AML MSCs and normal MSCs induced arrest of the HL-60 cells in G/G phase. The results of immunophenotyping revealed that MSCs suppressed the expression of CD11a and CD154 on the surface of HL-60 cells. Moreover, AML MSCs exhibited increased inhibitory effects than that of normal MSCs. However, no remarkable effect of MSCs on CD54 expressions of HL-60 cells was observed in the current study. CONCLUSION AML-MSCs possess effects on HL-60 cell proliferation, cell cycle and immunophenotypes similiar to normal MSCs, but exhibited increased suppressive capacity on the expression of CD11a and CD154.
Bone Marrow Cells ; Cell Cycle ; Cell Proliferation ; HL-60 Cells ; Humans ; Immunophenotyping ; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute ; Mesenchymal Stem Cells ; Tumor Microenvironment

Objective: To study the efficacy and safety of Cefpodoxime proxetil granules in the treatment of acute bronchitis in children. Methods: One hundred and sixty children of the First People′s Hospital of Nanning from June to December 2018 with acute bronchitis were randomly divided into cefpodoxime group and cefaclor group, with 80 cases in each group.All patients received routine treatment.On this basis, 80 patients in the cefpodoxime group received oral Cefpodoxime proxetil granules 5 mg/kg (not more than 100 mg/time), twice a day; 80 patients in the cefaclor group received oral Cefaclor.The granules were 10 mg/kg (not more than 250 mg/time), 3 times a day, and the course of treatment was 5 days.The clinical efficacy and adverse reactions were observed. Results: The cure rate and effective rate of Cefpodoxime group were 91.3% (73/80 cases) and 95.0% (76/80 cases), respectively, while the cure rate and effective rate of Cefaclor group were 66.3%(53/80 cases) and 81.3%(65/80 cases), respectively, and the differences between the 2 groups were statistically significant (χ²=14.94, 7.23, all P<0.05). Sixty-three strains of pathogenic bacteria and 66 strains of pathogenic bacteria were obtained in Cefpodoxine group and Cefaclor group, respectively, and the detection rates of bacteria in the 2 groups were 78.75% and 82.50%, respectively.There was no significant diffe-rence in the number of bacterial strains and strains detected in each group (χ²=0.36, P>0.05), but the total bacterial clearance rate in Cefpodoxine group was 88.9%(56/63 cases) while the bacterial Clearance rate in Cefaclor group was 74.2%(49/66 cases), and the difference between the 2 groups was statistically significant (χ²=4.57, P<0.05). In particular, the bacterial clearance rate in Cefpodoxine group to Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae were significantly higher than those in Cefaclor group, while the bacterial Clearance rate of Proteus and Escherichia coli were lower than those in Cefaclor group.The incidence of adverse reactions in Cefpodoxine group and Cefaclor group were 5.0% and 3.8%, respectively, with no significant difference (P>0.05). Conclusions The clinical effect of Cefpodoxime pro-xetil granules in treating children with acute bronchitis is more significant than that of Cefaclor.It has high safety and no serious side effect.