Baylisascaris schroederi,a roundworm(ascaridoid)parasite specific to the bamboo-feeding giant panda(Ailuropoda melanoleuca),represents a leading cause of mortality in wild giant panda populations.Here,we present a 293-megabase chromosome-level genome assembly of B.schroederi to infer its biology,including host adaptations.Comparative genomics revealed an evolutionary trajectory accompanied by host-shift events in ascaridoid parasite lineages after host separations,suggesting their potential for transmission and rapid adaptation to new hosts.Genomic and anatomical lines of evidence,including expansion and positive selection of genes related to the cuticle and basal metabolisms,indicate that B.schroederi undergoes specific adaptations to survive in the sharp-edged bamboo-enriched gut of giant pandas by structurally increasing its cuticle thickness and efficiently utilizing host nutrients through gut parasitism.Additionally,we characterized the secretome of B.schroederi and predicted potential drug and vaccine targets for new control strategies.Overall,this genome resource provides new insights into the host adaptation of B.schroederi to the giant panda as well as the host-shift events in ascaridoid parasite lineages.Our findings on the unique biology of B.schroederi will also aid in the development of prevention and treatment measures to protect giant panda populations from roundworm parasitism.

COVID-19/virology* ; China/epidemiology* ; Disease Outbreaks ; Genetic Linkage ; Humans ; Phylogeny ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification*

In the past ten years, the research and application of microbiome has continued to increase. The microbiome has gradually become the research focus in the fields of life science, environmental science, and medicine. Meanwhile, many countries and organizations around the world are launching their own microbiome projects and conducting a multi-faceted layout, striving to gain a strategic position in this promising field. In addition, whether it is scientific research or industrial applications, there has been a climax of research and a wave of investment and financing, accordingly, products and services related to the microbiome are constantly emerging. However, due to the rapid development of microbiome sequencing and analysis related technologies and methods, the research and application from various countries have not yet unified on the standards of technology, programs, and data. Domestic industry participants also have insufficient understanding of the microbiome. New methods, technologies, and theories have not yet been fully accepted and used. In addition, some of the existing standards and guidelines are too general with poor practicality. This not only causes obstacles in the integration of scientific research data and waste of resources, but also gives related companies unfair competition opportunity. More importantly, China still lacks national standards related to the microbiome, and the national microbiome project is still in the process of preparation. In this context, the experts and practitioners of the microbiome worked together and developed the consensus of experts. It can not only guide domestic scientific research and industrial institutions to regulate the production, learning and research of the microbiome, the application can also provide reference technical basis for the relevant national functional departments, protect the scale and standardized corporate company's interests, strengthen industry self-discipline, avoid unregulated enterprises from disrupting the market, and ultimately promote the benign development of microbiome-related industries.
China ; Consensus ; Humans ; Industry ; Microbiota

Genome reannotation aims for complete and accurate characterization of gene models and thus is of critical significance for in-depth exploration of gene function. Although the availability of massive RNA-seq data provides great opportunities for gene model refinement, few efforts have been made to adopt these precious data in rice genome reannotation. Here we reannotate the rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica) genome based on integration of large-scale RNA-seq data and release a new annotation system IC4R-2.0. In general, IC4R-2.0 significantly improves the completeness of gene structure, identifies a number of novel genes, and integrates a variety of functional annota-tions. Furthermore, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) are system-atically characterized in the rice genome. Performance evaluation shows that compared to previous annotation systems, IC4R-2.0 achieves higher integrity and quality, primarily attributable to mas-sive RNA-seq data applied in genome annotation. Consequently, we incorporate the improvedannotations into the Information Commons for Rice (IC4R), a database integrating multiple omics data of rice, and accordingly update IC4R by providing more user-friendly web interfaces and implementing a series of practical online tools. Together, the updated IC4R, which is equipped with the improved annotations, bears great promise for comparative and functional genomic studies in rice and other monocotyledonous species. The IC4R-2.0 annotation system and related resources are freely accessible at http://ic4r.org/.

