Pain is one of the common non-motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson disease and is characterized by early onset， a high incidence rate， and diverse types of discomfort， which seriously affects the quality of life of patients. Based on the related concepts of pain in Parkinson disease and the current status of research in China， this article reviews the commonly used non-pharmaceutical interventions for alleviating pain in patients and their mechanisms， in order to provide a basis for developing pain management regimens.
Parkinson Disease ; Pain

Background: From the perspective of traditional medicine, researchers believe that the individual’s innate quality has a reciprocal effect on the physiological level. The study of body-specific quality differences is important for improving disease risk prediction, diagnosis, and treatment approaches. Therefore, explaining the features of traditional medicine with some physiological parameters and establishing the relationship between them is clinically significant and important for predicting disease risk and developing individualized treatment methods, which is the basis of this research. Aim: To establish the correlation between an individual’s innate unique constitution and specific biochemical indicators. Materials and Methods: The innate unique constitution of individuals was determined using electronic data, and the relationships between their characteristics and levels of uric acid, creatinine, urea, and glucose in the blood were analyzed. Results: A total of 102 participants were included in the study. Among them, the Shar-Khi constitution was the most prevalent, with 28 cases (27.45%), while the Khi-Badgan constitution was the least common, with 13 cases (12.75%). Individuals with the Khi-Shar constitution exhibited the highest urea level at 4.47 ммоль/л, whereas those with the Badgan-Shar constitution had the lowest at 4.15 ммоль/л. The uric acid level was highest in individuals with the Shar-Khi constitution at 316.15 µmol/L and lowest in those with the Badgan-Shar constitution at 261.36 µmol/L (p<0.001). Furthermore, individuals with the Badgan-Khi constitution had the highest creatinine level at 73.51 µmol/L, while those with the Badgan-Shar constitution had the lowest at 63.97 µmol/L (p<0.001). The blood glucose level was highest in individuals with the Khi-Badgan constitution at 4.59 ммоль/л and lowest in those with the Khi-Shar constitution at 4.21 ммоль/л. Kidney function indicators, particularly creatinine, significantly correlated with blood glucose levels (r=0.67, p<0.01). Higher uric acid and creatinine levels were associated with elevated blood glucose levels. These findings suggest that variations in urea, uric acid, and creatinine levels among different unique constitutions could be utilized to predict the risk of kidney disease or diabetes. Conclusion Depending on the individual characteristics of traditional medicine, kidney and blood sugar parameters are different and related to each other, and can assess the state of diabetes and kidney disease. Determining the inherent characteristics of an individual is considered important for improving the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diabetes and kidney disease.

Objective To investigate the expression of blood basophil activation markers in patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) and the effects of allergens on their expression. Methods The blood samples were collected from the following four groups: healthy control (HC), AR patients with negative skin prick test (nAR), seasonal AR patients (sAR) and perennial AR patients (pAR). Flow cytometry was employed to analyze the expression of basophil activation markers Immunoglobulin E receptor I alpha(FcepsilonRIα), CD63 and CD203c in AR patients. Plasma levels of interleukin 4 (IL-4) and IL-8 were measured by liquid-phase chip technology, and their correlations with the percentages of activated basophils were further analyzed. An ovalbumin-induced AR mouse model was established, and the expression levels of FcepsilonRIα and CD63 on blood basophils were detected. Results The expression of FcepsilonRIα, CD203c and CD63 on basophils were increased in nAR, sAR and pAR patients. Allergens enhanced the mean florescence intensity expression of CD63 and CD203c on basophils of sAR and pAR patients. The plasma levels of IL-4 and IL-8 were elevated in nAR, sAR and pAR patients, showing moderate to high correlations with the expression levels of basophil activation markers. The FcepsilonRIαand CD63 expression on basophils of AR mice were increased. Conclusion Allergens may contribute to AR pathogenesis by upregulating the expression of FcepsilonRIα, CD63 and CD203c, as well as promoting the secretion of IL-4 and IL-8.
Basophils/metabolism* ; Humans ; Allergens/immunology* ; Animals ; Rhinitis, Allergic/blood* ; Female ; Male ; Adult ; Mice ; Biomarkers/blood* ; Tetraspanin 30/blood* ; Interleukin-4/blood* ; Interleukin-8/blood* ; Receptors, IgE/blood* ; Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases ; Young Adult ; Pyrophosphatases ; Middle Aged ; Mice, Inbred BALB C

