Cinnabar(HgS) was widely used in ancient times for medicinal purposes, religious rituals, and pigments. A group of bright red powdery clumps was excavated from Mawangdui Tomb No.3 of the Han Dynasty. Early studies considered the clumps as evidence of cinnabar's medicinal use during the Qin-Han period. This study employed a range of archaeometric techniques, including extended-depth-of-field stereo imaging, micro-CT, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry FTIR, to systematically analyze the material composition and structural characteristics of these remains. The results revealed that the cinnabar particles were granular, finely ground, and tightly bound to silk matrix, with no detectable excipients typically associated with medicinal formulations. Micro-CT imaging indicated a well-preserved textile structure, with clear signs of sedimentary accumulation and mechanical damage. Based on historical and archaeological studies, this study suggested that these remains were more likely degraded accumulations of cinnabar-colored silk textiles rather than medicinal cinnabar. By clarifying the diversity of ancient cinnabar applications and preservation states, this study provides new insights for the archaeological identification of mineral medicinal materials and contributes to the standardized study of Chinese medicinal materials and understanding of the historical use of cinnabar.
History, Ancient ; China ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional/history* ; Archaeology ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/history* ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ; Spectrum Analysis, Raman ; Mercury Compounds

The presence of a positive deep surgical margin in tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) significantly elevates the risk of local recurrence. Therefore, a prompt and precise intraoperative assessment of margin status is imperative to ensure thorough tumor resection. In this study, we integrate Raman imaging technology with an artificial intelligence (AI) generative model, proposing an innovative approach for intraoperative margin status diagnosis. This method utilizes Raman imaging to swiftly and non-invasively capture tissue Raman images, which are then transformed into hematoxylin-eosin (H&E)-stained histopathological images using an AI generative model for histopathological diagnosis. The generated H&E-stained images clearly illustrate the tissue's pathological conditions. Independently reviewed by three pathologists, the overall diagnostic accuracy for distinguishing between tumor tissue and normal muscle tissue reaches 86.7%. Notably, it outperforms current clinical practices, especially in TSCC with positive lymph node metastasis or moderately differentiated grades. This advancement highlights the potential of AI-enhanced Raman imaging to significantly improve intraoperative assessments and surgical margin evaluations, promising a versatile diagnostic tool beyond TSCC.
Humans ; Spectrum Analysis, Raman/methods* ; Tongue Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging* ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnostic imaging* ; Artificial Intelligence ; Margins of Excision

Urinary system tumors affect a huge number of individuals, and are frequently recurrent and progressing following surgery, necessitating lifelong surveillance. As a result, early and precise diagnosis of urinary system cancers is important for prevention and therapy. Histopathology is now the golden stan-dard for the diagnosis, but it is invasive, time-consuming, and inconvenient for initial diagnosis and re-gular follow-up assessment. Endoscopy can directly witness the tumor's structure, but intrusive detection is likely to cause harm to the patient's organs, and it is apt to create other hazards in frequently examined patients. Imaging is a valuable non-invasive and quick assessment tool; however, it can be difficult to define the type of lesions and has limited sensitivity for early tumor detection. The conventional approaches for detecting tumors have their own set of limitations. Thus, detection methods that combine non-invasive detection, label-free detection, high sensitivity and high specificity are urgently needed to aid clinical diagnosis. Optical diagnostics and imaging are increasingly being employed in healthcare settings in a variety of sectors. Raman scattering can assess changes in molecular signatures in cancer cells or tissues based on the interaction with vibrational modes of common molecular bonds. Due to the advantages of label-free, strong chemical selectivity, and high sensitivity, Raman scattering, especially coherent Raman scattering microscopy imaging with high spatial resolution, has been widely used in biomedical research. And quantity studies have shown that it has a good application in the detection and diagnosis of bladder can-cer, renal clear cell carcinoma, prostate cancer, and other cancers. In this paper, several nonlinear imaging techniques based on Raman scattering technology are briefly described, including Raman spectroscopy, coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering, stimulated Raman scattering, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. And we will discuss the application of these techniques for detecting urologic malignancy. Future research directions are predicted using the advantages and limitations of the aforesaid methodologies in the research. For clinical practice, Raman scattering technology is intended to enable more accurate, rapid, and non-invasive in early diagnosis, intraoperative margins, and pathological grading basis for clinical practice.
Humans ; Male ; Microscopy/methods* ; Radiopharmaceuticals ; Spectrum Analysis, Raman/methods* ; Technology ; Urologic Neoplasms/diagnosis*