Objective To observe the improving effect of Hypericum Perforatum L Extracts (HPLES)on depression induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress in mice. Methods The depression model was established by the method of chronic unpredictable mild stress. Fifty depression model mice were divided into model control group,fluoxetine hydrochloride group (2. 6 mg / kg),Hypericum perforatum ex-tract low,medium and high (0. 2 g / kg,0. 4 g / kg,0. 8 g / kg) dose groups according to the random num-ber table method. Another 10 normal mice matched with body weight were taken as the normal control group. The mice in normal control group and the model control group were given pure water by gavage every day,and the mice in other groups were given corresponding solution by gavage for 4 weeks. In addition to the normal control group,the mice in other groups continued to undergo chronic unpredictable mild stress during gavage. The sugar water preference test and forced swimming test were performed after the last administration. Blood samples were collected from the posterior orbital venous plexus,and the levels of dopamine (DA) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were measured by Elisa. The hippocampal tissues of mice were exam-ined by HE staining. Results Compared with the normal control group,the body mass of mice in the model control group decreased significantly at the first,second,third and fourth weeks ( t=2. 739,4. 162,4. 082, 3. 957;all P<0. 05). At the first,second,third and fourth weeks,the body mass of mice in the low,middle and high dose group of Hypericum perforatum extract were not significantly different from those in the model control group (all P>0. 05). Compared with the normal control group,the sugar water preference index of mice in the model control group was significantly reduced((61. 3± 4. 5)%,(52. 6± 5. 2)%; t=2. 721,P<0. 05),the swimming immobility time was prolonged(( 44. 3± 20. 00) s,(101. 8± 50. 8) s;t=2. 939,P<0. 05),the difference were statistically significant. Compared with the model control group,the sugar water preference index of mice in the low,middle and high dose group of Hypericum perforatum extract increased ((61. 8±4. 7)%,(65. 2±4. 1)%,(62. 6±5. 6)%,t=-3. 005,5. 073,-2. 928,all P<0. 05),the swimming immobility time decreased ((47. 2±17. 9) s,(54. 8±50. 3) s,(61. 3±44. 2) s; t=2. 803,1. 921,1. 903,all P<0. 05). The results of Elisa showed that compared with the normal control group,the levels of serum DA and BDNF of mice in the model control group were significantly lower (t=3. 031,8. 507,all P<0. 05); com-pared with the model control group,the levels of serum DA of mice in the low dose and high dose group of Hypericum perforatum were significantly higher (t=5. 025,3. 414,P<0. 05),and the serum BDNF of mice in the high dose group of Hypericum perforatum was also significantly higher (t=6. 098,P<0. 05),the differ-ence was statistically significant. HE staining showed that compared with the normal control group,the neu-rons in CA3 area of hippocampus in the model control group mice were seriously damaged,suggesting the es-tablishment of the mouse model. Compared with the model control group,the atrophy and degeneration of hippocampal CA3 cells in the three dose groups were significantly reduced. The atrophy and deformation of hippocampal CA3 neurons in the low,middle and high dose groups of Hypericum perforatum extract were re-lieved. Conclusion HPLES have obvious improving and antidepressant effects on the depression model mice induced by chronic unpredictable stress. The above effects may be related to the improvement of serum DA,DBNF level and reduce neuronal damage in CA3 area.

