Objective To investigate the distribution characteristics of Oncomelania hupensis snails in Yunnan Province fol-lowing interruption of schistosomiasis transmission, so as to provide the evidence for assessing the risk of schistosomiasis transmission and scientifically formulating the schistosomiasis surveillance program. Methods According to the requirements of the National Schistosomiasis Surveillance Scheme (2020 Edition), O. hupensis snail surveillance data were collected from 18 schistosomiasis-endemic counties (cities, districts) in Yunnan Province from 2020 to 2024, including area of snail survey, area of snail habitats, area of re-emerging snail habitats, number of frames surveyed, number of frames with O. hupensis snails, number of O. hupensis snails captured, and number of living snails, and the occurrence of frames with snails and mean density of living snails were calculated. Changes in snail status over the 5-year period from 2020 to 2024 and the differences in snail distributions specified by epidemic intensity, environmental type, and vegetation type were analyzed. Results The areas of snail survey increased from 1 727.96 hm² in 2020 to 3 894.45 hm² in 2024 (peak) across 18 schistosomiasis-endemic counties (cities, districts) in Yunnan Province during the period from 2020 through 2024. The areas of snail habitats increased from 70.36 hm² in 2020 to a peak in 2023 (172.04 hm²), followed by a reduction to 132.36 hm² in 2024, and the areas of re-emerging snail habitats increased from 42.71 hm² in 2020 to a peak in 2022 (78.43 hm²), followed by a reduction to 40.21 hm² in 2024. The occurrence of frames with snails and mean density of living snails increased from 1.24% (3 025/244 404) and (0.033 2 ± 0.038 7) snails/0.1 m² in 2020 to peaks at 2.03% (6 231/307 563) and (0.066 9 ± 0.068 4) snails/0.1 m² in 2023, followed by reductions to 1.04% (5 829/559 941) and (0.032 6 ± 0.057 7) snails/0.1 m² in 2024, respectively. There was a significant difference in the occurrence of frames with snails over the 5-year study period (χ² = 1 962.95, P < 0.05), and the occurrence of frames with snails reduced by 48.71% in 2024 relative to in 2023 (χ² = 1 411.05, P < 0.005); however, there was no significant difference in the mean density of living snails over the 5 years (H = 5.310, P > 0.05). There were significant differences in the occurrence of frames with snails (χ² = 481.27, P < 0.05) and mean density of living snails (H = 6.872, P < 0.05) in schistosomiasis-endemic areas with different epidemic intensities. The occurrence of frames with snails (χ² = 25.32 and 38.70, both P values < 0.017) and mean density of living snails (Z = 28.55 and 49.96, both P values < 0.017) were higher in schistosomiasis transmission-interrupted and eliminated areas with snails than in schistosomiasis-eliminated areas without snails, and the occurrence of frames with snails (χ² = 453.54, P < 0.017) and mean density of living snails (Z = −56.97, P < 0.017) were higher in schistosomiasis-eliminated areas with snails than in schistosomiasis transmission-interrupted areas with snails. O. hupensis snails were mainly distributed in paddy fields, dry farmlands and ditches; however, the occurrence of frames with snails (13.40%, 424/3 164) and mean density of living snails [(0.252 8 ± 0.158 7) snails/0.1 m²] were higher in ponds/weirs than in other types of environments (both P values < 0.05). Rice, dry farmland crops and weeds were main vegetations in which O. hupensis snails were distributed, and the occurrence of frames with snails (2.29%, 7 111/310 140) and mean density of living snails [(0.072 3 ± 0.018 9) snails/0.1 m²] were higher in weeds than in other types of environments (both P values < 0.05). Conclusions O. hupensis snails have been effectively controlled in Yunnan Province following implementation of integrated schistosomiasis control measures; however, there are still risk factors for schistosomiasis transmission, including reduced attention to schistosomiasis control and snail re-emergence. Improved control efforts and surveillance system construction and timely identification of risk factors of snail status and timely management are recommended to ensure the achievement of the target of schistosomiasis elimination as scheduled.