Intervention in chronically activated microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is a novel approach to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD). The low permeability of the blood‒brain barrier (BBB) and non-selective distribution in the brain severely restrict AD drugs' disease-modifying efficacy. Here, an immunosuppressant TREM2-lowing antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) and resveratrol co-loaded cationic liposome is developed as an immune reprogramming nanomodulator modified by acid-cleavable BBB-targeting peptide and microglia-targeting peptide (Res@TcMNP/ASO) for AD management. Res@TcMNP/ASO can enter brain endothelial cells via D-T7 peptides. Then D-T7 undergoes an acid-responsive cleavage, facilitating the escape of Res@MNP/ASO from endo/lysosomes to cross the BBB. The detached Res@MNP/ASO specifically targets M1-phenotype microglia via exposed MG1 peptides to prompt the simultaneous delivery of two drugs into activated microglia. This nanomodulator can not only restore the immune function of microglia through TREM2-lowing ASO but also mitigate the immune stimulation to microglia caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) through resveratrol, thereby synergistically inhibiting the chronic activation of microglia to alleviate neuroinflammation in AD. Our results indicate that this combination treatment can achieve significant behavioral and cognitive improvements in late APP/PS1 mice.

Non-tuberculosis mycobacterium (NTM) refers to a general term for a large group of mycobacteria, excluding the mycobacterium tuberculosis and mycobacterium leprae, which is an opportunistic pathogen. NTM pulmonary disease and pulmonary tuberculosis have very similar clinical and imaging manifestations. Ordinary sputum tests can not distinguish between mycobacterium tuberculosis and NTM accurately, and it needs to be differentiated through detection methods such as mycobacterium culture medium, high-performance liquid chromatography, and molecular biology. During the diagnosis of occupational pneumoconiosis, a sandblasting and polishing worker's lung CT showed dynamic changes in infiltrating shadows and cavities in the right lung. A sputum drug sensitivity test showed NTM infection, but the patient refused treatment. After 20 months, the CT examination of the lung showed further enlargement of infiltrating shadows and cavities, and NTM bacterial identification showed intracellular mycobacterial infection. Amikacin, moxifloxacin, azithromycin, and ethambutol combined antibacterial treatment were given. Currently, the patient is still under treatment.

This paper summarized the game mechanism, application status and application effect of serious games in self-management education for children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), and put forward the existing shortcomings and suggestions, which can provide references for Chinese medical personnel to carry out health education and develop relevant serious games in the future.

Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety of Yushi Huayu Zhixue prescription (Huayu prescription) combined with levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) in the treatment of adenomyosis (AM). Methods A prospective,randomized,double-blind,placebo-controlled trial was designed and 102 patients with AM admitted to the outpatient department of International Peace Maternal & Child Health Hospital and The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University) from Dec. 2019 to Dec. 2022 were enrolled. The patients were randomly divided into Huayu prescription group and placebo group for double-blind clinical trial. The Huayu prescription group was treated with Huayu prescription 1 month after LNG-IUS placement,while the placebo group was treated with placebo 1 month after LNG-IUS placement,and both Huayu prescription and placebo were taken for 3 months. A total of 95 patients completed the follow-up,including 47 in the Huayu prescription group and 48 in the placebo group;and 7 were shed,with a shedding rate of 6.86％. The pictorial blood loss assessment chart (PBAC) score,uterine spotting days,visual analogue scale (VAS) score,uterine volume,serum carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125) level and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndrome quantitative score were compared between the 2 groups,and the safety was evaluated. Results After 3 months of treatment,compared with the placebo group,the PBAC score,spotting days,uterine volume,serum CA125 level and TCM syndrome quantitative score of patients in the Huayu prescription group were all decreased (all P<0.05),but there was no significant difference in the VAS score of dysmenorrhea (P>0.05). During the follow-up,no patients in the Huayu prescription group but 2 patients in the placebo group received surgical treatment (including 1 case of laparoscopic hysterectomy and 1 case of laparoscopic adenomyomectomy),and there was no significant difference in the surgical rate between the 2 groups (P>0.05). Meanwhile,no obvious adverse reactions were found in both groups. Conclusion Huayu prescription can significantly improve the spotting of patients with AM,promote uterine volume reduction,reduce serum CA125 level,and significantly improve the TCM syndrome of AM. It is suggest that AM patients should take Huayu prescription after placing LNG-IUS,so as to reduce the adverse reactions of LNG-IUS.