Objective: To observe the improving effect of Hypericum Perforatum L Extracts (HPLES)on depression induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress in mice. Methods: The depression model was established by the method of chronic unpredictable mild stress. Fifty depression model mice were divided into model control group, fluoxetine hydrochloride group (2.6 mg / kg), Hypericum perforatum extract low, medium and high (0.2 g / kg, 0.4 g / kg, 0.8 g / kg) dose groups according to the random number table method. Another 10 normal mice matched with body weight were taken as the normal control group. The mice in normal control group and the model control group were given pure water by gavage every day, and the mice in other groups were given corresponding solution by gavage for 4 weeks. In addition to the normal control group, the mice in other groups continued to undergo chronic unpredictable mild stress during gavage.The sugar water preference test and forced swimming test were performed after the last administration. Blood samples were collected from the posterior orbital venous plexus, and the levels of dopamine (DA) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were measured by Elisa. The hippocampal tissues of mice were examined by HE staining. Results: Compared with the normal control group, the body mass of mice in the model control group decreased significantly at the first, second, third and fourth weeks (t=2.739, 4.162, 4.082, 3.957; all P<0.05). At the first, second, third and fourth weeks, the body mass of mice in the low, middle and high dose group of Hypericum perforatum extract were not significantly different from those in the model control group (all P>0.05). Compared with the normal control group, the sugar water preference index of mice in the model control group was significantly reduced((61.3±4.5)%, (52.6±5.2)%; t=2.721, P<0.05), the swimming immobility time was prolonged((44.3±20.00) s, (101.8±50.8) s; t=2.939, P<0.05), the difference were statistically significant. Compared with the model control group, the sugar water preference index of mice in the low, middle and high dose group of Hypericum perforatum extract increased((61.8±4.7)%, (65.2±4.1)%, (62.6±5.6)%, t=-3.005, 5.073, -2.928, all P<0.05), the swimming immobility time decreased ((47.2±17.9) s, (54.8±50.3) s, (61.3±44.2) s; t=2.803, 1.921, 1.903, all P<0.05). The results of Elisa showed that compared with the normal control group, the levels of serum DA and BDNF of mice in the model control group were significantly lower (t=3.031, 8.507, all P<0.05); compared with the model control group, the levels of serum DA of mice in the low dose and high dose group of Hypericum perforatum were significantly higher (t=5.025, 3.414, P<0.05), and the serum BDNF of mice in the high dose group of Hypericum perforatum was also significantly higher (t=6.098, P<0.05), the difference was statistically significant. HE staining showed that compared with the normal control group, the neurons in CA3 area of hippocampus in the model control group mice were seriously damaged, suggesting the establishment of the mouse model. Compared with the model control group, the atrophy and degeneration of hippocampal CA3 cells in the three dose groups were significantly reduced. The atrophy and deformation of hippocampal CA3 neurons in the low, middle and high dose groups of Hypericum perforatum extract were relieved. Conclusion HPLES have obvious improving and antidepressant effects on the depression model mice induced by chronic unpredictable stress.The above effects may be related to the improvement of serum DA, DBNF level and reduce neuronal damage in CA3 area.

Objective To investigate the affective and somatic symptoms of patients with somatoform disorders (SFD) and their related factors to their social support and alexithymia. Methods Seventy-one patients with SFD and 75 healthy controls (HC) were recruited. Health Questionnaire?9 (PHQ?9), General Anxiety Scale (GAD?7), Patient Health Questionnaire 15?Item Somatic Symptom Severity Scale (PHQ?15), Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS?20) and Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS) were evaluated for all subjects. Results (1) The total scores of all the PHQ?9, GAD?7 and PHQ?15 in patients group were significantly higher than that in HC (t=46.67, 41.24, 49.64, P<0.01). (2) Except the objective social support, subject social support and social support utilization in SFD group were lower than those in HC (36.97±6.74 vs. 40.54±5.47, 19.34±3.17 vs. 23.53±3.62, 6.41±3.13 vs. 8.36±2.43; t=7.46, 4.28, 3.52; P<0.01). There were significant differences in TAS?20 between the two groups (t=8.08, 8.52, 5.54, 7.35, P<0.01). (3) By the correlation analysis in patient group, the sum score of the affective and somatic symptom (PHQ?9+GAD?7+PHQ?15) was significantly correlated to the subjective social support, social support utilization, social support total score, TAS?Ⅰ, TAS?Ⅱ, TAS?Ⅲand TAS?20 total score (r=-0.372,-0.359,-0.426, 0.368, 0.327, 0.306, 0.364, P<0.01). And the numbers of non?mental health clinic visits (χ1), social support utilization (χ2), adverse reactions(χ3), TAS?Ⅱ (χ4) and TAS?Ⅰ (χ5) contributed to the multiple regression equation for the sum of PHQ?9, GAD?7 and PHQ?15 scores. Conclusion The alexithymia and incapability of perceiving and utilizing social support, numbers of visits in non?mental health clinic and the medication adverse reactions that subjectively perceived in the patients with SFD may be the key factors that could impact their affective and somatic symptoms.

