OBJECTIVES: Calcium silicate (CSO) is modified to give it photothermal antibacterial properties. Its application potential in tooth mineralization and oral antibacterial is evaluated. METHODS: Based on defect-engineering modification strategy, a series of CSO-T samples (CSO-300, CSO-400, CSO-500, CSO-600) was obtained by introducing oxygen vacancy into CSO through thermal reduction using sodium borohydride. The samples were tested using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ultraviolet near-infrared absorption spectroscopy, and infrared thermography. The powder samples with the best photothermal performance and the most suitable material concentration (CSO-500, 500 μg/mL) were selected for subsequent experiments. High resolution transmission electron microscopy was used to analyze the microstructure and morphology of the sample, and MTT assay and Calcein AM/PI live/dead cell staining were used to evaluate the toxicity and compatibility of the sample to human oral keratinocytes. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were selected for photothermal antibacterial experiments to evaluate their in vitro antibacterial performance. SEM, energy dispersive spectrometer, and micro Vickers hardness tester were used to evaluate the ability of materials to induce in vitro remineralization of detached teeth. RESULTS: Oxygen vacancies changed the crystal type and lattice spacing of CaSiO₃, broadened the light-absorption range, and gave it a good photothermal conversion ability in response to near infrared. Invitro experiments showed that the modified CaSiO₃ could promote the formation of hydroxyapatite on the tooth surface, thereby promoting the remineralization of teeth and improving the teeth hardness. Moreover, it had photothermal antibacterial properties and no cytotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS Defect-modified black calcium silicate has multiple functions, such as promoting tooth remineralization and photothermal bacteriostatic. When combined with the infrared luminescent toothbrush, it can simply and effectively treat tooth enamel erosion and oral bacteriostatic diseases caused by the excessive consumption of carbonated beverages and other daily bad living habits. This combination is expected to achieve the synergic treatment effect of tooth remineralization and oral bacteriostatic through daily cleaning is expected.
Calcium Compounds/pharmacology* ; Silicates/pharmacology* ; Humans ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects* ; Tooth Remineralization ; Escherichia coli/drug effects* ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology* ; Keratinocytes/drug effects* ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning

OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinical effects of pulpotomy with two kinds of calcium silicate materials, and to evaluate the formation of dentin bridge and pulp calcification after pulpotomy of adult permanent teeth. METHODS: Patients who visited the General Department of Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology from November 2017 to September 2019 and planned for pulpotomy on permanent premolars and molars with carious exposed pulp were selected. They were randomly divided into two groups. Bioceramic putty material iRoot BP (iRoot group, n=22) and mineral trioxide aggregate MTA (MTA group, n=21) were used as pulp capping agents, respectively. The patients were recalled after one year and two years. The clinical efficacy, dentin bridge index (DBI) and pulp calcification index (PCI) were recorded. Blinding method was used for the patients and evaluators. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in gender, mean age, dentition and tooth position between the two groups (P>0.05). Seven cases were lost during the first year (4 cases in iRoot group and 3 cases in MTA group). In the iRoot group, 1 case had transient sensitivity at the time of 1-year follow-up. The cure rate of the two groups was 100% at the time of 2-year follow-up. The proportion of dentin bridge formation was 38.9% one year after operation, 55.6% two years after operation. The proportion of partial or even complete disappearance of root canal image was 5.6% before operation, 38.9% and 55.6% one and two years after operation, respectively. The difference was statistically significant by rank sum test (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in dentin bridge formation and pulp calcification between the two groups (P < 0.05). DBI and PCI after operation was as the same as those before operation (44.4% cases of DBI and 25% cases of PCI) or gradually increased (55.6% cases of DBI and 75% cases of PCI). Spearman's nonparametric correlation analysis showed that age was positively correlated with preoperative pulp calcification index (PCI0, P < 0.05), but not with the dentin bridge index (DBI1, DBI2), pulp calcification index (PCI1, PCI2) and the degree of change (DBI2 vs. DBI1, PCI1 vs. PCI0, PCI2 vs. PCI0) 1-year and 2-year after operation (P>0.05). CONCLUSION According to this study, good clinical effects were obtained within 2-year after pulpotomy of adult permanent teeth with MTA and iRoot. In some cases, the root canal system had a tendency of calcification aggravation, and there was no statistical difference in the development of this trend between the two groups.
Humans ; Adult ; Pulpotomy/methods* ; X-Rays ; Calcium Compounds/therapeutic use* ; Dentition, Permanent ; Molar/surgery* ; Treatment Outcome ; Silicates/therapeutic use* ; Aluminum Compounds/therapeutic use* ; Oxides ; Drug Combinations ; Dental Pulp Capping