BACKGROUND:Remyelination in the central nervous system is a basic repair process triggered by demyelinating events,mainly through the proliferation,migration,and differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells into oligodendrocytes.The process of remyelination is affected by many factors such as astrocytes,myelin debris,microglia,macrophages,endothelial cells,pericytes,T cells,and age.OBJECTIVE:Astrocytes play an important role in regulating synaptic activity,nutritional support,and tissue repair in the central nervous system.This review aims to provide potential therapeutic targets for demyelinating diseases of central nervous system by reviewing the role of astrocytes in remyelination.METHODS:A search was conducted on relevant literature collected from CNKI,PubMed,and Web of Science from 2014 tO 2024.The search terms were"astrocytes,oligodendrocyte precursor cells,remyelination"in both Chinese and English.Finally,66 articles were included after screening and summarized.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)The treatment of demyelinating diseases,such as multiple sclerosis,is limited to disease-modifying therapies,and there is no available method to overcome the failure of remyelination.Therefore,it is necessary to explore targets related to remyelination to promote myelin repair.(2)Remyelination is a process in which oligodendrocyte precursor cells proliferate,migrate,differentiate,and mature into oligodendrocytes,and the latter produce myelin to wrap axons to form myelin sheath.(3)Astrocytes regulate remyelination by phagocytosis of myelin debris,participating in inflammatory response,transforming into oligodendrocyte lineage cells,providing energy supply for oligodendrocyte lineage cells,releasing neurotrophic factors,and secreting extracellular matrix components.(4)The drugs screened in this paper use astrocytes and their derived factors as intervention targets to regulate the remyelination.Some drugs have satisfactory effects,but their effectiveness and safety still need more basic research and clinical trials to verify.(5)The mechanism of action of astrocytes in remyelination has not been fully elucidated,and the related molecular targets and signaling pathways can be further studied.

Objective To investigate the distribution and antimicrobial resistance profiles of clinically isolated Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis in hospitals across China from 2015 to 2021,and provide evidence for rational use of antimicrobial agents.Methods Data of H.influenzae and M.catarrhalis strains isolated from 2015 to 2021 in CHINET program were collected for analysis,and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by disc diffusion method or automated systems according to the uniform protocol of CHINET.The results were interpreted according to the CLSI breakpoints in 2022.Beta-lactamases was detected by using nitrocefin disk.Results From 2015 to 2021,a total of 43 642 strains of Haemophilus species were isolated,accounting for 2.91％of the total clinical isolates and 4.07％of Gram-negative bacteria in CHINET program.Among the 40 437 strains of H.influenzae,66.89％were isolated from children and 33.11％were isolated from adults.More than 90％of the H.influenzae strains were isolated from respiratory tract specimens.The prevalence of β-lactamase was 53.79％in H.influenzae strains.The H.influenzae strains isolated from children showed higher resistance rate than the strains isolated from adults.Overall,779 strains of H.influenzae did not produce β-lactamase but were resistant to ampicillin(BLNAR).Beta-lactamase-producing strains showed significantly higher resistance rates to these antimicrobial agents than the β-lactamase-nonproducing strains.Of the 16 191 M.catarrhalis strains,80.06％were isolated from children and 19.94％isolated from adults.M.catarrhalis strains were mostly susceptible to both amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and cefuroxime,evidenced by resistance rate lower than 2.0％.Conclusions The emergence of antibiotic-resistant H.influenzae due to β-lactamase production poses a challenge for clinical anti-infective treatment.Therefore,it is very important to implement antibiotic resistance surveillance for H.influenzae and guide rational antibiotic use.All local clinical microbiology laboratories should actively improve antibiotic susceptibility testing and strengthen antibiotic resistance surveillance for H.influenzae.

