BACKGROUND:Bone microenvironment is also rich in various immune cells and cytokines,which are closely related to bone cells and form an interactive network.Therefore,bone aging is not only caused by the senescence of osteocytes,but also accelerated by age-related changes in the immune system.OBJECTIVE:To review the age-related changes of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,osteoblasts,osteoclasts,and immune cells in the bone microenvironment,emphasize the key role of the immune microenvironment in bone aging,and the potential of immunotherapy in the treatment of bone aging.METHODS:We searched PubMed and China National Knowledge Infrastructure for articles on the interaction between bone cell senescence and immune cell senescence using"osteocytes,bone aging,immune microenvironment,immune cells,cytokines,immunosenescence,immunotherapy"as Chinese and English search terms.According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria,128 articles were finally included in the review.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Bone aging is a common pathological condition in the elderly,characterized by the interaction of multiple biological processes,among which immune factors play a key role.The cells,molecules,and signaling pathways in the immune microenvironment together constitute a complex network,and the imbalance of this network will accelerate the process of bone aging.The combination of anti-cellular aging and immunotherapy may bring new methods for the treatment of bone aging diseases,including the removal of senescent cells,targeted drugs for senescence-related secretory phenotypes,targeted therapy of inflammatory cytokines,immune cell regulation therapy,stem cell therapy,and molecular therapy.To more effectively and reasonably remove senescent cells,a deeper understanding of the mechanism of senescent cells is needed,which will help to identify senescent cells more accurately.Immunotherapy shows great potential and prospects in the treatment of bone aging,but there are some potential risks.It is believed that with the advancement of science and technology,people can more accurately understand the genetic information and immune status of the human body and develop more personalized immunotherapy plans.

BACKGROUND:Bone microenvironment is also rich in various immune cells and cytokines,which are closely related to bone cells and form an interactive network.Therefore,bone aging is not only caused by the senescence of osteocytes,but also accelerated by age-related changes in the immune system.OBJECTIVE:To review the age-related changes of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,osteoblasts,osteoclasts,and immune cells in the bone microenvironment,emphasize the key role of the immune microenvironment in bone aging,and the potential of immunotherapy in the treatment of bone aging.METHODS:We searched PubMed and China National Knowledge Infrastructure for articles on the interaction between bone cell senescence and immune cell senescence using"osteocytes,bone aging,immune microenvironment,immune cells,cytokines,immunosenescence,immunotherapy"as Chinese and English search terms.According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria,128 articles were finally included in the review.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Bone aging is a common pathological condition in the elderly,characterized by the interaction of multiple biological processes,among which immune factors play a key role.The cells,molecules,and signaling pathways in the immune microenvironment together constitute a complex network,and the imbalance of this network will accelerate the process of bone aging.The combination of anti-cellular aging and immunotherapy may bring new methods for the treatment of bone aging diseases,including the removal of senescent cells,targeted drugs for senescence-related secretory phenotypes,targeted therapy of inflammatory cytokines,immune cell regulation therapy,stem cell therapy,and molecular therapy.To more effectively and reasonably remove senescent cells,a deeper understanding of the mechanism of senescent cells is needed,which will help to identify senescent cells more accurately.Immunotherapy shows great potential and prospects in the treatment of bone aging,but there are some potential risks.It is believed that with the advancement of science and technology,people can more accurately understand the genetic information and immune status of the human body and develop more personalized immunotherapy plans.