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical characteristics and effectiveness of pulpotomy in mature permanent teeth with bioceramic putty repairmen iRoot and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). METHODS: Pulpotomy was performed on mature permanent premolars and molars with carious exposures at the Department of General Dentistry of Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, from November 2017 to September 2019. The patients were randomly divided into 2 groups, Group iRoot (n=22) and Group MTA (n=21). In Group iRoot, bioceramic putty repairmen iRoot was used as pulp capping agent, while in Group MTA, mineral trioxide aggregate was used as pulp capping agent. All the patients had signed informed consent forms. The clinical efficacy was evaluated by clinical examinations (temperature and electrical activity test) and imaging examinations 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery. Blinding was used for the patients and evaluators, but due to the obvious differences in the properties of the two pulp capping agents, the blinding method was not used for the treatment provider (the attending physician). RESULTS: There was no significant difference in gender, average age, dentition and tooth position distribution between the two groups (P>0.05). In the study, 7 cases were lost to follow-up 12 months after operation (4 cases in Group iRoot, and 3 cases in Group MTA). One case in each of the two groups had transient sensitivity at the end of the 3-month follow-up, and the pulp vitality was normal at the end of the 6-month follow-up. One case in Group iRoot showed sensitivity at the end of the 12-month follow-up. The success rates of the two groups at the end of 12-month follow-up were 100%, and the cure rates were 94.4% (Group iRoot) and 100% (Group MTA), respectively, and the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). No cases in Group iRoot had obvious crown discoloration, while 3 cases in Group MTA had. CONCLUSION The clinical characteristics and effectiveness of pulpotomy in mature permanent teeth with bioceramic putty repairmen iRoot were similar with MTA. Bioceramic putty repairmen iRoot is an acceptable material when used in pulpotomy of mature permanent teeth. Because it is not easy to cause tooth discoloration after treatment and is convenient to operate, bioceramic putty repairmen iRoot has a better clinical application prospect.
Aluminum Compounds/therapeutic use* ; Calcium Compounds/therapeutic use* ; Drug Combinations ; Humans ; Oxides/therapeutic use* ; Pulpotomy ; Silicates/therapeutic use* ; Treatment Outcome

Vital pulp therapy(VPT)is an important pathway to preserve and maintain pulp tissue in a healthy state. VPT has been improved recently as the new progress achieved in pathobiology, bioactive materials and clinical research. The present review summarizes the clinical outcomes and prognostic factors of VPT, including direct pulp capping, partial pulpotomy and full pulpotomy in mature permanent teeth with carious pulp exposure, and briefly introduces the new progress in this field.
Calcium Compounds ; Dental Caries/therapy* ; Dental Pulp Capping ; Dentition, Permanent ; Humans ; Pulpotomy ; Silicates ; Treatment Outcome

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of iRoot BP Plus, a novel bioceramic material, and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) by comparing the clinical and radiographic results of pulpotomy in human primary molars, and to find out the influence factor. METHODS: Children who had at least one primary molar diagnosed as pulpitis, and received pulpotomy in the Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology from January, 2017 to December, 2018 were searched by the selection criteria in the Electronic Medical Record Database of Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology. The molars with the pulp capping agents were iRoot BP Plus or MTA were included, and the molars with other pulp capping agents were excluded. Molars using iRoot BP Plus were selected into the experimental group (iRoot BP Plus group). Molars using MTA were selected into the control group (MTA group) using propensity score matching model (1 ∶ 1), considering the gender, age, tooth position, the title of clinician, pulp status, restoration and length of follow-up as the potential influence factor. Basic information, the relevant medical records including symptoms, clinical and radiographic examination before and after operation, intraoperative information and follow up examination records were collected. The success rates were compared and the influence factors were analyzed respectively. RESULTS: The study included 132 children, 178 molars (89 molars from each group) and the mean follow-up time was (462±99) days by December, 2019. In the iRoot BP Plus group, 9 molars failed whilst 6 molars failed in MTA group. The success rate was 89.9% and 93.3%, respectively, showing no significant difference between the two groups. Through Cox proportional risk model analysis, the success rate of iRoot BP Plus was significantly lower when the pulp status was poor, while other factors including age, tooth position, title of clinician and restoration were not found to be associated with the clinical outcome. CONCLUSION Pulpotomy of human primary molars with iRoot BP Plus has the same effectiveness with MTA. The pulp status is the main factor that influences the outcome of iRoot BP Plus. Further studies with larger sample sizes and longer follow-up terms are needed.
Child ; Humans ; Pulpotomy/methods* ; Pulp Capping and Pulpectomy Agents ; Pemetrexed ; Silicates/therapeutic use* ; Aluminum Compounds/therapeutic use* ; Calcium Compounds ; Oxides ; Molar/surgery* ; Drug Combinations ; Treatment Outcome ; Tooth, Deciduous

