Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignant tumors of the digestive system in China. With the progress of immunotherapy research, programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) inhibitor-based combinatory therapy offers new ideas for the treatment of advanced gastric cancer. In recent years, with the increasing status of immunotherapy in the treatment of advanced gastric cancer, a growing number of domestic and international clinical studies shown that immunotherapy could achieve better efficacy in the neoadjuvant therapy and conversion therapy for patients with advanced gastric cancer. This paper reviews the current research progress on the application of PD-1 inhibitors in the neoadjuvant therapy and conversion therapy of gastric cancer.

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignant tumors of the digestive system in China. With the progress of immunotherapy research, programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) inhibitor-based combinatory therapy offers new ideas for the treatment of advanced gastric cancer. In recent years, with the increasing status of immunotherapy in the treatment of advanced gastric cancer, a growing number of domestic and international clinical studies shown that immunotherapy could achieve better efficacy in the neoadjuvant therapy and conversion therapy for patients with advanced gastric cancer. This paper reviews the current research progress on the application of PD-1 inhibitors in the neoadjuvant therapy and conversion therapy of gastric cancer.

Background::Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has emerged as the leading cause of death from prostate cancer (PCa) in recent decades, bringing a great disease burden worldwide. Men with preexisting CVD have an increased risk for major adverse cardiovascular events when treated with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). The present study aimed to explore the prevalence and risk evaluation of CVD among people with newly diagnosed PCa in China.Methods::Clinical data of newly diagnosed PCa patients were retrospectively collected from 34 centers in China from 2010 to 2022 through convenience sampling. CVD was defined as myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, heart failure, stroke, ischemic heart disease, and others. CVD risk was estimated by calculating Framingham risk scores (FRS). Patients were accordingly divided into low-, medium-, and high-risk groups. χ2 or Fisher’s exact test was used for comparison of categorical variables. Results::A total of 4253 patients were enrolled in the present study. A total of 27.0% (1147/4253) of patients had comorbid PCa and CVD, and 7.2% (307/4253) had two or more CVDs. The enrolled population was distributed in six regions of China, and approximately 71.0% (3019/4253) of patients lived in urban areas. With imaging and pathological evaluation, most PCa patients were diagnosed at an advanced stage, with 20.5% (871/4253) locally progressing and 20.5% (871/4253) showing metastasis. Most of them initiated prostatectomy (46.6%, 1983/4253) or regimens involving ADT therapy (45.7%, 1944/4253) for prostate cancer. In the present PCa cohort, 43.1% (1832/4253) of patients had hypertension, and half of them had poorly controlled blood pressure. With FRS stratification, as expected, a higher risk of CVD was related to aging and metabolic disturbance. However, we also found that patients with treatment involving ADT presented an originally higher risk of CVD than those without ADT. This was in accordance with clinical practice, i.e., aged patients or patients at advanced oncological stages were inclined to accept systematic integrative therapy instead of surgery. Among patients who underwent medical castration, only 4.0% (45/1118) received gonadotropin releasing hormone antagonists, in stark contrast to the grim situation of CVD prevalence and risk.Conclusions::PCa patients in China are diagnosed at an advanced stage. A heavy CVD burden was present at the initiation of treatment. Patients who accepted ADT-related therapy showed an original higher risk of CVD, but the awareness of cardiovascular protection was far from sufficient.

Objective To investigate the correlation between serum plasma membrane vesicle-associated protein (PLVAP) levels and metabolism-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) in patients with T2DM. Methods Atotal of 255 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) went to Gansu Provincial Hospital from September 2023 to March 2024 were selected in this study,and were divided into T2DM alone group (n=141) and the T2DM combined with MAFLD group (n=114) according to whether they were combined with MAFLD or not.Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between serum PLVAP and other indexes,multiple linear regression analysis was used to analyze the influencing factors of serum PLVAP,and Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the influencing factors of MAFLD in T2DM patients. The early diagnostic value of serum PLVAP on MAFLD in patients with T2DM by analyzing the receiver's operating characteristics (ROC) curve. Results Compared with the MAFLD group,BMI,WC,FPG,C-P,HOMA-IR,TG,AST,ALT,GGT,hepatic steatosis index (HSI) and phytohaemagglutinin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 (LOX-1) were decreased in the T2DM group (P<0.05).DM duration,HDL-C,AST/ALT and PLVAP were elevated (P<0.05). Spearman correlation analysis showed that PLVAP was positively correlated with AST/ALT (P<0.05) and negatively correlated with WC,DBP,C-P,ALT,GGT and HSI (P<0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that WC was an influencing factor for PLVAP.Logistic regression analysis showed that DM duration,WC,TG,PLVAP,LOX-1 were influencing factors for MAFLD. Analysis of the subjects' work characteristics (ROC) curve showed that the area under the ROC curve was 0.785,with a sensitivity of 81.6％ and a specificity of 67.4％. Conclusions Reduced PLVAP is a risk factor for comorbid MAFLD in patients with T2DM and is important for predicting the co-existence of MAFLD in patients with T2DM.

Objective To investigate the correlation between serum plasma membrane vesicle-associated protein (PLVAP) levels and metabolism-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) in patients with T2DM. Methods Atotal of 255 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) went to Gansu Provincial Hospital from September 2023 to March 2024 were selected in this study,and were divided into T2DM alone group (n=141) and the T2DM combined with MAFLD group (n=114) according to whether they were combined with MAFLD or not.Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between serum PLVAP and other indexes,multiple linear regression analysis was used to analyze the influencing factors of serum PLVAP,and Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the influencing factors of MAFLD in T2DM patients. The early diagnostic value of serum PLVAP on MAFLD in patients with T2DM by analyzing the receiver's operating characteristics (ROC) curve. Results Compared with the MAFLD group,BMI,WC,FPG,C-P,HOMA-IR,TG,AST,ALT,GGT,hepatic steatosis index (HSI) and phytohaemagglutinin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 (LOX-1) were decreased in the T2DM group (P<0.05).DM duration,HDL-C,AST/ALT and PLVAP were elevated (P<0.05). Spearman correlation analysis showed that PLVAP was positively correlated with AST/ALT (P<0.05) and negatively correlated with WC,DBP,C-P,ALT,GGT and HSI (P<0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that WC was an influencing factor for PLVAP.Logistic regression analysis showed that DM duration,WC,TG,PLVAP,LOX-1 were influencing factors for MAFLD. Analysis of the subjects' work characteristics (ROC) curve showed that the area under the ROC curve was 0.785,with a sensitivity of 81.6％ and a specificity of 67.4％. Conclusions Reduced PLVAP is a risk factor for comorbid MAFLD in patients with T2DM and is important for predicting the co-existence of MAFLD in patients with T2DM.