Background: s/Aims: Given the high mortality associated with gallbladder cancer (GBC), the efficacy of adjuvant therapy (AT) remains controversial. We audited our data over an 11-year period to assess the impact of AT. Methods: This study included all patients who underwent curative resection for GBC from 2007 to 2017. Analyses were conducted of clinicopathological characteristics, surgical details, and postoperative therapeutic records. The benefits of adjuvant chemotherapy (CT) or chemoradiotherapy (CTRT) were evaluated against surgery alone using SPSS version 20 for statistical analysis. Results: The median age of patients (n = 142) was 50 years. The median overall survival (OS) was 93, 34, and 30 months with CT, CTRT, and surgery alone respectively (p = 0.612). Multivariate analysis indicated that only disease stage and microscopically involved margins significantly impacted OS and disease-free survival (DFS). CT showed increased effectiveness across all prognostic subsets, except for stage 4 and margin-positive resections. Following propensity score matching, median DFS and OS were higher in the CT group than in the CTRT group, although the differences were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Conclusions Radically resected GBC patients appear to benefit more from adjuvant CT, while CTRT should be reserved for cases with high-risk features.

Background: s/Aims: Given the high mortality associated with gallbladder cancer (GBC), the efficacy of adjuvant therapy (AT) remains controversial. We audited our data over an 11-year period to assess the impact of AT. Methods: This study included all patients who underwent curative resection for GBC from 2007 to 2017. Analyses were conducted of clinicopathological characteristics, surgical details, and postoperative therapeutic records. The benefits of adjuvant chemotherapy (CT) or chemoradiotherapy (CTRT) were evaluated against surgery alone using SPSS version 20 for statistical analysis. Results: The median age of patients (n = 142) was 50 years. The median overall survival (OS) was 93, 34, and 30 months with CT, CTRT, and surgery alone respectively (p = 0.612). Multivariate analysis indicated that only disease stage and microscopically involved margins significantly impacted OS and disease-free survival (DFS). CT showed increased effectiveness across all prognostic subsets, except for stage 4 and margin-positive resections. Following propensity score matching, median DFS and OS were higher in the CT group than in the CTRT group, although the differences were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Conclusions Radically resected GBC patients appear to benefit more from adjuvant CT, while CTRT should be reserved for cases with high-risk features.

Background: s/Aims: Given the high mortality associated with gallbladder cancer (GBC), the efficacy of adjuvant therapy (AT) remains controversial. We audited our data over an 11-year period to assess the impact of AT. Methods: This study included all patients who underwent curative resection for GBC from 2007 to 2017. Analyses were conducted of clinicopathological characteristics, surgical details, and postoperative therapeutic records. The benefits of adjuvant chemotherapy (CT) or chemoradiotherapy (CTRT) were evaluated against surgery alone using SPSS version 20 for statistical analysis. Results: The median age of patients (n = 142) was 50 years. The median overall survival (OS) was 93, 34, and 30 months with CT, CTRT, and surgery alone respectively (p = 0.612). Multivariate analysis indicated that only disease stage and microscopically involved margins significantly impacted OS and disease-free survival (DFS). CT showed increased effectiveness across all prognostic subsets, except for stage 4 and margin-positive resections. Following propensity score matching, median DFS and OS were higher in the CT group than in the CTRT group, although the differences were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Conclusions Radically resected GBC patients appear to benefit more from adjuvant CT, while CTRT should be reserved for cases with high-risk features.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of parents or caregivers of children suffering from migraines at a tertiary care center in North India. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 100 parents or caregivers, using convenience sampling. A 20-item questionnaire was administered in English and also translated into the local language (Hindi). The study included children with migraines who visited the pediatric outpatient department within a 6-month period (December 2022 to May 2023). Results: Over 60% of caregivers were aware of the chronic nature of the illness, its triggering factors, the role of family history, and the importance of lifestyle modifications. However, only 46% understood the pathophysiology of the illness, and 53% were aware of the medication used for childhood migraines. More than 85% of caregivers believed that recurrent headaches necessitate a doctor’s consultation, may require regular visits for optimal treatment, and were willing to alter their child’s lifestyle to prevent headaches. However, a significant percentage of caregivers (47%) practised self-medication for their children’s headaches. Most caregivers believed that lifestyle modifications and avoiding triggers were the best treatments for migraines. There were significant associations (P<0.05) between the level of education and responses to questions related to migraine definition, prophylaxis, treatment, investigations, lifestyle modifications, and screen time. Conclusion Most participants were well-educated on migraine, and their KAP regarding migraine prevention and treatment were generally adequate. However, the practice of self-medication without professional guidance is a significant concern.

Gastrointestinal mucormycosis is a rare disease with a significant mortality rate, even when promptly diagnosed and treated. An unusual complication was observed in India during the second wave of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Two incidences of gastric mucormycosis were found. A 53-year-old male patient with a history of COVID-19 one month earlier came into the intensive care unit. After admission, the patient developed hematemesis, which was initially treated with blood transfusions and digital subtraction angiography embolization. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) revealed a large ulcer with a clot in the stomach. During an exploratory laparotomy, the proximal stomach was necrotic. Histopathological examination confirmed mucormycosis. The patient was started on antifungals, but despite rigorous therapy, the patient died on the tenth postoperative day. Another patient, an 82-year-old male with a history of COVID-19, arrived with hematemesis two weeks earlier and was treated conservatively. EGD revealed a large white-based ulcer with abundant slough along the larger curvature of the body. Mucormycosis was verified by biopsy.He was treated with amphotericin B and isavuconazole. He was discharged after two weeks in a stable condition. Despite quick detection and aggressive treatment, the prognosis is poor. In the second case, prompt diagnosis and treatment saved the patient’s life.