Objective To explore the impact of irregular shape of head CT hematomas on postoperative re-bleeding and prognosis of patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage(ICH)who undergo craniotomy for hematoma evacuation.Methods We retrospectively enrolled consecutive patients with ICH who underwent craniotomy for hematoma evacuation in the Department of Neurosurgery of the Second People's Hospital of Guiyang Affiliated to Guizhou Medical University from January 2019 to June 2024.Baseline and clinical data were collected form the patients,including age,gender,smoking history,drinking history,hypertension,diabetes,history of anticoagulant use,admission systolic and diastolic blood pressure,admission National Institutes of Health stroke scale(NIHSS)score,Glasgow coma scale(GCS)score,time from onset to the first head CT,neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio(NLR),and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio(PLR).Admission head CT scans were used to assess hematoma shape(regular or irregular),hematoma location(basal ganglia,lobar,multifocal),hematoma volume,perihematomal edema volume,the presence of midline shift,and intraventricular extension.Volume of the hematoma was assessed 2 days after surgery.Postoperative re-bleeding is defined as an increase in the volume of the hematoma by 12.5 ml compared to the previous postoperative CT scan within 2 weeks after surgery,or the reappearance of high-density areas in the focal area of the head CT scan during follow-up after complete hematoma clearance.Conduct patients follow-ups via telephone at 6 months postoperatively to assess their modified Rankin scale(mRS)scores.The sliding dichotomy method was applied to define prognosis based on the patients' baseline characteristics and disease severity.The prognostic score was calculated using formula:10 × admission GCS score-age-0.64 × admission hematoma volume.A prognostic score＞27.672 was considered potentially favorable,while a score ≤ 27.672 was considered potentially unfavorable.For patients with a potentially favorable prognosis,an mRS score of 0-2 was defined as a good outcome,and a score of 3-6 as a poor outcome.For those with a potentially unfavorable prognosis,an mRS score of 0-3 was defined as a good outcome,and a score of 4-6 as a poor outcome.In the comparison of baseline and clinical data between patients with regular and irregular hematoma shapes,factors with P＜0.05 were included in propensity score matching(PSM)to adjust for confounding variables.A 1∶1 matching was performed using the nearest neighbor method with a caliper value set to 0.25.Variables with statistically significant differences between groups after PSM matching were included in the multivariate Logistic regression analysis to identify influencing factors for postoperative re-bleeding and poor prognosis in ICH patients undergoing craniotomy hematoma evacuation.The predictive value of irregular hematoma shape for postoperative rebleeding and poor prognosis in ICH patients was analyzed using receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve analysis.Results(1)A total of 440 ICH patients were enrolled,including 342 males and 98 females,aged from 20 to 84 years with a mean age of(56±12)years.Statistically significant differences were observed in baseline and clinical data between patients with regular and irregular hematoma shapes before PSM,including age,admission GCS score,NIHSS score,NLR,proportion of patients with hematoma rupture into ventricles,preoperative hematoma volume,proportion of patients with midline shift,preoperative volume of hematoma surrounding edema,proportion of patients with hematoma located in multiple sites,and postoperative 2-day hematoma volume(all P＜0.05).After propensity score matching of these factors,298 ICH patients were included in the statistical analysis,comprising 228 males and 70 females,with an age range of 20 to 84 years and a mean age of(57±12)years.Following PSM,no statistically significant differences were observed in the baseline and clinical characteristics between patients with irregular and regular hematoma shapes(all P＞0.05).(2)After propensity score matching,28 patients experienced postoperative re-bleeding while 270 did not.Significant differences were observed between the two groups in the following factors:proportion of patients with a history of anticoagulant use,admission PLR,NLR,irregular hematoma shape,and hematoma volume at 2 days after operation(all P＜0.05).No statistically significant differences were found in the remaining baseline and clinical characteristics(all P＞0.05).Using postoperative re-bleeding as the dependent variable and incorporating factors with P＜0.05 from the univariate analysis as independent variables,multivariate Logistic regression analysis identified irregular hematoma shape(OR,2.821,95％CI 1.142-6.968,P=0.025)and larger hematoma volume at 2 days post-operation(OR,1.062,95％CI 1.026-1.099,P＜0.01)as independent risk factors for re-bleeding following intracranial hematoma evacuation in ICH patients.ROC curve analysis demonstrated that irregular hematoma shape predicted postoperative re-bleeding with an area under the curve(AUC)of 0.62,showing a sensitivity of 71.4％and a specificity of 52.2％.(3)After propensity score matching,174 patients had poor prognosis while 124 had good prognosis.Significant intergroup differences were observed in age,admission GCS score,NIHSS score,irregular hematoma shape,proportion of patients with hematomas located in the basal ganglia and cerebral lobes,and hematoma volume at 2 days post-operation(all P＜0.05).No statistically significant differences were found in the remaining baseline and clinical characteristics(all P＞0.05).Using poor prognosis as the dependent variable and incorporating factors with P＜0.05 from univariate analysis as independent variables,multivariate Logistic regression analysis revealed that advanced age(OR,1.039,95％CI 1.015-1.064,P=0.002),high admission NIHSS score(OR,1.068,95％CI 1.025-1.113,P=0.002),irregular hematoma shape(OR,2.675,95％CI 1.582-4.524,P＜0.01),and larger hematoma volume at 2 days post-operation(OR,1.033,95％CI 1.002-1.064,P=0.038)were independent risk factors for poor prognosis.Conversely,lobar hematoma location(OR,0.192,95％CI 0.073-0.504,P＜0.01)was identified as a protective factor.ROC curve analysis showed that irregular hematoma shape predicted poor prognosis after intracranial hematoma evacuation with an AUC of 0.61,demonstrating a sensitivity of 59.2％and specificity of 62.9％.Conclusion Irregular hematoma shape on head CT is an independent risk factor for both postoperative re-bleeding and poor prognosis in ICH patients undergoing craniotomy for hematoma evacuation.

