Objective:To establish a method for the identification of Qianghuo (Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix) dispensing granules with PCR for the identification of dispensing granules.Methods:The collected samples were identified by DNA bar code, and the methods of extracting genomic DNA from Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix, Qianghuo standard decoction and dispensing granules were established. Specific differential primers were designed based on ITS2 sequence, and the PCR amplification system and reaction conditions were optimized.Results:The PCR amplification system and reaction conditions were determined. The target bands of about 216 bp were obtained by amplification of Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix, Qianghuo standard decoction and dispensing granules, and there was no interference from counterfeit products and blank.Conclusions:The specific PCR identification method of Qianghuo (Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix) dispensing granules is established, which has good specificity. The detection limit of Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix is 0.91 ng, and the detection limit of dispensing granules is 7.36 ng, which also provides a reference for the identification of other kinds of TCM dispensing granules.

Objective:To establish a polymerase chain reaction(PCR)method to accurately discriminate the crude materials and aqueous extract of Zaocys dhumnades,Elaphe carinata,Elaphe meollendorff and Ptyas korros.Methods:Specific primers were designed using mitochondrial Cytb gene(CO1)as a target gene,and annealing temperature,number of cycles and the type of DNA polymerases were optimized.The mixed samples were detected by this method.Results:By this multiplex allele-specific PCR identification method,135,182,246 and 197 bp of specific fragments were amplified from DNA templates of Zaocys dhumnades,Elaphe carinata,Elaphe meollendorffi and Ptyas korros,respectively,following the conditions:cycle number of 35,annealing temperature of 62 ℃.The adulterants and the blank control showed no bands.The method could simultaneously and accurately identify the snake-derived components in the mixed samples.Conclusion:The method can be used to identify the samples of Zaocys dhumnades,Elaphe carinata,Elaphe meollendorffi and Ptyas korros simultaneously,accurately and rapidly,and is suitable for the identification of standard decoctiond and formula granules samples.

Objective To analyze the anatomical characteristics of the upper airway in Pierre Robin sequence pediatric patients with difficult laryngoscopy using the computed tomography-based three-dimensional reconstruction.Methods Fifty pediatric patients of both sexes with Pierre Robin sequence,aged 10-101 days,weighing 2.0-6.3 kg,of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅲ,scheduled for elective mandibular distraction osteogenesis under general anesthesia,were enrolled in this study.Cone beam CT scan was performed to obtain upper airway anatomy information during the natural sleep before operation.Images were imported into medical engineering software MIMICS 17.0 to reconstruct the three-dimensional images of the oral and maxillofacial bones and airways.The related anatomical parameters were measured,including the distance between the alveolar ridge of the upper central incisor and root of the epiglottis (D1),distance between the root of the epiglottis and midpoint of glottis (D2),distance between the bilateral lower edge of the mandible and midpoint of glottis (D3),distance between the alveolar ridge of the lower central incisor and the lower edge of the mandible (D4),length of the mandibular ramus (D5),length of the mandible body (D6),and length of the total mandible (D7),angle between lines D1 and D2 (angle 1),the angle between line D2 and the alveolar ridge of the upper central incisor to the midpoint of glottis (angle 2),the angle between lines D3 and D4 (angle 3),the angle of the point of the upper central incisor alveolar ridge to the trailing edge of the hard palate and then to the root of epiglottis (angle 4),the angle of bilateral mandible (angle 5),the angle of the point of gnathion to the two gonions (angle 6),the airway cross-sectional area at the tip of epiglottis,volume of oral cavity,volume of velopharyngeal cavity,and volume of glossopharyngeal cavity.Fiberoptic bronchoscope-guided endotracheal intubation was performed under topical anesthesia with lidocaine.Propofol,sufentanil and cis-atracurium were intravenously injected to induce anesthesia after successful intubation,and then the pediatric patients were sent to the operating room.Anesthesia was maintained by inhalation of sevoflurane.The exposure of glottis was observed with a laryngoscope.Pediatric patients were divided into difficult laryngoscopy group (group A) and non-difficult laryngoscopy group (group B) according to whether they presented with difficult laryngoscopy (Cormack-Lehane classification Ⅲ or Ⅳ).Results Compared with group B,the airway cross-sectional area at the tip of epiglottis and in the volume of velopharyngeal cavity were decreased (P＜0.05),and no significant change was found in D1,D2,D3,D4,D5,D6,D7,angle 1,angle 2,angle 3,angle 4,angle 5,angle 6,volume of oral cavity or volume of glossopharyngeal cavity in group A (P＞0.05).Conclusion The three-dimensional CT images of the upper airway show characteristic changes in Pierre Robin sequence pediatric patients with difficult laryngoscopy,and the main manifestations are the decrease in the airway section area and in the volume of the palatopharyngeal cavity at the tip of the epiglottis.