Chinese medicinal material is the foundation of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) industry. Its quality is not only closely related to the health of residents but also the key to the development of the TCM industry. Pesticide residues, heavy metals and mycotoxins are the major pollutants of Chinese medicinal materials. In recent years, quite a number of rapid detection methods for pollutants have been constructed. Among them, surface-enhanced Raman scattering(SERS), which has been widely used in food chemistry, environmental analysis, and other fields because of its speediness and non-destructiveness, shows its great potential in the pollutant detection in Chinese medicinal material. This paper firstly reviews the application of SERS for the detection of common pollutants in Chinese medicinal material. We then discussed the characteristics and advantages of SERS technique for pesticide detection, including the principle, SERS substrate design, specific recognition, etc. Finally, simultaneous detection of multiple pesticide residues in Chinese medicinal material was explored.
China ; Environmental Pollutants ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Pesticide Residues/analysis* ; Spectrum Analysis, Raman

Oral cancer is a common and deadly malignancy.While multidisciplinary treatment(mainly surgery)has been applied in the treatment of cancer treatment,early diagnosis and complete removal of the primary lesion are essential for a better prognosis.Raman spectroscopy is an optical technique that detects inelastic scattered light generated by the interaction of light and matter.It can detect the vibrational spectra of biochemical and biomolecular structures and tissue conformations,and can provide the "molecular fingerprint" for cells,tissues,and biological fluids.With the development of related technologies and optical instruments,Raman spectroscopy has been widely applied in medical fields.This article reviews the research advances and application of Raman spectroscopy in the diagnosis of oral cancer.
Humans ; Mouth Neoplasms ; Spectrum Analysis, Raman

OBJECTIVE: To develop a fiber Raman endoscopic probe that can be integrated in a gastroscope and evaluate its value in the diagnosis of gastric cancer. METHODS: The Raman spectra of gastric cancer tissues and normal tissues were obtained using the fiber Raman endoscopic probe and confocal microRaman spectroscopy. After preprocessing with smoothing, baseline elimination and normalization, the spectroscopic data were analyzed by the principle component analyses combined with stechiometry. Based on the pathological results, the diagnostic accuracy, sensitiveness and specificity of Raman spectroscopy combined with stechiometry were evaluated. RESULTS: The fiber Raman endoscopic probe and microRaman spectroscopy revealed significantly different Raman spectra between gastric cancer tissues and normal tissues. The diagnostic accuracy, sensitiveness and specificity of the fiber Raman endoscopic probe was 80.56%, 88.89%, and 84.72% for gastric cancer, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The fiber Raman endoscopic probe combined with stechiometry provides an effective modality for the diagnosis of gastric cancer and can well distinguish gastric cancer tissue from normal gastric tissues.
Endoscopy ; Fiber Optic Technology ; Humans ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Spectrum Analysis, Raman ; Stomach Neoplasms

Monte Carlo (MC) simulation for light propagation in scattering and absorbing media is the gold standard for studying the interaction of light with biological tissue and has been used for years in a wide variety of cases. The interaction of photons with the medium is simulated based on its optical properties and the original approximation of the scattering phase function. Over the past decade, with the new measurement geometries and recording techniques invented also the corresponding sophisticated methods for the description of the underlying light–tissue interaction taking into account realistic parameters and settings were developed. Applications, such as multiple scattering, optogenetics, optical coherence tomography, Raman spectroscopy, polarimetry and Mueller matrix measurement have emerged and are still constantly improved. Here, we review the advances and recent applications of MC simulation for the active field of the life sciences and the medicine pointing out the new insights enabled by the theoretical concepts.
Biological Science Disciplines ; Biomedical Engineering ; Optogenetics ; Photons ; Spectrum Analysis, Raman ; Tomography, Optical Coherence