Objective To explore the impact of irregular shape of head CT hematomas on postoperative re-bleeding and prognosis of patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage(ICH)who undergo craniotomy for hematoma evacuation.Methods We retrospectively enrolled consecutive patients with ICH who underwent craniotomy for hematoma evacuation in the Department of Neurosurgery of the Second People's Hospital of Guiyang Affiliated to Guizhou Medical University from January 2019 to June 2024.Baseline and clinical data were collected form the patients,including age,gender,smoking history,drinking history,hypertension,diabetes,history of anticoagulant use,admission systolic and diastolic blood pressure,admission National Institutes of Health stroke scale(NIHSS)score,Glasgow coma scale(GCS)score,time from onset to the first head CT,neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio(NLR),and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio(PLR).Admission head CT scans were used to assess hematoma shape(regular or irregular),hematoma location(basal ganglia,lobar,multifocal),hematoma volume,perihematomal edema volume,the presence of midline shift,and intraventricular extension.Volume of the hematoma was assessed 2 days after surgery.Postoperative re-bleeding is defined as an increase in the volume of the hematoma by 12.5 ml compared to the previous postoperative CT scan within 2 weeks after surgery,or the reappearance of high-density areas in the focal area of the head CT scan during follow-up after complete hematoma clearance.Conduct patients follow-ups via telephone at 6 months postoperatively to assess their modified Rankin scale(mRS)scores.The sliding dichotomy method was applied to define prognosis based on the patients' baseline characteristics and disease severity.The prognostic score was calculated using formula:10 × admission GCS score-age-0.64 × admission hematoma volume.A prognostic score＞27.672 was considered potentially favorable,while a score ≤ 27.672 was considered potentially unfavorable.For patients with a potentially favorable prognosis,an mRS score of 0-2 was defined as a good outcome,and a score of 3-6 as a poor outcome.For those with a potentially unfavorable prognosis,an mRS score of 0-3 was defined as a good outcome,and a score of 4-6 as a poor outcome.In the comparison of baseline and clinical data between patients with regular and irregular hematoma shapes,factors with P＜0.05 were included in propensity score matching(PSM)to adjust for confounding variables.A 1∶1 matching was performed using the nearest neighbor method with a caliper value set to 0.25.Variables with statistically significant differences between groups after PSM matching were included in the multivariate Logistic regression analysis to identify influencing factors for postoperative re-bleeding and poor prognosis in ICH patients undergoing craniotomy hematoma evacuation.The predictive value of irregular hematoma shape for postoperative rebleeding and poor prognosis in ICH patients was analyzed using receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve analysis.Results(1)A total of 440 ICH patients were enrolled,including 342 males and 98 females,aged from 20 to 84 years with a mean age of(56±12)years.Statistically significant differences were observed in baseline and clinical data between patients with regular and irregular hematoma shapes before PSM,including age,admission GCS score,NIHSS score,NLR,proportion of patients with hematoma rupture into ventricles,preoperative hematoma volume,proportion of patients with midline shift,preoperative volume of hematoma surrounding edema,proportion of patients with hematoma located in multiple sites,and postoperative 2-day hematoma volume(all P＜0.05).After propensity score matching of these factors,298 ICH patients were included in the statistical analysis,comprising 228 males and 70 females,with an age range of 20 to 84 years and a mean age of(57±12)years.Following PSM,no statistically significant differences were observed in the baseline and clinical characteristics between patients with irregular and regular hematoma shapes(all P＞0.05).