Dental treatments for children and adolescents have unique clinical characteristics that differ from dental care for adults in terms of children's physiology, psychology, and behavior. These differences impose specific requirements on the application of local anesthesia in pediatric dental procedures. This article presents expert consensus on the principles of local anesthesia techniques in pediatric dental therapies, including the use of common anesthetic drugs and dosage control, safety and efficacy evaluation, and prevention and management of complications. The aim is to improve the safety and quality of pediatric dental treatments and offer guidance for clinical application by dentists.
Humans ; Child ; Anesthesia, Local/methods* ; Consensus ; Anesthesia, Dental/methods* ; Adolescent ; Anesthetics, Local/administration & dosage* ; Dental Care for Children

Traumatic dental injuries(TDIs)of teeth occur frequently in children and adolescents.TDIs that impact the periodontal tissues and alveolar tissue can be classified into concussion,subluxation,extrusive luxation,intrusive luxation,lateral luxation,and avulsion.In these TDIs,management of injured soft tissue,mainly periodontal ligament,and dental pulp,is crucial in maintaining the function and longevity of the injured teeth.Factors that need to be considered for management in laxation injuries include the maturation stage of the traumatic teeth,mobility,direction of displacement,distance of displacement,and whether there are alveolar fractures.In avulsion,the maturation stage of the permanent tooth,the out-socket time,storage media/condition of the avulsed tooth,and management of the PDL should also be considered.Especially,in this review,we have subdivided the immature tooth into the adolescent tooth(Nolla stage 9)and the very young tooth(Nolla stage 8 and below).This consensus paper aimed to discuss the impacts of those factors on the trauma management and prognosis of TDI to provide a streamlined guide for clinicians from clinical evaluation,diagnostic process,management plan decision,follow-up,and orthodontic treatment for tooth luxation and avulsion injuries.

Traumatic dental injuries(TDIs)of teeth occur frequently in children and adolescents.TDIs that impact the periodontal tissues and alveolar tissue can be classified into concussion,subluxation,extrusive luxation,intrusive luxation,lateral luxation,and avulsion.In these TDIs,management of injured soft tissue,mainly periodontal ligament,and dental pulp,is crucial in maintaining the function and longevity of the injured teeth.Factors that need to be considered for management in laxation injuries include the maturation stage of the traumatic teeth,mobility,direction of displacement,distance of displacement,and whether there are alveolar fractures.In avulsion,the maturation stage of the permanent tooth,the out-socket time,storage media/condition of the avulsed tooth,and management of the PDL should also be considered.Especially,in this review,we have subdivided the immature tooth into the adolescent tooth(Nolla stage 9)and the very young tooth(Nolla stage 8 and below).This consensus paper aimed to discuss the impacts of those factors on the trauma management and prognosis of TDI to provide a streamlined guide for clinicians from clinical evaluation,diagnostic process,management plan decision,follow-up,and orthodontic treatment for tooth luxation and avulsion injuries.

Early childhood caries (ECC) is a significant chronic disease of childhood and a rising public health burden worldwide. ECC may cause a higher risk of new caries lesions in both primary and permanent dentition, affecting lifelong oral health. The occurrence of ECC has been closely related to the core microbiome change in the oral cavity, which may be influenced by diet habits, oral health management, fluoride use, and dental manipulations. So, it is essential to improve parental oral health and awareness of health care, to establish a dental home at the early stage of childhood, and make an individualized caries management plan. Dental interventions according to the minimally invasive concept should be carried out to treat dental caries. This expert consensus mainly discusses the etiology of ECC, caries-risk assessment of children, prevention and treatment plan of ECC, aiming to achieve lifelong oral health.
Child ; Child, Preschool ; Consensus ; Dental Caries/prevention & control* ; Dental Caries Susceptibility ; Humans ; Oral Health

Objective:To compare the caries experience and the kinds of dental treatment between children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and children without systemic disease who were all treated under general anesthesia.Methods:Totally 103 children with ASD who received dental treatments under general anesthesia in 13 professional dental hospitals around China from April to November 2016 were included in the present study. A group of 97 children without systemic disease, according to the age, gender and application propensity score matching method, were chosen as controls, who received dental treatments under general anesthesia between January 2015 to November 2018 in the same hospitals as the children with ASD. Decay missing filling tooth (DMFT/dmft, DMFT for permanent teeth and dmft for primary teeth) indices of two groups of children and the contents of the dental treatments under general anesthesia were analyzed.Results:No significant difference of DMFT/dmft index ［ M( Q25, Q75)］ was found between children with ASD group ［0 (0, 3)/11(8, 14)］ and control group ［0 (0, 3)/9(7, 13)］ ( P>0.05). The average number of dental treatments under general anesthesia and the average number of endodontic treatment in children with ASD were 13 (11, 15) and 3 (2, 6) teeth respectively, while those in the control group were 12 (9, 14) and 2 (1, 4) teeth respectively, the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.01, P<0.05). Conclusions:No significant difference was found between children with ASD and the normal controls who receive dental treatments under general anesthesia in DMFT/dmft index, but the treatment needs of children with ASD is relatively higher, and their tooth decay is relatively severer.