The process of embryo implantation is a multifaceted and intricate dynamic event that includes the development of endometrial receptivity, embryo localization, adhesion, and invasion. Adhesion molecules, acting as crucial mediators of communication between cells or between cells and the extracellular matrix, are essential for the maintenance of endometrial receptivity and the regulation of embryo localization, adhesion, and invasion. However, the mechanisms by which adhesion molecules of maternal and embryo are organized to regulate key events in the peri-implantation period have yet to be fully explored. Based on recent research findings, this review provides a summary of the functions of different adhesion molecules at the maternal-fetal interface and their potential regulatory mechanisms according to the key progress of embryo implantation. In particular, we discussed the interactions between decidual immune cells and other cells mediated by adhesion molecules during the invasion process, which will provide novel perspectives into the role of adhesion molecule dysfunction in contributing to implantation failure.

The process of embryo implantation is a multifaceted and intricate dynamic event that includes the development of endometrial receptivity, embryo localization, adhesion, and invasion. Adhesion molecules, acting as crucial mediators of communication between cells or between cells and the extracellular matrix, are essential for the maintenance of endometrial receptivity and the regulation of embryo localization, adhesion, and invasion. However, the mechanisms by which adhesion molecules of maternal and embryo are organized to regulate key events in the peri-implantation period have yet to be fully explored. Based on recent research findings, this review provides a summary of the functions of different adhesion molecules at the maternal-fetal interface and their potential regulatory mechanisms according to the key progress of embryo implantation. In particular, we discussed the interactions between decidual immune cells and other cells mediated by adhesion molecules during the invasion process, which will provide novel perspectives into the role of adhesion molecule dysfunction in contributing to implantation failure.

The endometrial microenvironment and the immune regulation of pregnancy is a recent focus and challenge in the field of reproductive immunology. During the establishment of pregnancy, the immune cells assist in shaping a fetus-friendly immune microenvironment through adaptive reprogramming, thereby allowing the embryo to obtain "immune privilege". Immunometabolism is an emerging research field that has been developing rapidly in the last decade, focusing on the interaction between the immunology and metabolism and their roles in the physiopathology. However, the current evidence regarding how immunometabolism is involved in the regulation of the endometrial microenvironment and maternal-fetal immune tolerance is insufficient. In light of the implications of tumor immunometabolism for immunometabolism in pregnancy, the metabolic pathways of immune cell differentiation and function are reviewed for their potential regulatory role in shaping the maternal-fetal tolerance microenvironment. The relationship between metabolic and nutritional abnormalities and pregnancy disorders is analyzed. Finally, the possibility of improving pregnancy outcomes through immunometabolic inhibitors or dietary interventions is explored from a clinical application perspective.

The endometrial microenvironment and the immune regulation of pregnancy is a recent focus and challenge in the field of reproductive immunology. During the establishment of pregnancy, the immune cells assist in shaping a fetus-friendly immune microenvironment through adaptive reprogramming, thereby allowing the embryo to obtain "immune privilege". Immunometabolism is an emerging research field that has been developing rapidly in the last decade, focusing on the interaction between the immunology and metabolism and their roles in the physiopathology. However, the current evidence regarding how immunometabolism is involved in the regulation of the endometrial microenvironment and maternal-fetal immune tolerance is insufficient. In light of the implications of tumor immunometabolism for immunometabolism in pregnancy, the metabolic pathways of immune cell differentiation and function are reviewed for their potential regulatory role in shaping the maternal-fetal tolerance microenvironment. The relationship between metabolic and nutritional abnormalities and pregnancy disorders is analyzed. Finally, the possibility of improving pregnancy outcomes through immunometabolic inhibitors or dietary interventions is explored from a clinical application perspective.