(2)After propensity score matching,28 patients experienced postoperative re-bleeding while 270 did not.Significant differences were observed between the two groups in the following factors:proportion of patients with a history of anticoagulant use,admission PLR,NLR,irregular hematoma shape,and hematoma volume at 2 days after operation(all P＜0.05).No statistically significant differences were found in the remaining baseline and clinical characteristics(all P＞0.05).Using postoperative re-bleeding as the dependent variable and incorporating factors with P＜0.05 from the univariate analysis as independent variables,multivariate Logistic regression analysis identified irregular hematoma shape(OR,2.821,95％CI 1.142-6.968,P=0.025)and larger hematoma volume at 2 days post-operation(OR,1.062,95％CI 1.026-1.099,P＜0.01)as independent risk factors for re-bleeding following intracranial hematoma evacuation in ICH patients.ROC curve analysis demonstrated that irregular hematoma shape predicted postoperative re-bleeding with an area under the curve(AUC)of 0.62,showing a sensitivity of 71.4％and a specificity of 52.2％.(3)After propensity score matching,174 patients had poor prognosis while 124 had good prognosis.Significant intergroup differences were observed in age,admission GCS score,NIHSS score,irregular hematoma shape,proportion of patients with hematomas located in the basal ganglia and cerebral lobes,and hematoma volume at 2 days post-operation(all P＜0.05).No statistically significant differences were found in the remaining baseline and clinical characteristics(all P＞0.05).Using poor prognosis as the dependent variable and incorporating factors with P＜0.05 from univariate analysis as independent variables,multivariate Logistic regression analysis revealed that advanced age(OR,1.039,95％CI 1.015-1.064,P=0.002),high admission NIHSS score(OR,1.068,95％CI 1.025-1.113,P=0.002),irregular hematoma shape(OR,2.675,95％CI 1.582-4.524,P＜0.01),and larger hematoma volume at 2 days post-operation(OR,1.033,95％CI 1.002-1.064,P=0.038)were independent risk factors for poor prognosis.Conversely,lobar hematoma location(OR,0.192,95％CI 0.073-0.504,P＜0.01)was identified as a protective factor.ROC curve analysis showed that irregular hematoma shape predicted poor prognosis after intracranial hematoma evacuation with an AUC of 0.61,demonstrating a sensitivity of 59.2％and specificity of 62.9％.Conclusion Irregular hematoma shape on head CT is an independent risk factor for both postoperative re-bleeding and poor prognosis in ICH patients undergoing craniotomy for hematoma evacuation.

Objective: : Baculovirus inhibitory of apoptosis repeat-containing 5 (BIRC5) is critically implicated in various types of tumors. However, the specific mechanisms by which it operates in glioma are yet to be fully understood. Methods: : The data sourced from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus were merged and analyzed using the R software to investigate the relationship between BIRC5 expression and prognosis and diagnosis outcomes. This exploration was conducted utilizing various biological information repositories. The correlation between BIRC5 and immunity was obtained based on TIMER and TISIDB databases. Results: : Gliomas displayed a markedly elevated level of BIRC5 expression compared to adjacent tissues. Patients with glioma who exhibit elevated levels of BIRC5 experience poorer prognoses and shorter survival times. Subgroup classification further revealed that heightened expression of BIRC5 led to diminished overall survival. Analysis of logistic regression and COX indicated that expression of BIRC5 serves as a risk factor in glioma development. Functional enrichment pathways showed that the 72 hub genes related to BIRC5 were mainly closely related to nuclear division, spindle, tubulin binding, and cell cycle in glioma patients. BBIRC5 methylation suggested that BIRC5 might influence the immune response regulation and the tumor microenvironment within gliomas. BIRC5 is associated with many chemicals. Additionally, studies conducted using cell experiments and pathological sections have consistently shown that BIRC5 expression is higher in tumor cells compared to normal cells and tissues. Conclusion : BIRC5 holds promise as a valuable tool in the diagnosis, prognosis, and management of gliomas.

