The interventional therapy of vascular stent implantation is a popular treatment method for cardiovascular stenosis and blockage. However, traditional stent manufacturing methods such as laser cutting are complex and cannot easily manufacture complex structures such as bifurcated stents, while three-dimensional (3D) printing technology provides a new method for manufacturing stents with complex structure and personalized designs. In this paper, a cardiovascular stent was designed, and printed using selective laser melting technology and 316L stainless steel powder of 0-10 µm size. Electrolytic polishing was performed to improve the surface quality of the printed vascular stent, and the expansion behavior of the polished stent was assessed by balloon inflation. The results showed that the newly designed cardiovascular stent could be manufactured by 3D printing technology. Electrolytic polishing removed the attached powder and reduced the surface roughness Ra from 1.36 µm to 0.82 µm. The axial shortening rate of the polished bracket was 4.23% when the outside diameter was expanded from 2.42 mm to 3.63 mm under the pressure of the balloon, and the radial rebound rate was 2.48% after unloading. The radial force of polished stent was 8.32 N. The 3D printed vascular stent can remove the surface powder through electrolytic polishing to improve the surface quality, and show good dilatation performance and radial support performance, which provides a reference for the practical application of 3D printed vascular stent.
Humans ; Stainless Steel ; Powders ; Cardiovascular System ; Constriction, Pathologic

China ; Manganese/toxicity* ; Stainless Steel

Stainless steel has been widely used in non-active surgical implantable medical device of cardiovascular, orthopedics, dental and ophthalmology. In this paper, we mainly focused on development of stainless steel, as well as the material-related standard evolution. We further summarized the recent advancement of stainless steel use in surgical implantable medical device. Insight and regulatory perspective has been further demonstrated.
Prostheses and Implants ; Stainless Steel

Deciduous caries and abnormal tooth development are common children's oral diseases which seriously harm the health of deciduous dentition, hinder the absorption of nutrients and affect the general growth and development. Caries of deciduous teeth progresses rapidly and can develop into rampant caries and other hard tissue diseases in a short time. The metal prefabricated crown is a stainless steel restoration for the treatment and repair of severe dental tissue damage in children. Its repair technique has certain operating procedures, requires specific equipments and materials, needs qualified dental clinicians to complete. The Society of Pediatric Dentistry, Chinese Stomatological Association organized experts to formulate the guideline of the clinical operation stainless steel crown restoration, so as to standardize the application of stainless steel crowns in the molar repair treatment of deciduous teeth such as caries in children and to further promote the application of the technique.
Child ; Crowns ; Dental Caries ; therapy ; Dental Restoration, Permanent ; Humans ; Stainless Steel ; Tooth, Deciduous

PURPOSE: To explore the effects of biodegradable magnesium alloy stents (BMAS) on remodeling of vein graft (VG) anastomotic restenosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To establish a VG restenosis model, seventy two New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into three groups according to whether a stent was implanted in the graft vein or not. BMASs and 316L stainless steel stents were implanted in BMAS and 316L groups, respectively, while no stent was implanted in the no-treatment control group (NC group). Loss of lumen diameter in the graft vein was measured in all three groups. Upon harvesting VG segments to evaluate intimal proliferation and re-endothelization, the degradation and biological safety of the stents were observed to explore the effects of BMAS on VG remodeling. RESULTS: Model establishment and stent implantation were successful. The BMAS reduced lumen loss, compared with the control group (0.05±0.34 mm vs. 0.90±0.39 mm, p=0.001), in the early stage. The neointimal area was smaller in the BMAS group than the 316L group after 4 months (4.96±0.66 mm2 vs. 6.80±0.69 mm2, p=0.017). Re-endothelialization in the BMAS group was better than that in the 316L group (p=0.001). Within 4 months, the BMAS had degraded, and the magnesium was converted to phosphorus and calcium. The support force of the BMAS began to reduce at 2–3 months after implantation, without significant toxic effects. CONCLUSION: BMAS promotes positive remodeling of VG anastomosis and has advantages over the conventional 316L stents in the treatment of venous diseases.
Alloys ; Calcium ; Magnesium ; Phosphorus ; Rabbits ; Stainless Steel ; Stents ; Transplants ; Veins

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare the cyclic fatigue resistance of the WaveOne Gold Glider, ProGlider and One G glide path instruments in artificial double-curvature canals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included 15 WaveOne Gold Glider (size 15/0.08), 15 ProGlider (size 16/0.08), and 15 One G (size 16/0.06) nickel titanium files. The files were used in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions until they were broken in artificial double-curvature canals made of stainless steel. The time to fracture was recorded via a digital stopwatch and the number of rotations until fracture was also calculated. The data were statistically analyzed via the Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS: The highest average number of rotations until fracture of the files was found for the WaveOne Gold Glider, followed by ProGlider and One G in order. Statistically significant differences were present between all groups of files (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In our study, the resistance of the WaveOne Gold Glider nickel-titanium (Ni-Ti) file to cyclic fatigue in S-shaped curved canals was found to be higher than that of the ProGlider and One G Ni-Ti files.
Fatigue ; Nickel ; Stainless Steel ; Titanium

