Alveolar bone,the protruding portion of the maxilla and the mandible that surrounds the roots of teeth,plays an important role in tooth development,eruption,and masticatory performance.In oral inflammatory diseases,including apical periodontitis,periodontitis,and peri-implantitis,alveolar bone defects cause the loosening or loss of teeth,impair the masticatory function,and endanger the physical and mental health of patients.However,alveolar bone restoration is confronted with great clinical challenges due to the the complicated effect of the biological,mechanical,and chemical factors in the oral microenvironment.An in-depth understanding of the underlying molecular regulatory mechanisms will contribute to the exploration of new targets for alveolar bone restoration.Recent studies have shown that Notch,Wnt,Toll-like receptor(TLR),and nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB)signaling pathways regulate the proliferation,differentiation,apoptosis,and autophagy of osteoclasts,osteoblasts,osteocytes,periodontal ligament cells,macrophages,and adaptive immune cells,modulate the expression of inflammatory mediators,affect the balance of the receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB ligand/receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB/osteoprotegerin(RANKL/RANK/OPG)system,and ultimately participate in alveolar bone restoration.Additionally,alveolar bone restoration involves AMP-activated protein kinase(AMPK),phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B(PI3K/AKT),Hippo/YAP,Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription(JAK/STAT),and transforming growth factor β(TGF-β)signaling pathways.However,current studies have failed to construct mature molecular regulatory networks for alveolar bone restoration.There is an urgent need for further research on the molecular regulatory mechanisms of alveolar bone restoration by using new technologies such as single-cell transcriptome sequencing and spatial transcriptome sequencing.

Lipid droplets are dynamic multifunctional organelles composed of a neutral lipid core and a phospholipid monolayer membrane modified by a specific set of proteins.PAT family proteins are the most characteristic lipid droplet proteins,playing an important role in regulating lipid droplet structure,function,and metabolism.The biogenesis of lipid droplets involves neutral lipid synthesis and the nucleation,budding,and growth of the lipid droplets.Lipid droplets not only serve as the energy metabolism reserve of cells but also participate in intracellular signal transduction and the development of inflammation and tumor.Lipid droplets are closely connected to and interact with various organelles,regulating the division,the transportation,and the genetics of organelles.The complexity of lipid droplets biogenesis and the diversity of their functions may have provided a physiological basis for the pathogenesis and development of diseases,but further research is needed in order to better understand the relevant processes.Published findings have helped elucidate the association between lipid droplets and diseases,such as obesity,non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,neurodegenerative disease,cancer,and cardiovascular disease,but the relationship between lipid droplets and oral diseases has not been fully studied.Topics that warrant further research include the role and mechanisms of lipid droplets in the pathogenesis and development of oral diseases,the relationship between oral diseases and systemic diseases,and translation of the effect of lipid droplets on oral diseases into valuable clinical diagnostic and treatment methods.Herein,we reviewed the biogenesis and functions of lipid droplets and the progress in research concerning lipid droplets in oral diseases,including mouth neoplasms,periodontitis,and dental caries.

To express Pleurocidin in Escherichia coli and to enhance the secretory efficiency of the fusion protein, the gene encoding Pleurocidin was ligated with Cherry DNA sequence via blunt-end ligation. Then this fusion gene was cloned into pET22b (+) vector and the recombinant plasmid was transformed into E. coli BL21 (DE3). Lactose was used to induce expression of fusion protein. The recombinant plasmid pET22b (+) -CP was successfully constructed and high-level expression of fusion protein was induced with lactose. Statistics showed that addition of glycine after 16 h of induction significantly enhanced the secretory efficiency of the fusion protein. After hydrolysis of the fusion protein by diluted hydrochloric acid and some further purification steps, r-Pleurocidin was obtained with antibacterial activity against E. coli DH5α and Bacillus subtilis BS168. In conclusion, the fusion protein was expressed in E. coli and biologically active r-Pleurocidin was obtained after hydrochloric acid cleavage and purification.
Animals ; Cloning, Molecular ; Escherichia coli ; metabolism ; Fish Proteins ; biosynthesis ; Flounder ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins ; biosynthesis

Objective: To evaluate the cytotoxicity of nano-hydroxyapatite. Methods: Mouse lung fibroblast L-929 and primary cultured human periodontal ligament fibroblast-like cells (PDLF) were cultured in the medium of extraction of nano-hydroxyapatite or commerce hydroxyapatite at 100%,50%,10% and 0% (control) respectively.Cell growth was tested by MTT assay and the cell relative growth rate (RGR) was calculated.The cytotoxicity was graded by generally accepted standard.Results: RGR of both cell lines cultured in nano-hydroxyapatite extraction was higher than that in control HA. In 7-day culture the cytotoxicity grade of HA was 1 in 100% of HA extraction medium and 0 in 100% of nano-hydroxyapatite extraction,or in 50% and 10% of nano-hydroxyapatite or control HA extraction medium.Primarily cultured PDLF showed lower RGR than L-929 under the same condition. Conclusion: Nano-HA do not have cytotoxic effect.