Objective To investigate the distribution and antimicrobial resistance profiles of clinically isolated Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis in hospitals across China from 2015 to 2021,and provide evidence for rational use of antimicrobial agents.Methods Data of H.influenzae and M.catarrhalis strains isolated from 2015 to 2021 in CHINET program were collected for analysis,and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by disc diffusion method or automated systems according to the uniform protocol of CHINET.The results were interpreted according to the CLSI breakpoints in 2022.Beta-lactamases was detected by using nitrocefin disk.Results From 2015 to 2021,a total of 43 642 strains of Haemophilus species were isolated,accounting for 2.91％of the total clinical isolates and 4.07％of Gram-negative bacteria in CHINET program.Among the 40 437 strains of H.influenzae,66.89％were isolated from children and 33.11％were isolated from adults.More than 90％of the H.influenzae strains were isolated from respiratory tract specimens.The prevalence of β-lactamase was 53.79％in H.influenzae strains.The H.influenzae strains isolated from children showed higher resistance rate than the strains isolated from adults.Overall,779 strains of H.influenzae did not produce β-lactamase but were resistant to ampicillin(BLNAR).Beta-lactamase-producing strains showed significantly higher resistance rates to these antimicrobial agents than the β-lactamase-nonproducing strains.Of the 16 191 M.catarrhalis strains,80.06％were isolated from children and 19.94％isolated from adults.M.catarrhalis strains were mostly susceptible to both amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and cefuroxime,evidenced by resistance rate lower than 2.0％.Conclusions The emergence of antibiotic-resistant H.influenzae due to β-lactamase production poses a challenge for clinical anti-infective treatment.Therefore,it is very important to implement antibiotic resistance surveillance for H.influenzae and guide rational antibiotic use.All local clinical microbiology laboratories should actively improve antibiotic susceptibility testing and strengthen antibiotic resistance surveillance for H.influenzae.

Objective:To investigate the effect of β-Ecdysterone (β-Ecd), an active ingredient in cow′s knee, on hormonal femoral head necrosis in young rabbits and explore the mechanism involved.Methods:An animal study.Sixty New Zealand young rabbits were divided into control, model and intervention groups by random number table method, with 20 rabbits in each group.Prednisolone acetate (7.5 mg/kg) was injected bilaterally into the gluteal muscle of rabbits in both model and intervention groups twice a week.β-Ecd (0.5 mg/kg) was injected subcutaneously at the time of the first injection of Prednisolone acetate in the intervention group for 5 times a week.An equal amount of saline was injected into rabbits in control and model groups.Eight weeks after modelling, animals were put to death, and femoral heads were taken from both sides for gross observation.Micro computed tomography(Micro-CT) was used to analyze the microstructure of bone trabeculae and to measure bone microstructural parameters.Histological staining was used to detect changes in the morphology of bone tissues.Immunohistochemistry and Western blot were used to examine the expression of osteogenic and lipogenic factors and proteins in the femoral head tissue.Rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were divided into a blank control group, a Dexamethasone group and a β-Ecd intervention group.Cell damage was induced by Dexamethasone in Dexamethasone group and β-Ecd intervention group, and the β-Ecd intervention group was given the optimal concentration of β-Ecd.Western blot was used to detect the expression of osteogenic and lipogenic proteins in the cells of each group.Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to determine the mRNA expression of osteogenic and lipogenic marker genes.Results:After excluding 9 rabbits that died during the experimental period, 51 rabbits were finally included in the study, with 19 in the control group, 15 in the model group and 17 in the intervention group.Gross observation and Micro-CT showed that compared with that of the control group, the femoral head of the model group was obscure and greyish, with dark red necrotic areas.The bone trabeculae of the model group were sparse, thinned, disordered, and partially fractured, compared with those of the control group.The changes in the femoral head and bone trabeculae of the intervention group were between those of control and model groups.The bone mineral density, the number, thickness and relative volume of bone trabeculae significantly decreased and trabecular separation significantly increased in both model and intervention groups, compared with those in the control group ( F=12.78, 45.52, 32.74, 64.08, 8.83, all P<0.05).However, these symptoms in the intervention group were better than those in the model group.Pathological histology showed that in the control group, bone trabeculae were neatly arranged, robust and full, with a high number of osteoclasts and occasional empty bone sockets.In the model group, bone trabeculae were sparsely arranged and broken, with fewer osteoclasts, and the number of empty bone sockets increased