BACKGROUND: To compare the stability of fixed- versus variable-angle locking constructs for the comminuted distal humerus fracture (AO/OTA 13-A3). METHODS: Eight pairs of complete humeri harvested from eight fresh frozen cadavers were used for the study. We fixed the intact humeri using 2.7-mm/3.5-mm locking VA-LCP stainless steel distal humerus posterolateral (nine-hole) and medial (seven-hole) plates. An oscillating saw was used to cut a 1-cm gap above the olecranon fossa. The specimens were loaded in axial mode with the rate of 1 mm per 10 seconds to failure, and stress-strain curves were compared in each pair. The mode of failure was recorded as well as the load needed for 2- and 4-mm displacement at the lateral end of the gap. RESULTS: The stiffness of the constructs, based on the slope of the stress-strain curve, did not show any difference between the fixed- versus variable-angle constructs. Likewise, there was no difference between the force needed for 2- or 4-mm displacement at the lateral gap between the fixed- and variable-angle constructs. The mode of failure was bending of both plates in all specimens and screw pull-out in four specimen pairs in addition to the plate bending. CONCLUSIONS: Our results did not show any difference in the biomechanical stability of the fixed- versus variable-angle constructs. There was not any screw breakage or failure of the plate-screw interface.
Bone Screws ; Cadaver ; Fracture Fixation ; Fractures, Comminuted ; Humerus ; Olecranon Process ; Stainless Steel

Ten cats were treated for distal femoral Salter-Harris fractures types I and II using a stainless steel wire in a figure-of-eight configuration. Healing was uneventful in 8 of the cats. Early fixation failure occurred in one cat, which required revisional surgery. In one cat, lameness recurred after fracture healing, which was related to breakage of the wire. The lameness was resolved after removing the wire. At the long-term follow-up, 1 out of 6 cats was lame. This report indicates that the figure-of-eight stainless steel wire technique is an alternative method for the repair of distal femoral Salter-Harris fractures types I and II in cats.
Animals ; Bone Wires ; Cats ; Femur ; Follow-Up Studies ; Fracture Healing ; Methods ; Stainless Steel

OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to explore the effect of different bracket, archwire, and ligature combinations on resistance to sliding (RS) and rotational control in first-order angulation. METHODS: Three types of brackets (multi-level low friction [MLF], self-ligating, and conventional brackets) coupled with four nickel-titanium archwires (0.012, 0.014, 0.016, and 0.018-inch diameter) and two stainless steel ligatures (0.20 and 0.25 mm) were tested in different first-order angulations (0°, 2°, 4°, 6°, 8°, 10°, 15°, 20°) by using an Instron universal mechanical machine in the dry state at room temperature. RS value was evaluated and compared by one-way ANOVA. RESULTS: Under the same angulation, the RS values showed the following order: conventional brackets > MLF brackets > self-ligating brackets. The RS was the highest for conventional brackets and showed a tendency to increase. The RS for MLF brackets coupled with thinner archwires and ligatures showed a similar tendency as the RS for the self-ligating bracket. In contrast, the RS for MLF brackets coupled with thicker archwires and ligatures increased like that for conventional brackets. MLF brackets showed the greatest range of critical contact angles in first-order angulation. CONCLUSIONS: The RS in first-order angulation is influenced by bracket design, archwire, and ligature dimension. In comparison with self-ligating and conventional brackets, MLF brackets could express low friction and rotational control with their greater range of critical contact angles.
Friction ; Ligation* ; Stainless Steel ; Tooth Movement

The purpose of this study was to obtain instructions for size selection of prefabricated crown and tooth reduction by 3-dimensional analysis of the size and shape of the maxillary primary central and lateral incisors and prefabricated crowns (celluloid strip, resin veneered stainless steel, and zirconia crowns).The maxillary primary central and lateral incisors of 300 Korean children was scanned with three types of prefabricated crown to create standard three-dimensional tooth models and prefabricated crowns. The shapes of the prefabricated crowns and natural teeth were compared according to four parameters (mesio-distal width, height, labio-palatal width, and labial surface curvature coefficient) and calculated the amount of tooth reduction required for each prefabricated crown.The size 2 resin veneered stainless steel crown, size 1 zirconia crown, and size 2 celluloid strip crown were most similar in shape to the primary central incisor. The size 3 rein veneered stainless steel crown, size 2 zirconia crown, and size 3 celluloid strip crown were most similar to the primary lateral incisor.The amount of tooth reduction was similar in both maxillary primary central and lateral incisors. The incisal reduction was greatest for the zirconia crown. At the proximal surface, the zirconia and celluloid strip crowns required a similar amount of tooth reduction, but more than the resin veneered stainless steel crown. The labial surface reduction was greatest for the zirconia crown. The degree of lingual surface reduction was not significant among the three prefabricated crowns.Among the assessment parameters, mesio-distal crown width was the most important for choosing a prefabricated crown closest to the actual size of the natural crown.
Child ; Crowns ; Humans ; Incisor ; Stainless Steel ; Tooth