OBJECTIVES: This study aims to compare the effects of two orthodontic treatment modalities for skeletal class Ⅲ malocclusion on specific changes in airway volume, morphology, palatal angle, mandibular rotation, and bone displacement. Results provide scientific evidence for the selection of orthodontic treatment plans and reduce the risk of developing obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS). METHODS: Thirty-six patients diagnosed with skeletal class Ⅲ malocclusion at the Department of Orthodontics, the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from September 2018 to December 2023 were divided into two groups: orthodontic-orthognathic treatment group (18 patients) and camouflage orthodontic treatment group (18 patients). Changes in airway volume, cross-sectional area, palatal angle, mandibular, and tongue positions were observed through pre- and post-operative cone beam computed tomography and 3D cephalometric measurements. RESULTS: In the camouflage orthodontic treatment group, nasopharyngeal volume and oropharyngeal volume statistically increased after treatment (P<0.05). In the orthodontic-orthognathic treatment group, changes in nasopharyngeal volume, nasopharyngeal airway, distance from posterior tongue to pharyngeal wall, palatal angle, mandibular rotation, and hyoid bone displacement were statistically significant after surgery (P<0.05). In the comparison between the two groups after treatment, changes in the distance from posterior tongue to pharyngeal wall, palatal angle, and distance from hyoid bone to sella turcica point were statistically significant (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Patients in the orthodontic-orthognathic treatment group showed significantly greater changes in oropharyngeal cross-sectional area, palate angle, and tongue position compared with patients in the camouflage orthodontic treatment group. As individuals susceptible to OSAHS often exhibit mandibular retrusion and decreased minimum airway cross-sectional area, special attention should be paid to airway morphology changes when adopting orthodontic-orthognathic treatment to avoid adverse consequences.
Humans ; Hyoid Bone/diagnostic imaging* ; Malocclusion, Angle Class III/therapy* ; Male ; Female ; Cone-Beam Computed Tomography ; Cephalometry ; Orthodontics, Corrective/methods* ; Adult ; Mandible ; Pharynx/diagnostic imaging* ; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive/etiology* ; Orthognathic Surgical Procedures

Early orthodontic treatment has been a hot spot and focus of development in recent years in the field of orthodontics, pediatric dentistry, and general practice dentistry. However, there are still some misconceptions, such as excessive or premature intervention, strict control of indications, exaggeration of the role of early orthodontic treatment. This article starts from the analysis of the current status of early orthodontic treatment in China and combines the latest literature and reviews at home and abroad to analyze the nine issues that dentists and the public are concerned about one by one, including whether early orthodontic treatment is a new concept, whether it is necessary, the timing of early orthodontic treatment, the indications for early orthodontic treatment, whether it can provide a non-tooth extraction or non-surgical opportunity, whether it can completely change the facial profile such as retrognathia and growth pattern of the mandible, whether it can treat habitual mouth breathing or adenoid face or obstructive sleep apnea, the role of myofunctional therapy with prefabricated appliances in early orthodontic treatment, whether transparent aligners are superior to traditional aligners in early orthodontic treatment, with the aim of promoting the standardization of early orthodontic treatment. Early orthodontic treatment must choose the right indications, master the basic principles and techniques of orthodontics, and choose the most suitable treatment method and timing for the child.
Humans ; Orthodontics, Corrective/methods* ; Malocclusion/therapy* ; Orthodontics ; China ; Child

Idiopathic gingival fibromatosis is a rare, benign condition of unknown etiology characterized by extensive gingival overgrowth. This case reports a severe skeletal Class Ⅱ adult female patient with idiopathic gingival fibromatosis. The patient underwent multidisciplinary treatment involving periodontics, orthodontics, and orthognathic surgery, resulting in remarkable crown height elongation, substantial improvements in occlusal function and aesthetics, and stable long-term follow-up outcomes. This case provides a reference for future clinical practice.
Humans ; Female ; Malocclusion, Angle Class II/complications* ; Fibromatosis, Gingival/complications* ; Adult ; Orthodontics, Corrective ; Orthognathic Surgical Procedures

