Objective: To explore the early effects of birth weight at different gestational ages on blood pressure trajectory among primary school students, so as to provide evidence for incorporating gestational age birth weight into individualized early warning and intervention strategies for childhood hypertension. Methods: From May to November 2023, a purposeful sampling method was used to recruit 1 676 students in grade 1-3 from three primary schools in a certain urban district of Chongqing. Follow up assessments were conducted in May 2024(T1), November 2024(T2), and May 2025(T3). General demographic and birth related information were collected via self administered questionnaires, while height, weight and blood pressure were obtained through physical examinations. Linear mixed effects model was used to analyze the associations between birth weight at different gestational ages and blood pressure trajectories. Results: During the T1-T3 period, the systolic blood pressure of boys were 98.5 (93.0, 104.5 ),98.5 (93.5, 105.0), and 97.5 (92.5, 103.5)mmHg, respectively, while the diastolic blood pressure were 60.5 (56.5, 65.0), 61.5 ( 57.0 , 65.5), and 60.0 (56.0, 64.0)mmHg, respectively. For girls, the systolic blood pressure were 95.5 (90.0, 102.0),95.5 (90.5, 101.5), and 96.0 (90.5, 101.5)mmHg, respectively, and the diastolic blood pressure were 60.5 (56.0, 64.5 ),61.5 (57.5, 65.5), and 59.5 (56.0, 63.0)mmHg, respectively. Through Friedman test within both boys and girls, diostolic blood pressure were statistically significant across three measurements( χ 2=48.85，81.54，both P <0.01). The proportion of normal blood pressure increased , and the proportion of prehypertension and hypertension decreased with time( χ 2=39.72，25.62，both P < 0.01 ). Linear mixed effects model analysis revealed that after adjusting for age, sex, household income monthly, parental education, family history of hypertension and maternal pregnancy complications, large for gestational age had significantly higher trajectories of systolic ( β = 1.50) and diastolic( β =0.94) blood pressure compared to appropriate for gestational age(both P <0.01). Conclusion Large for gestational age is associated with elevated blood pressure trajectories during school age, and it may be considered as an early indicator for individualized screening and intervention for childhood hypertension.

Over the past few decades, tumor immunotherapy has revolutionized the landscape of cancer clinical treatment. There is a flourishing development of combination strategies to improve the anti-tumor efficacy of mono-immunotherapy. However, instead of a straightforward combination of multiple therapeutics, it is more preferable to pursue a synergistic effect by designing rational combinations as well as administration strategies, which are based on a comprehensive understanding of the physiological and pathological features. In this case, the timing and spatial distribution of the combination drugs become essential factors in achieving improved therapeutic outcomes. Therefore, the concept of Sequential Drug Delivery System (SDDS) is proposed to define the spatiotemporally programmed drug delivery/release through triggers of internal conditions and/or external interventions, thus complying with the dynamic disease evolution and the human immunity. This review summarizes the recent advancements in biomaterial-based SDDSs used for spatiotemporally-tuned combination tumor immunotherapy. Furthermore, the rationales behind various engineering strategies are discussed. Finally, an overview of potential synergistic mechanisms as well as their prospects for combination immunotherapy is presented.

Objective:To explore the risk factors of severe medication errors (ME) of tranexamic acid injection (TXAI), and put forward prevention suggestions.Methods:TXAI-related ME reports in the National Monitoring Network for Clinical Safe Medication (Monitoring Network) and medical literature databases at home and abroad were searched, and case reports of TXAI-related ME were collected; China Judgements Online and PKULAW database were searched, and TXAI-related judicial cases judged to be responsible by the hospital were collected. The retrieval time of all data was up to May 1, 2024. The severity grade, occurrence link and place, and the trigger person of TXAI-related ME reported in the Monitoring Network were retrospectively analyzed. The year of report, country of occurrence, clinical application, error content, and occurrence place of the collected severe ME cases, and the clinical characteristics of patient injury, patient outcome and the ME grading were retrospectively analyzed.Results:From September 22, 2012 to May 1, 2024, the Monitoring Network received a total of 138 TXAI-related ME reports, and there was an increasing trend in the number of reports year by year. Among 138 cases of ME, 79 (57.3%) occurred in the drug dispensing and distribution link; 58 (42.0%) occurred in the prescription/doctor's order prescribing and delivery link and mainly involved easily mixed drugs and drug overdose, of which 1 (1.7%) was a severe ME (grade E); 1 (0.7%) occurred in the drug administration link, and iodohexol was mistakenly injected as TXAI into the patient's joint cavity. A total of 29 severe ME reports related to TXAI were collected. Of them, 24 (82.8%) were due to incorrect administration routes (22 were confused with anesthetics and 2 were confused with injection catheters, all resulting in incorrect intrathecal injections) and 5 (17.2%) were due to prescription errors (3 were overdosed, 1 was used for high-risk thrombosis patient, and 1 was treated with combination use of hemocoagulase for high-risk thrombosis patient); 23 (79.3%) occurred in the operating rooms, and 6 (20.7%) occurred in the wards. The 24 patients involved in incorrect intrathecal injections of TXAI mainly developed severe pain, neurotoxicity (status epilepticus) and/or cardiotoxicity (arrhythmia and ventricular fibrillation), of which 11 (45.8%) died and 2 (8.3%) had sequelae of limb muscle weakness. Among the 5 patients with prescription errors, 4 developed severe thrombotic disease, resulting in 2 deaths and 2 cerebrovascular-related sequelae, and the other one developed palpitation, shortness of breath, nausea and vomiting. Among the 29 severe ME cases, 2 (6.9%) were grade E, 3 (10.3%) were grade F, 4 (13.8%) were grade G, 7 (24.2%) were grade H, and 13 (44.8%) were grade I.Conclusions:TXAI-related ME mainly involved easily mixed drugs and prescription errors. The severe ME main occurred in the operating room and mainly due to incorrect intrathecal injection, leading to fatal neurological and cardiac toxicity in patients.