and enlarged.In the intervention group, bone trabeculae had a more complete morphology, with fewer necrotic osteoclasts and reduced empty bone sockets, compared with the model group.Immunohistochemistry results showed that compared with the control group, the model group and intervention group had increased content of fatty acid binding proteins (FABP) and CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins α (CEBP) in the femoral head bone tissue, and decreased content of osteopontin (OPN) and Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) .The changes in each index were greater in the model group than those in the intervention group ( F=21.07, 24.06, 17.92, 21.36, all P<0.05). Western blot detection showed that compared with the control group, the CEBP protein expression content of the femoral head in the model group and the intervention group was increased and the RUNX2 protein expression content was decreased. The changes of CEBP and RUNX2 were greater in the model group than those in the intervention group( F=73.43, 197.87, all P<0.05).Western blot detection of BMSCs showed that compared with the blank control group, the Dexamethasone group and β-Ecd intervention group had decreased expression of OPN and RUNX2 proteins and increased expression of FABP and CEBP proteins ( F=161.61, 358.01, 91.18, 69.04, all P<0.05).The changes in each index in the β-Ecd intervention group were smaller than those in the Dexamethasone group.RT-qPCR detection of BMSCs showed that in the Dexamethasone group had lower expression of OPN and RUNX2 and higher expression of CEBP and FABP than the blank control group ( F=19.71, 45.08, 61.46, 15.12, all P<0.05).The changes in each index in the β-Ecd intervention group were smaller than those in the Dexamethasone group. Conclusions:β-Ecd can attenuate the pathological changes of hormonal femoral head necrosis in young rabbits by promoting osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, inhibiting lipogenic differentiation of BMSCs, and improving bone microstructure.

BACKGROUND:Primary cortical neurons and microglial cells play a crucial role in exploring cell therapies for neurological disorders,and most of the current methods for obtaining the two types of cells are cumbersome and require separate extraction.It is therefore crucial to find a convenient and rapid method to extract both types of cells simultaneously. OBJECTIVE:To explore a novel method for simultaneous extraction of primary cortical neurons and microglial cells. METHODS:Newborn suckling SD rats were taken within 24 hours.The brain was removed and placed in a dish with DMEM,and the pia mater was removed for later use.Primary neurons were extracted from the same brain tissue,and then the remaining brain tissue was used to extract microglial cells.The whole process was performed on ice.Extraction and culture steps of primary cortical neurons:The cerebral cortex was taken 2.0-3.0 mm with forceps,and the tissue was digested with papain for 20 minutes.After aborting digestion,the blown tissue presented an adherent tissue suspension.The supernatant cell suspension was obtained,filtered,and dispensed into 15 mL centrifuge tubes.After centrifugation and re-suspension,the cells were inoculated onto 6-well plate crawls coated with L-polylysine.Neuronal morphology was observed at 1-day intervals,and staining could be performed for identification using immunofluorescence staining of MAP2 and β-Tubulin by day 7.Microglia extraction and culture steps:The remaining brain tissue at 8-10 mm thick was subjected to microglial cell extraction,digested by trypsin for 20 minutes.After digestion was stopped,the tissue was blown to a homogenate,and then the homogenate was transferred to the culture bottle for culture.On day 14,the culture flasks were sealed and subjected to constant temperature horizontal shaking for 2 hours.Microglial cells were shed in the supernatant.Purified microglial cells were taken and continued to be cultured for 3 days for identification by Iba1 immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)After 24 hours of culture,the neurons were adherent to the wall,the cytosol was enlarged,and some neurons developed synapses.After 3 and 5 days of culture,the cytosol was further enlarged,and most of the neurons were in the form of synapses,and some neurons were growing in clusters.On day 7,neuronal synapses were prolonged and thickened,and they were connected with each other to form a network.The neurons were identified by β-Tubulin and MAP2 immunofluorescence staining.(2)The cells grew close to the wall on day 1 of culture.On days 3,5,and 7,the density of microglial cells was small,and the cell morphology was bright oval or round,but the cells basically grew in clumps on the upper layer of other cells.On day 10,the density of microglial cells increased significantly.On day 14,microglial cells grew in dense clumps on the upper layer of other cells,and then they could be isolated and purified.The isolated and purified cells were taken and re-cultured to day 3 and identified as microglial cells by Iba1 immunofluorescence;their purity was greater than 95%.(3)The results show that primary cortical neurons and microglial cells obtained by this method after extraction and culture are of high purity,good morphology,and high viability.