Epithelioid inflammatory myofibroblastic sarcoma (EIMS) is an aggressive subtype of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) harboring anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene fusions and is associated with high risk of local recurrence and poor prognosis. Herein, we present a young, non-smoking male who presented with complaints of cough and dyspnoea and was found to harbor a large right lower lobe lung mass. Biopsy showed a high-grade epithelioid to rhabdoid tumor with ALK and desmin protein expression. The patient initially received 5 cycles of crizotinib and remained stable for 1 year; however, he then developed multiple bony metastases, for which complete surgical resection was performed. Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of EIMS, with ALK gene rearrangement demonstrated by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Postoperatively, the patient is asymptomatic with stable metastatic disease on crizotinib and has been started on palliative radiotherapy. EIMS is a very rare subtype of IMT that needs to be included in the differential diagnosis of ALKexpressing lung malignancies in young adults.

Snakebite is a severe medical, economic, and social problem across the world, mostly in the tropical and subtropical area. These regions of the globe have typical of the world's venomous snakes present where access to prompt treatment is limited or not available. Snake venom is a complex mixture of toxin proteins like neurotoxin and cardiotoxin, and other enzymes like phospholipase A2 (PLA2 ), haemorrhaging, transaminase, hyaluronidase, phosphodiesterase, acetylcholinesterase, cytolytic and necrotic toxins. Snake venom shows a wide range of biological effects like anticoagulation or platelet aggregation, hemolysis, hypotension and edema.Phospholipase A2 is the principal constituent of snake venom; it catalyzes the hydrolysis of the sn-2 position of membrane glycerophospholipids to liberate arachidonic acid, which is the precursor of eicosanoids including prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The information regarding the structure and function of the phospholipase A2enzyme may help in treating the snakebite victims. This review article constitutes a brief description of the structure, types, mechanism occurrence, and tests of phospholipase A 2 and role of components of medicinal plants used to inhibit phospholipase A2 .

Snakebite is a severe medical, economic, and social problem across the world, mostly in the tropical and subtropical area. These regions of the globe have typical of the world's venomous snakes present where access to prompt treatment is limited or not available. Snake venom is a complex mixture of toxin proteins like neurotoxin and cardiotoxin, and other enzymes like phospholipase A2 (PLA2 ), haemorrhaging, transaminase, hyaluronidase, phosphodiesterase, acetylcholinesterase, cytolytic and necrotic toxins. Snake venom shows a wide range of biological effects like anticoagulation or platelet aggregation, hemolysis, hypotension and edema.Phospholipase A2 is the principal constituent of snake venom; it catalyzes the hydrolysis of the sn-2 position of membrane glycerophospholipids to liberate arachidonic acid, which is the precursor of eicosanoids including prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The information regarding the structure and function of the phospholipase A2enzyme may help in treating the snakebite victims. This review article constitutes a brief description of the structure, types, mechanism occurrence, and tests of phospholipase A 2 and role of components of medicinal plants used to inhibit phospholipase A2 .

Background:: To investigate the utility and complications of paratricipital 2 window approach for complex intra articular distal humerus fractures (AO/OTA type C). Methods:: Between December 2012 and September 2016, 27 patients (male-14, female-13) having mean age of 39 years (range, 22-62 years) with closed intra articular fracture (AO/OTA 13 type C) were surgically managed using paratricipital 2 window approach. Fractures were fixed as per AO principles. All patients were followed up for 21 months (range, 12-28 months) prospectively. Functional outcome was measured using Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS) and complications were observed. Student ttest, Pearson co-relation coefficient and Kruskal Wallis test used for statistical evaluation. Result:: All cases unite by the end of 3 months. Mean flexion achieved was 120° and extension lag was 10°. Mean arc of motion was 111°. Mean pronation and supination was 70° and 77° respectively. MEPS and motion arc were weak negatively co-related with surgical delay and advancement in age. Postoperative transient ulnar nerve palsy and heterotrophic ossification (HO) was noted in 3.7% cases and infection occurred in 7.4% cases. Hardware prominence noted in 11.1% cases. Mean MEPS was 82. MEPS was excellent in 18.5%, good in 62.9%, fair in 11.1% and poor in 7.4% cases. Conclusion: Paratricipital 2 window approach for these fractures had good functional outcome with fewer complications. We advocate paratricipital 2 window approach when dealing with these complex fractures particularly, in type C1 and type C2.

Background:To investigate the utility and complications of paratricipital 2 window approach for complex intra articular distal humerus fractures (AO/OTA type C).Methods:Between December 2012 and September 2016,27 patients (male-14,female-13) having mean age of 39 years (range,22-62 years) with closed intra articular fracture (AO/OTA 13 type C) were surgically managed using paratricipital 2 window approach.Fractures were fixed as per AO principles.All patients were followed up for 21 months (range,12-28 months) prospectively.Functional outcome was measured using Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS) and complications were observed.Student ttest,Pearson co-relation coefficient and Kruskal Wallis test used for statistical evaluation.Result:All cases unite by the end of 3 months.Mean flexion achieved was 120° and extension lag was 10°.Mean arc of motion was 111°.Mean pronation and supination was 70° and 77° respectively.MEPS and motion arc were weak negatively co-related with surgical delay and advancement in age.Postoperative transient ulnar nerve palsy and heterotrophic ossification (HO) was noted in 3.7％ cases and infection occurred in 7.4％ cases.Hardware prominence noted in 11.1％ cases.Mean MEPS was 82.MEPS was excellent in 18.5％,good in 62.9％,fair in 11.1％ and poor in 7.4％ cases.Conclusion:Paratricipital 2 window approach for these fractures had good functional outcome with fewer complications.We advocate paratricipital 2 window approach when dealing with these complex fractures particularly,in type C1 and type C2.