Objective:To understand the characteristics of faculty in high-level public health schools in China, and analyze the differences in age, area and school level.Methods:Based on the internet information, the faculty information of 18 high-level public health schools was collected for a descriptive analysis on faculty characteristics.Results:There were 1 642 faculty members in the schools of public health in China, in whom 51.8% were women, 92.8% had doctorate, 32.4% had postdoctoral experience and 56.8% were former students staying to teach. The average age of the faculty members was (45.6±9.8) years. Meanwhile the top three study subjects were epidemiology and health statistics (31.0%), occupational health and environmental sanitation (16.5%), and health toxicology (16.3%). In the faculty members aged >40 years, 90.2% had doctorate, 62.6% were former students staying to teach, and 24.7% had no educational background of public health. The proportions of faculty members aged ≤40 years in the three groups mentioned above were 98.2%, 45.8% and 39.1% respectively. In terms of study subject, big data study were mainly conducted in the schools with top subject ranking and the schools in developed areas.Conclusions:The public health faculty was characterized by cross education background and high capability. The study subjects and sub-disciplines varied with schools and areas.

Objective:To comprehensively evaluate the application of Common Data Model (CDM) of Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership (OMOP) in China, and provide reference for the implementation of data standardization and evidence sharing in China.Methods:PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CNKI, VIP, WanFang and SinoMed databases were used for literature retrieval to collect the research papers of OMOP CDM application for data standardization in China until March 15, 2023. The information about institutions, types and numbers of patients were extracted.Results:A total of 14 research papers, including 9 in English and 5 in Chinese, were selected. The research papers published since 2018 were collected, which focused on patients with hypertension, diabetes, and depression. A total of 12 institutions or platforms transformed data into OMOP CDM. Jiangsu Provincial People's Hospital was the first one to apply the CDM and demonstrated its feasibility in China. Additionally, the regional information system in Yinzhou District of Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, standardized the multi-dimensional data of patients with diabetes and hypertension. Based on this platform, a series of prediction models for complications in patients with diabetes were constructed. Another major database in Beijing Anding Hospital applied OMOP CDM to analyze the characteristics of patients with late-life depression and dementia.Conclusions:This study analyzed the application of OMOP CDM in China. Through in-depth analysis of specific cases, the study provided guidance for the future cross-regional evidence sharing and collaboration.

Objective:To analyze the current management status of real-world studies (RWS) in the medical institutions in China and suggest improvement focus for the management optimization.Methods:Surveys were conducted in 81 medical institutions nationwide. Convenience sampling was used to recruit survey subjects, and data were collected through self-administered questionnaires, followed by statistical analysis using descriptive methods.Results:The survey results indicated that 92.6% (75/81) of the medical institutions surveyed had undertaken RWS projects, with electronic medical records being the primary data source (89.3%, 67/75). Retrospective and prospective observational studies were the main types of study designs. Additionally, 96.3% (78/81) of the research subjects indicated that their medical institution expressed willingness to participate in or undertake RWS projects in the future. In terms of management, all types of RWS projects were managed by clinical trial center (24.0, 18/75), but differences existed in the management practices among medical institutions. Moreover, the challenges in data quality and standardization, study design and staff training, data and privacy protection and information technology support appeared in the management of RWS projects.Conclusions:It suggests to optimize the management processes of RWS projects in medical institutions and improve relevant laws and regulations to promote the development of RWS in China.

In the past decade, real-world data (RWD) research has undergone significant transformations due to data aggregation and processing technologies. However, there is still a lack of consensus regarding the scope of RWD applications and the value of real-world evidence (RWE). This study briefly outlined the origins of the concept of RWD study and its early research scope to promote further development in this area. We also reviewed the understanding of RWD applications and research models from the five perspectives of healthcare professionals, medical institutions, decision-making departments, cross-regional cooperation model, and the practice of the One-Health model. Finally, we systematically summarized the renewed understanding of the value of RWE while looking ahead to the challenges and future developments in this field.

