Zuotai is the most representative prepared product in Tibetan medicine,with functions such as treating diseases,detoxification,nourishing health,and enhancing efficacy.Zuotai and its formulations has become the core medicines for detoxification in Tibetan medical practice.Currently,research on Zuotai mainly focuses on the historical inheritance of processing techniques and exploration of safety,with relatively less research and confirmation on its detoxification effects.This study systematically organized the literature basis for the detoxification efficacy of"Zuotai"by collecting and compiling classical works of Tibetan medicine.It examined the detoxification effects of Zuotai based on the Tibetan medical theories of"Three Stomach Fires","Seven Essences and Three Impurities",and"Ro Nus ZhurJes"combined with the principles of toxic effects on the body and detoxification treatment.Using Tibetan medicinal property analysis methods,the study interpretd the"taste,nature,and efficacy"of Zuotai's processing ingredients and explored the Tibetan medical principles behind Zuotai's detoxification.The five sources of Zuotai are primarily"water"and"earth,"with the six tastes dominated by"sweetness,"and the seventeen efficacies mainly characterized by"heavy,blunt,cool,oily,stable,and soft".These properties counteract the"light,sharp,hot,fine,unstable,and rough"characteristics of toxins,thereby treating diseases caused by toxins,such as"Lung"and"Tripa"disorders,and restoring balance to the"Three Stomach Fires","Seven Essences and Three Impurities",and"Three Humors".Additionally,the raw materials of Zuotai possess intrinsic properties of detoxification,wound healing,and treating brain injuries,achieving the purpose of detoxification.This study preliminarily clarified the efficacy principles of Zuotai's detoxification,providing a theoretical reference for further research on its effectiveness,mechanisms,and clinical applications.

Zuotai is the most representative prepared product in Tibetan medicine,with functions such as treating diseases,detoxification,nourishing health,and enhancing efficacy.Zuotai and its formulations has become the core medicines for detoxification in Tibetan medical practice.Currently,research on Zuotai mainly focuses on the historical inheritance of processing techniques and exploration of safety,with relatively less research and confirmation on its detoxification effects.This study systematically organized the literature basis for the detoxification efficacy of"Zuotai"by collecting and compiling classical works of Tibetan medicine.It examined the detoxification effects of Zuotai based on the Tibetan medical theories of"Three Stomach Fires","Seven Essences and Three Impurities",and"Ro Nus ZhurJes"combined with the principles of toxic effects on the body and detoxification treatment.Using Tibetan medicinal property analysis methods,the study interpretd the"taste,nature,and efficacy"of Zuotai's processing ingredients and explored the Tibetan medical principles behind Zuotai's detoxification.The five sources of Zuotai are primarily"water"and"earth,"with the six tastes dominated by"sweetness,"and the seventeen efficacies mainly characterized by"heavy,blunt,cool,oily,stable,and soft".These properties counteract the"light,sharp,hot,fine,unstable,and rough"characteristics of toxins,thereby treating diseases caused by toxins,such as"Lung"and"Tripa"disorders,and restoring balance to the"Three Stomach Fires","Seven Essences and Three Impurities",and"Three Humors".Additionally,the raw materials of Zuotai possess intrinsic properties of detoxification,wound healing,and treating brain injuries,achieving the purpose of detoxification.This study preliminarily clarified the efficacy principles of Zuotai's detoxification,providing a theoretical reference for further research on its effectiveness,mechanisms,and clinical applications.

INTRODUCTION: Totally implantable venous access devices (TIVADs) or ports are increasingly used in oncology settings to provide long-term, easy venous access. This study reports our experience and results with 1180 cases in Singapore. METHOD: Data from January 2019 to January 2022, obtained from a hospital-approved secure database application called the Research Electronic Data Capture registry, were reviewed and analysed retrospectively. RESULTS: A total of 1180 patients underwent TIVAD implantation with a 100% technical success rate. The mean age of the cohort was 61.9 years. The mean dwell duration was 342 days (standard deviation [SD] 223; range 3-1911). By 1 February 2022, 83% of patients were still using the TIVAD, 13.6 % underwent removal after completion of treatment, 2.1% were removed due to infection, 0.6% due to malfunction, 0.6% due to port extrusion and 0.1% at patient's request. The right internal jugular vein (IJV) was the most commonly accessed site (83.6%), followed by the left IJV (15.6%). The early post-procedure complications were pain (24.7%), bruising (9.2%), swelling (3.6%), bleeding (0.5%), fever (0.4%), itchiness (0.2%) and allergic dermatitis (0.1%). The delayed post-procedure complications were TIVAD site cellulitis (3.80%); discharge (1.10%); skin erosion with device extrusion (0.60%); malpositioned catheter (0.33%), which was successfully repositioned, catheter-related bloodstream infections (0.25%); migration of TIVAD leading to catheter dislodgement (0.25%); venous thrombosis (0.25%); fibrin sheath formation requiring stripping (0.10%) and TIVAD chamber inversion (0.10%). CONCLUSION TIVAD implantation via the jugular vein under radiological guidance provides a safe, reliable and convenient means of long-term venous access in oncology patients. By sharing our experience and acceptable outcomes from a large oncology cohort, we aim to increase the awareness and adoption of TIVAD usage in oncology patients, especially in Asia.
Humans ; Middle Aged ; Male ; Female ; Retrospective Studies ; Singapore/epidemiology* ; Aged ; Catheterization, Central Venous/instrumentation* ; Neoplasms/drug therapy* ; Catheters, Indwelling/adverse effects* ; Adult ; Jugular Veins/diagnostic imaging* ; Aged, 80 and over ; Catheter-Related Infections/epidemiology* ; Central Venous Catheters/adverse effects*