Royal jelly (RJ) from honeybee has been widely used as a health promotion supplement. The major royal jelly proteins (MRJPs) have been identified as the functional component of RJ. However, the question of whether MRJPs have anti-senescence activity for human cells remains. Human embryonic lung fibroblast (HFL-I) cells were cultured in media containing no MRJPs (A), MRJPs at 0.1 mg/ml (B), 0.2 mg/ml (C), or 0.3 mg/ml (D), or bovine serum albumin (BSA) at 0.2 mg/ml (E). The mean population doubling levels of cells in media B, C, D, and E were increased by 12.4%, 31.2%, 24.0%, and 10.4%, respectively, compared with that in medium A. The cells in medium C also exhibited the highest relative proliferation activity, the lowest senescence, and the longest telomeres. Moreover, MRJPs up-regulated the expression of superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) and down-regulated the expression of mammalian target of rapamycin (MTOR), catenin beta like-1 (CTNNB1), and tumor protein p53 (TP53). Raman spectra analysis showed that there were two unique bands related to DNA synthesis materials, amide carbonyl group vibrations and aromatic hydrogens. These results suggest that MRJPs possess anti-senescence activity for the HFL-I cell line, and provide new knowledge illustrating the molecular mechanism of MRJPs as anti-senescence factors.
Animals ; Bees ; Cattle ; Cell Line ; Cell Proliferation ; Cellular Senescence/drug effects* ; Culture Media ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Fatty Acids/chemistry* ; Fibroblasts/drug effects* ; Humans ; Insect Proteins/chemistry* ; Lung/drug effects* ; Serum Albumin/metabolism* ; Spectrum Analysis, Raman ; Superoxide Dismutase-1/metabolism* ; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism* ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism* ; beta Catenin/metabolism*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the titanium implant soaked in saline after RBM and acid etched surface treatment on the initial osseointegration by comparing the removal torque and the surface analysis compared to the titanium implant with only RBM and acid etched surface treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The control group was RBM and acid etched surface treated implants (RBM + HCl), and the test group was implants soaked in saline for 2 weeks after RBM and acid etched surface treatment (RBM + HCl + Sal). The control and test group implants were placed in the left and right tibiae of 10 rabbits, respectively, and at the same time, the insertion torque (ITQ) was measured. After 10 days, the removal torque (RTQ) was measured by exposing the implant site. FE-SEM, EDS, Surface roughness and Raman spectroscopy were performed for the surface analysis of the new implant specimens used in the experiments. RESULTS: There was significant difference in insertion torque and removal torque between control group and experimental group (P = 0.014 < 0.05). Surface roughness of experimental group is higher than control group. CONCLUSION: Saline soaking after RBM and acid etched surface treatment of titanium implants were positively affect the initial osseointegration as compared to titanium implants with only RBM and acid etched surface treatment.
Hydroxyapatites ; Immersion ; Osseointegration ; Rabbits ; Sodium Chloride ; Spectrum Analysis, Raman ; Tibia ; Titanium ; Torque

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the titanium implant soaked in saline after RBM surface treatment on the initial osseointegration by comparing the removal torque and the surface analysis compared to the titanium implant with only RBM surface treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The control group was RBM surface treated implants (RBM), and the test group was implants soaked in saline for 2 weeks after RBM surface treatment (RBM+Sal). The control and test group implants were placed in the left and right tibiae of 10 rabbits, respectively, and at the same time, the insertion torque (ITQ) was measured. After 10 days, the removal torque (RTQ) was measured by exposing the implant site. FE-SEM, EDS, Surface roughness and Raman spectroscopy were performed for the surface analysis of the new implant specimens used in the experiments. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in insertion torque and removal torque between RBM surface treated titanium implants and saline-soaked titanium implants after RBM surface treatment. CONCLUSION: Saline soaking after RBM surface treatment of titanium implants did not positively affect the initial osseointegration as compared to titanium implants with only RBM surface treatment.
Hydroxyapatites ; Osseointegration ; Rabbits ; Sodium Chloride ; Spectrum Analysis, Raman ; Tibia ; Titanium ; Torque