As the field of oral pathology has evolved, the nomenclature and classification of oral mucosal diseases with a remarkable risk of malignant transformation have undergone several modifications. In 2005, the World Health Organization (WHO) introduced the concept of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) as an alternative to the terms for oral precancerous lesions and precancerous conditions. In the consensus report by the WHO Collaborating Center for Oral Cancer of 2021, OPMD is defined as "any oral mucosal abnormality that is associated with a statistically increased risk of developing oral cancer."This definition encompasses a range of conditions, in-cluding oral leukoplakia, oral submucous fibrosis, proliferative verrucous leukoplakia, oral lichen planus, and other lesions. In light of the complex etiology, unclear pathogenesis, and carcinogenesis of OPMDs, early and precise diagnosis and treatment can contribute to the secondary prevention of oral cancer. For this reason, this review, which aims to provide a basis for the precise clinical diagnosis of OPMDs, was performed. Its aim was achieved by reviewing the historical evolution and research progress of the nomenclature, classification, and histopathological diagnostic criteria of OPMDs.
Humans ; Mouth Neoplasms/diagnosis* ; Precancerous Conditions/diagnosis* ; Leukoplakia, Oral/diagnosis* ; Lichen Planus, Oral/pathology* ; Oral Submucous Fibrosis/pathology* ; Mouth Mucosa/pathology* ; World Health Organization

Ectodermal dysplasia is a group of hereditary diseases characterized by developmental defects of ectodermal structures. Its oral manifestations mainly center on congenital missing teeth, abnormal tooth morphology, and maxillofacial bone developmental disorders, which seriously affect the masticatory function, maxillofacial development, and mental health of affected children. In this article, the multidimensional diagnostic strategy system for children with ectodermal dysplasia and the related progress of early oral prosthodontic treatment methods were systematically reviewed to provide references for clinicians in the diagnosis and treatment of children with ectodermal dysplasia.
Child ; Humans ; Anodontia ; Ectodermal Dysplasia/diagnosis* ; Prosthodontics ; Tooth Abnormalities/therapy*

Animal experiments are crucial in evaluating the preclinical safety and efficacy of new dental materials, drugs, instruments, and equipment by identifying and eliminating potential health risks to humans. An international team of several dental experts formulated a guideline named Preferred Reporting Items for Animal Studiesin Endodontology (PRIASE) 2021. Consisting of 11 domains, 43 individual items, and a flowchart. PRIASE provides guidance for animal experiments in dentistry and improves the quality of experiment design and reporting. This work introduces the process and basic content of the guideline and interprets the key items of its checklist with specific examples to provide reference for the reporting of animal experiment in dentistry in China.
Animals ; Animal Experimentation/standards* ; Checklist ; China ; Endodontics ; Guidelines as Topic ; Research Design

Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly advancing in periodontology, bringing new opportunities to clinical diagnosis, risk assessment, personalized treatment planning, and remote patient care. Leveraging core technologies such as deep learning, machine learning, and natural language processing, AI significantly enhances the sensitivity of early periodontal disease detection and provides precise quantification of alveolar bone loss and soft tissue damage. AI facilitates multimodal data integration by synthesizing medical history, lifestyle factors, and imaging data, thereby offering enhanced accurate risk prediction and personalized therapeutic recommendations. By integrating remote monitoring with tailored health counseling, AI helps patients maintain adherence to self-care protocols, significantly improving their oral health-related quality of life and treatment satisfaction. Moreover, AI demonstrates considerable potential in periodontal research and education, particularly in large-scale data mining, virtual clinical case simulations, and natural language processing-assisted literature management. Nevertheless, challenges remain concerning model generalizability, data quality, ethical concerns, and interpretability. The advancement of multi-center big-data platforms is expected to foster a profound integration of AI and periodontology, propelling precision medicine and digital healthcare, enabling holistic management from prevention to long-term care, and enhancing diagnostic efficiency and patient health outcomes.
Humans ; Artificial Intelligence ; Periodontics/methods* ; Periodontal Diseases/therapy* ; Deep Learning ; Precision Medicine ; Quality of Life