Objective:To investigate the effect of β-Ecdysterone (β-Ecd), an active ingredient in cow′s knee, on hormonal femoral head necrosis in young rabbits and explore the mechanism involved.Methods:An animal study.Sixty New Zealand young rabbits were divided into control, model and intervention groups by random number table method, with 20 rabbits in each group.Prednisolone acetate (7.5 mg/kg) was injected bilaterally into the gluteal muscle of rabbits in both model and intervention groups twice a week.β-Ecd (0.5 mg/kg) was injected subcutaneously at the time of the first injection of Prednisolone acetate in the intervention group for 5 times a week.An equal amount of saline was injected into rabbits in control and model groups.Eight weeks after modelling, animals were put to death, and femoral heads were taken from both sides for gross observation.Micro computed tomography(Micro-CT) was used to analyze the microstructure of bone trabeculae and to measure bone microstructural parameters.Histological staining was used to detect changes in the morphology of bone tissues.Immunohistochemistry and Western blot were used to examine the expression of osteogenic and lipogenic factors and proteins in the femoral head tissue.Rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were divided into a blank control group, a Dexamethasone group and a β-Ecd intervention group.Cell damage was induced by Dexamethasone in Dexamethasone group and β-Ecd intervention group, and the β-Ecd intervention group was given the optimal concentration of β-Ecd.Western blot was used to detect the expression of osteogenic and lipogenic proteins in the cells of each group.Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to determine the mRNA expression of osteogenic and lipogenic marker genes.Results:After excluding 9 rabbits that died during the experimental period, 51 rabbits were finally included in the study, with 19 in the control group, 15 in the model group and 17 in the intervention group.Gross observation and Micro-CT showed that compared with that of the control group, the femoral head of the model group was obscure and greyish, with dark red necrotic areas.The bone trabeculae of the model group were sparse, thinned, disordered, and partially fractured, compared with those of the control group.The changes in the femoral head and bone trabeculae of the intervention group were between those of control and model groups.The bone mineral density, the number, thickness and relative volume of bone trabeculae significantly decreased and trabecular separation significantly increased in both model and intervention groups, compared with those in the control group ( F=12.78, 45.52, 32.74, 64.08, 8.83, all P<0.05).However, these symptoms in the intervention group were better than those in the model group.Pathological histology showed that in the control group, bone trabeculae were neatly arranged, robust and full, with a high number of osteoclasts and occasional empty bone sockets.In the model group, bone trabeculae were sparsely arranged and broken, with fewer osteoclasts, and the number of empty bone sockets increased and enlarged.In the intervention group, bone trabeculae had a more complete morphology, with fewer necrotic osteoclasts and reduced empty bone sockets, compared with the model group.Immunohistochemistry results showed that compared with the control group, the model group and intervention group had increased content of fatty acid binding proteins (FABP) and CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins α (CEBP) in the femoral head bone tissue, and decreased content of osteopontin (OPN) and Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) .The changes in each index were greater in the model group than those in the intervention group ( F=21.07, 24.06, 17.92, 21.36, all P<0.05). Western blot detection showed that compared with the control group, the CEBP protein expression content of the femoral head in the model group and the intervention group was increased and the RUNX2 protein expression content was decreased. The changes of CEBP and RUNX2 were greater in the model group than those in the intervention group( F=73.43, 197.87, all P<0.05).Western blot detection of BMSCs showed that compared with the blank control group, the Dexamethasone group and β-Ecd intervention group had decreased expression of OPN and RUNX2 proteins and increased expression of FABP and CEBP proteins ( F=161.61, 358.01, 91.18, 69.04, all P<0.05).The changes in each index in the β-Ecd intervention group were smaller than those in the Dexamethasone group.RT-qPCR detection of BMSCs showed that in the Dexamethasone group had lower expression of OPN and RUNX2 and higher expression of CEBP and FABP than the blank control group ( F=19.71, 45.08, 61.46, 15.12, all P<0.05).The changes in each index in the β-Ecd intervention group were smaller than those in the Dexamethasone group. Conclusions:β-Ecd can attenuate the pathological changes of hormonal femoral head necrosis in young rabbits by promoting osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, inhibiting lipogenic differentiation of BMSCs, and improving bone microstructure.