Objective: : Baculovirus inhibitory of apoptosis repeat-containing 5 (BIRC5) is critically implicated in various types of tumors. However, the specific mechanisms by which it operates in glioma are yet to be fully understood. Methods: : The data sourced from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus were merged and analyzed using the R software to investigate the relationship between BIRC5 expression and prognosis and diagnosis outcomes. This exploration was conducted utilizing various biological information repositories. The correlation between BIRC5 and immunity was obtained based on TIMER and TISIDB databases. Results: : Gliomas displayed a markedly elevated level of BIRC5 expression compared to adjacent tissues. Patients with glioma who exhibit elevated levels of BIRC5 experience poorer prognoses and shorter survival times. Subgroup classification further revealed that heightened expression of BIRC5 led to diminished overall survival. Analysis of logistic regression and COX indicated that expression of BIRC5 serves as a risk factor in glioma development. Functional enrichment pathways showed that the 72 hub genes related to BIRC5 were mainly closely related to nuclear division, spindle, tubulin binding, and cell cycle in glioma patients. BBIRC5 methylation suggested that BIRC5 might influence the immune response regulation and the tumor microenvironment within gliomas. BIRC5 is associated with many chemicals. Additionally, studies conducted using cell experiments and pathological sections have consistently shown that BIRC5 expression is higher in tumor cells compared to normal cells and tissues. Conclusion : BIRC5 holds promise as a valuable tool in the diagnosis, prognosis, and management of gliomas.

Objective: : Baculovirus inhibitory of apoptosis repeat-containing 5 (BIRC5) is critically implicated in various types of tumors. However, the specific mechanisms by which it operates in glioma are yet to be fully understood. Methods: : The data sourced from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus were merged and analyzed using the R software to investigate the relationship between BIRC5 expression and prognosis and diagnosis outcomes. This exploration was conducted utilizing various biological information repositories. The correlation between BIRC5 and immunity was obtained based on TIMER and TISIDB databases. Results: : Gliomas displayed a markedly elevated level of BIRC5 expression compared to adjacent tissues. Patients with glioma who exhibit elevated levels of BIRC5 experience poorer prognoses and shorter survival times. Subgroup classification further revealed that heightened expression of BIRC5 led to diminished overall survival. Analysis of logistic regression and COX indicated that expression of BIRC5 serves as a risk factor in glioma development. Functional enrichment pathways showed that the 72 hub genes related to BIRC5 were mainly closely related to nuclear division, spindle, tubulin binding, and cell cycle in glioma patients. BBIRC5 methylation suggested that BIRC5 might influence the immune response regulation and the tumor microenvironment within gliomas. BIRC5 is associated with many chemicals. Additionally, studies conducted using cell experiments and pathological sections have consistently shown that BIRC5 expression is higher in tumor cells compared to normal cells and tissues. Conclusion : BIRC5 holds promise as a valuable tool in the diagnosis, prognosis, and management of gliomas.

Objective: : Baculovirus inhibitory of apoptosis repeat-containing 5 (BIRC5) is critically implicated in various types of tumors. However, the specific mechanisms by which it operates in glioma are yet to be fully understood. Methods: : The data sourced from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus were merged and analyzed using the R software to investigate the relationship between BIRC5 expression and prognosis and diagnosis outcomes. This exploration was conducted utilizing various biological information repositories. The correlation between BIRC5 and immunity was obtained based on TIMER and TISIDB databases. Results: : Gliomas displayed a markedly elevated level of BIRC5 expression compared to adjacent tissues. Patients with glioma who exhibit elevated levels of BIRC5 experience poorer prognoses and shorter survival times. Subgroup classification further revealed that heightened expression of BIRC5 led to diminished overall survival. Analysis of logistic regression and COX indicated that expression of BIRC5 serves as a risk factor in glioma development. Functional enrichment pathways showed that the 72 hub genes related to BIRC5 were mainly closely related to nuclear division, spindle, tubulin binding, and cell cycle in glioma patients. BBIRC5 methylation suggested that BIRC5 might influence the immune response regulation and the tumor microenvironment within gliomas. BIRC5 is associated with many chemicals. Additionally, studies conducted using cell experiments and pathological sections have consistently shown that BIRC5 expression is higher in tumor cells compared to normal cells and tissues. Conclusion : BIRC5 holds promise as a valuable tool in the diagnosis, prognosis, and management of gliomas.