Objective To investigate the affective and somatic symptoms of patients with somatoform disorders (SFD) and their related factors to their social support and alexithymia. Methods Seventy-one patients with SFD and 75 healthy controls (HC) were recruited. Health Questionnaire?9 (PHQ?9), General Anxiety Scale (GAD?7), Patient Health Questionnaire 15?Item Somatic Symptom Severity Scale (PHQ?15), Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS?20) and Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS) were evaluated for all subjects. Results (1) The total scores of all the PHQ?9, GAD?7 and PHQ?15 in patients group were significantly higher than that in HC (t=46.67, 41.24, 49.64, P<0.01). (2) Except the objective social support, subject social support and social support utilization in SFD group were lower than those in HC (36.97±6.74 vs. 40.54±5.47, 19.34±3.17 vs. 23.53±3.62, 6.41±3.13 vs. 8.36±2.43; t=7.46, 4.28, 3.52; P<0.01). There were significant differences in TAS?20 between the two groups (t=8.08, 8.52, 5.54, 7.35, P<0.01). (3) By the correlation analysis in patient group, the sum score of the affective and somatic symptom (PHQ?9+GAD?7+PHQ?15) was significantly correlated to the subjective social support, social support utilization, social support total score, TAS?Ⅰ, TAS?Ⅱ, TAS?Ⅲand TAS?20 total score (r=-0.372,-0.359,-0.426, 0.368, 0.327, 0.306, 0.364, P<0.01). And the numbers of non?mental health clinic visits (χ1), social support utilization (χ2), adverse reactions(χ3), TAS?Ⅱ (χ4) and TAS?Ⅰ (χ5) contributed to the multiple regression equation for the sum of PHQ?9, GAD?7 and PHQ?15 scores. Conclusion The alexithymia and incapability of perceiving and utilizing social support, numbers of visits in non?mental health clinic and the medication adverse reactions that subjectively perceived in the patients with SFD may be the key factors that could impact their affective and somatic symptoms.

Objective: To investigate the clinical safety and efficacy of ultrapercutaneous nephrolithotomy combined with ureteroscopy in the treatment of severe urete. Methods: Thirty-six patients (20 males, 16 female) with ureteral obstruction underwent super-mini percutaneous nephroscope combined with flexible ureteroscope balloon dilation of 36 patients, 18 ureteral strictures occurred secondary to ureteroscope lithotripsy, 12 secondary to laparooscopic ureterolithotomy, 6 secondary to ureteral end to end anastomosis and one secondary to bladder ureter reimplantation. Results: All of the surgeries were successful. Mean operation time was 60 min, the hospital stay was 2 to 7 days, and mean bleeding volume was 43 ml. No patients suffered fever, abdominal distention and lumbar distention. All cases were followed up for 12 months. Twenty cases were cured, 10 cases performed better, and 6 cases developed re-stenosis. Treatment efficacy was around 83.3%(30/36). Conclusions Super-mini percutaneous nephroscope combined with flexible ureteroscope balloon dilation has the advantages of less bleeding, less trauma, shorter hospital stay, and remarkable curative effect, which is worthy of clinical popularization and application.

With the development of genomics and bioinformatics, especially the extensive applications of high-throughput sequencing technology, more transcriptional units with little or no protein-coding potential have been discovered. Such RNA molecules are called non-protein-coding RNAs (npcRNAs or ncRNAs). Among them, long npcRNAs or ncRNAs (lnpcRNAs or lncRNAs) represent diverse classes of transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides. In recent years, the lncRNAs have been considered as important regulators in many essential biological processes. In plants, although a large number of lncRNA transcripts have been predicted and identified in few species, our current knowledge of their biological functions is still limited. Here, we have summarized recent studies on their identification, characteristics, classification, bioinformatics, resources, and current exploration of their biological functions in plants.