Objective To establish the categories and structure of physical activity in children with autism spectrum disorder(ASD),and systematically evaluate the long-term effect of physical activity on the executive function of children with ASD,based on the theoretical and methodological framework of the International Classification of Functioning,Disability,and Health-Children and Youth version(ICF-CY). Methods A search was conducted in databases such as Wanfang data,CNKI,PubMed,Web of Science and ProQuest,to collect literatures about long-term physical activity for executive function of children with ASD published from 2014 to 2023.The literatures were reviewed based on inclusion and exclusion criteria,following PRISMA guide-lines for systematic review,and the quality of the included literatures were assessed with the Physiotherapy Evi-dence Database(PEDro)scale. Results Totally,ten articles were included,consisting of nine randomized controlled trials(RCTs)and one non-random-ized controlled trial,with a total of 351 children diagnosed as ASD,aged three to 18 years,came from Italy,Cana-da,South Korea,China and the United States,published mainly after 2016.Physical activity primarily included sports activities(such as baseball,basketball,table tennis and equine-assisted activities),skill-based activities(such as cycling,cognitive-motor training and active gaming),physical fitness activities(SPARK),as well as combat-related activities(martial arts and karate);30 to 70 minutes a time(mainly 45 minutes),one to five times a week(mainly twice a week),for two to 24 weeks(mainly twelve weeks).Long-term physical activities had been found to improve inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility in children with ASD,although the effect on working memory was inconsistent. Conclusion Long-term physical activity may positively impact on executive function in children with ASD,especially inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility.However,the effect on working memory need more researches.

BACKGROUND:In recent years,with the development of biological scaffold materials and bioprinting technology,tissue-engineered bone has become a research hotspot in bone defect repair. OBJECTIVE:To summarize the current treatment methods for bone defects,summarize the biomaterials and bioprinting technology for preparing tissue-engineered bone scaffolds,and explore the application of biomaterials and printing technology in tissue engineering and the current challenges. METHODS:Search terms were"bone defect,tissue engineering,biomaterials,3D printing technology,4D printing technology,bioprinting,biological scaffold,bone repair"in Chinese and English.Relevant documents published from January 1,2009 to December 1,2022 were retrieved on CNKI,PubMed and Web of Science databases.After being screened by the first author,high-quality references were added.A total of 93 articles were included for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The main treatment methods for bone defects include bone transplantation,membrane-guided regeneration,gene therapy,bone tissue engineering,etc.The best treatment method is still uncertain.Bone tissue engineering technology is a new technology for the treatment of bone defects.It has become the focus of current research by constructing three-dimensional structures that can promote the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts and enhance the ability of bone formation.Biological scaffold materials are diverse,with their characteristics,advantages and disadvantages.A single biological material cannot meet the demand for tissue-engineered bone for the scaffold.Usually,multiple materials are combined to complement each other,which is to meet the demand for mechanical properties while taking into account the biological properties of the scaffold.Bioprinting technology can adjust the pore of the scaffold,build a complex spatial structure,and is more conducive to cell adhesion,proliferation and differentiation.The emerging 4D printing technology introduces"time"as the fourth dimension to make the prepared scaffold dynamic.With the synchronous development of smart materials,4D printing technology provides the possibility of efficient repair of bone defects in the future.

Objective To discuss the morphological characteristics of three types of clinically rare cerebral aneurysms and arterial bifurcations.Methods A total of 17 patients with clinically rare cerebral aneurysms,including anterior cerebral artery-pericallosal artery aneurysms(ACA-PA aneurysms,n=8),internal carotid artery-anterior choroidal artery bifurcation aneurysms(ICA-AChA aneurysms,n=5)and vertebral artery-posterior inferior cerebellar artery bifurcation aneurysms(VA-PICA aneurysms,n=4),who received treatment in the Shijiazhuang People's Hospital between January 2017 and April 2020 were enrolled in this study.The clinical baseline data were recorded,and the morphological parameters of the aneurysms were determined.The bifurcation angle,small lateral angle and large lateral angle were defined as φ1,φ2 and φ3,respectively.D1,S1 and T1 represented the diameter,cross-sectional area and tortuosity of the main blood vessel,respectively.D2,S2 and T2 were defined as the corresponding parameters of the branch vessel forming small lateral angle with the main vessel.D3,S3 and T3 were the corresponding morphological parameters of the contralateral branch vessel.Results All of the ICA-AChA and VA-PICA bifurcation aneurysms were type D aneurysms and oriented towards the small lateral angle.Six ACA-PA bifurcation aneurysms were type C aneurysm,and 5 of them were oriented toward the small lateral angle.The S2 and φ2 of the ACA-PA and ICA-AChA bifurcations harboring aneurysms were significantly smaller than S3 and φ3(P＜0.05),while T2 was remarkably largerthan T3(P＜0.05).The VA-PICA bifurcations also showed a similar manifestations.Conclusion These three types of clinically rare cerebral aneurysms are mostly oriented towards the small lateral angle,and the diameter and cross-section area of the branch forming small lateral angle with parent artery were smaller than those of the contralateral branch vessel,while the tortuosity was greater than that of the contralateral branch.