Objective To explore the application value and influencing factors of the enhanced recovery surgery(ERAS)concept in perioperative management of patients with recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma(rNPC)undergoing endoscopic treatment.Methods A total of 120 patients diagnosed with rNPC from No-vember 2022 to November 2023 were selected and divided into a routine nursing group and an ERAS group,with 60 cases in each group.The routine nursing group received perioperative care according to the hospital's routine procedures,while the ERAS group received perioperative management according to ERAS.Video per-spective swallowing function test(VFSS),Wada drinking water test(WST),and functional assessment of cancer therapy-head and neck(FACT-H&N)were used to evaluate the swallowing movement,swallowing difficulties,and quality of life of patients with head and neck tumors.Visual analog scale(VAS)was used to assess pain levels and record patient hospitalization and bed rest time.The importance of ERAS management was verify in the prognosis and rehabilitation process of this type of patient using generalized estimation equa-tions(GEE)and random forest algorithm(RF).Results ERAS group had significantly better oral transport time,swallowing function initiation time,and time interval through the cricopharyngeal muscle in VFSS com-pared to the conventional nursing group,with statistical significance(P＜0.05).The WST score of the ERAS group was lower than that of the conventional nursing group,and the difference was statistically significant(P＜0.05).Three months after surgery,except social/family and emotional conditions,the FACT-H&N scores of both groups of patients decreased significantly compared to preoperative levels,and the physiological condition score,core scale total score,head and neck module score,and scale total score of the ERAS group were higher than those of the conventional nursing group(P＜0.05).Six months after surgery,the total scores of the core scale,head and neck module,and scale in the ERAS group were significantly higher than those in the conventional nursing group(P＜0.05).The hospitalization time and bed rest time of the ERAS group were significantly shorter than those of the conventional nursing group,and the VAS score was signifi-cantly lower than that of the conventional nursing group,with statistical significance(P＜0.05).The GEE and RF validation results showed that the hospitalization time(OR=1.242,95％CI:1.175-1.762),total score of the scale(OR=0.899,95％CI:0.323-0.994),orofacial transit time(OR=1.113,95％CI:1.013-1.503),onset time of swallowing function(OR=1.365,95％CI:1.278-1.945),and WST score(OR=1.326,95％CI:1.023-1.965)were the five items with the best improvement effect in the ERAS group.Con-clusion ERAS management can effectively improve the prognosis and quality of life of rNPC patients after endoscopic surgery.

The anti-inflammatory phytochemical investigation of the leaves of Illicium dunnianum (I. dunnianum) resulted in the isolation of five pairs of new lignans (1-5), and 7 known analogs (6-12). The separation of enantiomer mixtures 1-5 to 1a/1b-5a/5b was achieved using a chiral column with acetonitrile-water mixtures as eluents. The planar structures of 1-2 were previously undescribed, and the chiral separation and absolute configurations of 3-5 were reported for the first time. Their structures were determined through comprehensive spectroscopic data analysis [nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), high-resolution electrospray ionization mass (HR-ESI-MS), infrared (IR), and ultraviolet (UV)] and quantum chemistry calculations (ECD). The new isolates were evaluated by measuring their inhibitory effect on NO in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV-2 cells. Compounds 1a, 3a, 3b, and 5a demonstrated partial inhibition of NO production in a concentration-dependent manner. Western blot and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays revealed that 1a down-regulated the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), COX-2, and iNOS and the protein expressions of COX-2 and iNOS. This research provides guidance and evidence for the further development and utilization of I. dunnianum.
Lignans/isolation & purification* ; Plant Leaves/chemistry* ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents/isolation & purification* ; Mice ; Animals ; Molecular Structure ; Plant Extracts/pharmacology* ; Illicium/chemistry* ; Cyclooxygenase 2/immunology* ; Interleukin-6/immunology* ; Nitric Oxide/metabolism* ; Cell Line ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology* ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/immunology* ; Lipopolysaccharides