OBJECTIVE: To establish a similarity measurement model for patients with dentofacial deformity based on 3D craniofacial features and to validate the similarity results with quantifying subjective expert scoring. METHODS: In the study, 52 cases of patients with skeletal Class Ⅲ malocclusions who underwent bimaxillary surgery and preoperative orthodontic treatment at Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology from January 2020 to December 2022, including 26 males and 26 females, were selected and divided into 2 groups by sex. One patient in each group was randomly selected as a reference sample, and the others were set as test samples. Three senior surgeons rated the similarity scores between the test samples and the reference sample. Similarity scores ranged from 1 to 10, where 1 was completely different, and 10 was exactly the same. Scores larger than 7.5 was considered as clinically similar. Preoperative cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and 3D facial images of the patients were collected. The three-dimensional hard and soft tissue features, including distances, angles and 3D point cloud features were extracted. The similarity measurement model was then established to fit with the experts' similarity scoring by feature selection algorithm and linear regression model. To verify the reliability of the model, 14 new patients were selected and input to similarity measurement model for finding similar cases. The similarity scoring of these similar cases were rated by experts, and used to evaluate the reliability of the model. RESULTS: The similarity metric models indicated that the features of the middle and lower craniofacial features were the main features to influence the craniofacial similarity. The main features that were related to the expert' s similarity scoring included distance of anterior nasal spine-menton (ANS-Me), distance of right upper canion point-Frankfurt horizontal plane (U3RH), distance of left superior point of the condyle-left gonion (CoL-GoL), distance of left gonion-menton (CoL-Me), distance of pogonion-midsagittal plane (Pog-MSP), distance of right alar base-left alar base (AlR-AlL), angle of pronasale-soft tissue pogonion-labrale inferius (Pn-Pog' -Li), distance of trichion-right tragus (Tri-TraR), distance of left exocanthion-left alar base (ExL-AlL), lower 1/3 of skeletal face, middle and lower 2/3 of skeletal face and upper lip region of soft tissue. Fourteen new patients were chosen to evaluate the model. The similar cases selected by the model had an average experts' similarity scoring of 7.627± 0.711, which was not significantly different with 7.5. CONCLUSION The similarity measurement model established by this model could find the similar cases which highly matched experts' subjective similarity scoring. The study could be further used for similar cases retrieval in skeletal Ⅲ malocclusion patients.
Humans ; Male ; Female ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional/methods* ; Cone-Beam Computed Tomography ; Malocclusion, Angle Class III/surgery* ; Orthognathic Surgical Procedures/methods* ; Face/anatomy & histology* ; Cephalometry/methods* ; Adult ; Adolescent ; Dentofacial Deformities/surgery* ; Young Adult

Protrusive facial deformities, characterized by the forward displacement of the teeth and/or jaws beyond the normal range, affect a considerable portion of the population. The manifestations and morphological mechanisms of protrusive facial deformities are complex and diverse, requiring orthodontists to possess a high level of theoretical knowledge and practical experience in the relevant orthodontic field. To further optimize the correction of protrusive facial deformities, this consensus proposes that the morphological mechanisms and diagnosis of protrusive facial deformities should be analyzed and judged from multiple dimensions and factors to accurately formulate treatment plans. It emphasizes the use of orthodontic strategies, including jaw growth modification, tooth extraction or non-extraction for anterior teeth retraction, and maxillofacial vertical control. These strategies aim to reduce anterior teeth and lip protrusion, increase chin prominence, harmonize nasolabial and chin-lip relationships, and improve the facial profile of patients with protrusive facial deformities. For severe skeletal protrusive facial deformities, orthodontic-orthognathic combined treatment may be suggested. This consensus summarizes the theoretical knowledge and clinical experience of numerous renowned oral experts nationwide, offering reference strategies for the correction of protrusive facial deformities.
Humans ; Orthodontics, Corrective/methods* ; Consensus ; Malocclusion/therapy* ; Patient Care Planning ; Cephalometry

Clear aligner treatment is a novel technique in current orthodontic practice. Distinct from traditional fixed orthodontic appliances, clear aligners have different material features and biomechanical characteristics and treatment efficiencies, presenting new clinical challenges. Therefore, a comprehensive and systematic description of the key clinical aspects of clear aligner treatment is essential to enhance treatment efficacy and facilitate the advancement and wide adoption of this new technique. This expert consensus discusses case selection and grading of treatment difficulty, principle of clear aligner therapy, clinical procedures and potential complications, which are crucial to the clinical success of clear aligner treatment.
Humans ; Consensus ; Orthodontic Appliance Design ; Orthodontic Appliances, Removable ; Tooth Movement Techniques/methods* ; Malocclusion/therapy* ; Orthodontics, Corrective/instrumentation*