Objective:To construct a recommended list of high-alert medication (HAM) based on big data from medication error (ME) reports in China, providing reference for preventing and reducing HAM-related risks.Methods:The drugs involved in the serious ME reports of the National Monitoring Network for Clinical Safe Medication (Monitoring Network) were collected (as of December 31, 2023), and the candidate drugs were preliminarily determined referring to the HAM list of China 2023 (Chinese list) and the latest three lists of American Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP). Candidate drugs that were included in both the Chinese list and ISMP lists, as well as those existed in the Chinese list but had never been included in the ISMP lists were included in the current list, and their risk levels followed the original risks in the Chinese list. Candidate drugs that existed in the Chinese list but had been excluded from the ISMP lists, and those existed in the ISMP lists but had not been included in the Chinese list were listed as suspected drugs. For the other candidate drugs, those did not meet the definition of HAM were excluded firstly, and those related to ME that had caused serious harm were listed as suspected drugs, according to the judicial cases on ME of China Judgements Online and PKULAW database. Two methods, including Delphi expert consultation and questionnaire survey, were used to determine whether the above suspected drugs were included in the HAM list and their risk levels.Results:A total of 138 drugs were obtained through the initial screening, 106 of which were directly included in the current list, and 32 of which were listed as drugs requiring further assessment. After 2 rounds of Delphi expert consultation by 18 experts and surveys with 136 valid questionnaires, 32 suspected drugs did not meet the inclusion criteria. Finally, a total of 106 drugs were included in the current list, including 51 A-class drugs in 9 categories, 33 B-class drugs in 9 categories, and 22 C-class drugs in 5 categories.Conclusion:Based on the big data of the ME reports in China, a HAM list is constructed, which is accurate and concise and better fits the actual clinical drug risks in China, helping to improve the drug safety management.

Objective:To explore the causes of medication errors (ME) associated with deslanoside injection and put forward targeted preventive recommendations.Methods:ME reports related to deslanoside injection in the National Monitoring Network for Clinical Safe Medication (Monitoring Network) as of August 31, 2024 were collected, and sever ME cases of deslanoside injection were also collected though searching medical literature databases at home and abroad, China Judgements Online, and PKULAW database at the same period. The level of severity, occurrence link, error content, occurrence place, trigger personnel and patient outcomes of the MEs were retrospectively analyzed.Results:The Monitoring Network received a total of 41 ME reports of deslanoside injection from September 2012 to August 2024, and the number of reports showed an upward trend year by year. These MEs were classified as grade A in 1 case (2.4%), grade B in 18 cases (43.9%), grade C in 17 cases (41.5%), grade D in 4 cases (9.8%), and grade F in 1 case (2.4%). There were 63.4% (26/41) of MEs occurring in the prescription/doctor′s order prescribing and delivery links, mainly caused by physicians, and the common error contents included solvent errors, medication under contraindications, and having drug-drug interactions. In addition, 26.8% (11/41) of MEs occurred in the drug dispensing and distribution link, and 9.8% (4/41) occurred in the administration and monitoring links. A total of 4 severe MEs of deslanoside injection were collected from the Monitoring Network, medical literature and judicial cases, all of which occurred in the prescription/doctor′s order prescribing and delivery links. Among the 4 severe MEs, 2 ME cases of grade I occurred due to incorrect usage and dosage, resulting in patient death; 1 ME case of grade F was caused by interaction with traditional Chinese medicine, resulting in digitalis poisoning, and another case of grade F was that deslanoside injection was administered to a patient with digitalis poisoning (medication under contraindications).Conclusions:MEs of deslanoside injection often occurs in the prescription/doctor′s order prescribing and delivery links, mainly because of insufficient knowledge of doctors to the drug instructions. It is suggested to strengthen learning and training of medical staff centered around drug instructions, and improve the system interception and process management, so as to improve the medication safety.

Standardized research reporting is crucial for the translation of pharmacoepidemiology research findings,and visual reporting can significantly enhance the clarity,understandability,and transparency of research results.Based on the Guide on Methodological Standards in Pharmacoepidemiology(2nd edition),this article systematically explains the key points for writing each component of a research report(including title,abstract,introduction,research methods,research results,discussion and conclusions,acknowledgments,conflict of interest statement,and references).This article also summarizes recognized international and domestic standards for pharmacoepidemiology research reporting,providing a reference for researchers.Furthermore,real-world cases will be used to demonstrate common forms of visualized reports and their interpretation methods.Finally,it further explores strategies for communicating research results.This study aims to provide pharmacoepidemiology researchers with detailed guidance on visually presenting research results and writing high-quality research reports,thereby enhancing the integrity and impact of their research.