Body weight abnormalities, including overweight, obesity, and underweight, have become a dual public health challenge in Chinese adults: overweight and obesity lead to a variety of chronic complications, while underweight increases the risks of malnutrition, sarcopenia, and organ dysfunction. To systematically address these issues, multidisciplinary experts in endocrinology, sports science, nutrition, and psychiatry from various regions have held multiple weight management seminars. Based on the latest epidemiological data and clinical evidence, they expanded the guideline to include assessment and intervention strategies for underweight, in addition to the core content of obesity management. This guideline outlines the etiological mechanisms, evaluation methods, and multidimensional management strategies for overweight and obesity, covering key areas such as diagnosis and assessment, medical nutrition therapy, exercise prescription, pharmacological intervention, and psychological support. It is intended to provide a scientific and standardized approach to weight management across the adult population, aiming to curb the rising prevalence of obesity, mitigate complications associated with abnormal body weight, and improve nutritional status and overall quality of life.

Pheochromocytoma is a neuroendocrine tumor that produces catecholamines, leading to elevated blood pressure and metabolic changes in patients. It can result in serious complications affecting the heart, brain, kidneys, and blood vessels, potentially becoming a primary cause of death. Most pheochromocytoma patients present with atypical symptoms, making misdiagnosis or missed diagnosis common. This article reports a case of pheochromocytoma crisis misdiagnosed as severe viral myocarditis and includes a review of the relevant literature.

A novel analytical method was developed in this study by combining online solid phase extraction with ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(Online SPE-UPLC-MS/MS)for simultaneous determination of 50 kinds of steroid hormones in surface water.Specifically,after high-speed centrifugation of 4 mL water samples,the supernatant was directly injected into an Oasis HLB online SPE column for enrichment and purification.Subsequently,the target compounds were transferred to the analytical column via valve switching for separation and analysis.The chromatographic separation was performed on a Thermo Acclaim RSLC C18 column(100 mm×2.1 mm,2.2 μm),using a mobile phase composed of 5 mmol/L ammonium fluoride aqueous solution and acetonitrile.Mass spectrometric detection was conducted in positive ion mode,utilizing multiple reaction monitoring(MRM)with quantification achieved by the internal standard method.The method validation demonstrated that the limits of detection(LOD)for the 50 kinds of steroid hormones ranged from 0.02 to 0.50 ng/L,while the limits of quantification(LOQ)were between 0.08 and 1.67 ng/L.The average recoveries in surface water samples at spiked concentrations of 5,20 and 200 ng/L were between 74.1％and 119％,with relative standard deviations(RSDs)of 0.2％to 9.9％.This method was applied to analyze 11 surface water samples collected from sites surrounding a pharmaceutical and chemical industrial park.A total of 44 kinds of steroid hormones were detected,with concentrations ranging from 0.11 to 88.6 ng/L,revealing the presence of hormone contamination in the environmental waters surrounding industrial areas.Compared with the traditional offline SPE methods,the proposed online SPE technique significantly reduced sample volume requirements and pretreatment time,while minimizing the loss of target compounds during the pretreatment process.Moreover,compared to reported online SPE techniques,this method achieved high-throughput analysis of multiple classes of steroid hormones,with lower detection limits and higher recoveries.Overall,this method provided rapid sample preparation,high sensitivity,and excellent stability,making it suitable for the direct analysis of trace steroid hormones in surface water.