PURPOSE: To determine wear amount of single molar crowns, made from four different restoratives, and opposing natural teeth through computerized fabrication techniques using 3D image alignment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 24 single crowns (N = 24 patients, age range: 18 – 50) were made from lithium disilicate (IPS E-max CAD), lithium silicate and zirconia based (Vita Suprinity CAD), resin matrix ceramic material (Cerasmart, GC), and dual matrix (Vita Enamic CAD) blocks. After digital impressions (Cerec 3D Bluecam, DentsplySirona), the crowns were designed and manufactured (Cerec 3, DentsplySirona). A dual-curing resin cement was used for cementation (Variolink Esthetic DC, Ivoclar). Then, measurement and recording of crowns and the opposing enamel surfaces with the intraoral scanner were made as well as at the third and sixth month follow-ups. All measurements were superimposed with a software (David-Laserscanner, V3.10.4). Volume loss due to wear was calculated from baseline to follow-up periods with Siemens Unigraphics NX 10 software. Statistical analysis was accomplished by Repeated Measures for ANOVA (SPSS 21) at = .05 significance level. RESULTS: After 6 months, insignificant differences of the glass matrix and resin matrix materials for restoration/enamel wear were observed (P>.05). While there were no significant differences between the glass matrix groups (P>.05), significant differences between the resin matrix group materials (P<.05) were obtained. Although Cerasmart and Enamic were both resin matrix based, they exhibited different wear characteristics. CONCLUSION: Glass matrix materials showed less wear both on their own and opposing enamel surfaces than resin matrix ceramic materials.
Cementation ; Ceramics ; Crowns ; Dental Enamel ; Follow-Up Studies ; Glass ; Humans ; Lithium ; Molar ; Resin Cements ; Silicates ; Tooth

The purpose of this study was to evaluate polymerization of TheraCal LC, one of the tricalcium silicate cements. To measure the Vickers hardness number (VHN), the specimens were cured at different light curing time and distance.As a result, the VHN of the upper surface was significantly higher than the lower surface's in all groups (p < 0.05). The VHN of the lower surface was increased significantly with the increase of the light curing time in all distance (p < 0.05). When the distance was more than 4.0 mm at all light curing time, the VHN of lower surface was significantly decreased (p < 0.05). When the specimen was light cured for 20 seconds, the VHN of the lower surface did not exceed 2, which corresponds to 10% of the upper surface's.These results suggested that the 20 second light curing time was not sufficient to polymerize the lower surface under specific conditions and that light-curing time should be increased.
Hardness ; Polymerization ; Polymers ; Silicates

We report the surgical endodontic treatment of a maxillary first premolar with a lateral lesion that originated from an accessory canal. Although lesions originating from accessory canals frequently heal with simple conventional endodontic therapy, some lesions may need additional and different treatment. In the present case, conventional root canal retreatment led to incomplete healing with the need for further treatment (i.e., surgery). Surgical endodontic management with a fast-setting calcium silicate cement was performed on the accessory canal using a dental operating microscope. At the patient's 9-month recall visit, the lesion was resolved upon radiography.
Bicuspid ; Calcium ; Dental Pulp Cavity ; Radiography ; Retreatment ; Silicate Cement ; Silicates

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical characteristics and effectiveness of bioceramic putty repairment (iroot BP Plus) used as pulp capping agents on pulpotomy in primary molars. METHODS: Forty primary molars were treated by pulpotomy with bioceramic putty repairmen as the pulp capping agents at the Third Clinical Division of Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, from September 2016 to September 2017. The children who were followed up over one year were selected as the subjects of this study. The teeth were checked clinically and radiographically during fixed intervals, and classified into one of five outcomes: N, H, P₀, P_X, P_Y. N, absence of clinical symptoms, and absence of apical radiolucency; H, absence of clinical symptoms, and nonpathologic radiographic change present; P₀, absence of clinical symptoms, and pathologic change present, no need for treatment; P_X, present or absence of clinical symptoms, pathologic change present treatment or extract immediately; P_Y, premature loss of deciduous tooth. Molars classified into N and H were regarded as successful, classified into P₀, P_X and P_Y were regarded as failed. RESULTS: Followed up for 12-24 months (the average follow up time was 16months), thirty four children were finally included, aged from 3.1 years to 8.5 yaers (the average age was 4.3 years), forty primary molars were included. Thirty four primary molars were included into N group, with absence of clinical symptoms, absence of apical radiolucency. Two molars were included into H group with physiological root absorption. One molar was included into P₀group with absence of clinical symptoms butinternal absorption of the root. Three molars were included into P_X group, with gingival fistula and apical radiolucency. None was included into P_Y group. Thirty six teeth got successful treatment, four molars failed. One year success rate of pulpotomy of primary molars using bioceramic putty repairment was 95%. CONCLUSION Current evidence suggests that bioceramic putty repairment as a pulpotomy medicament showed satisfied clinical and radiographic result in pulpotomy of primary molars. Bioceramic putty repairment is an acceptable material when used in pulpotomy of primary molars.
Aluminum Compounds ; Calcium Compounds ; Ceramics ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Molar ; Oxides ; Pulpotomy ; Silicates ; Tooth, Deciduous ; Treatment Outcome

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and propolis from Shangdong province on the cell viability, mineralization and migration and anti-inflammatory ability of dental pulp fibroblasts. METHODS: The human dental pulp fibroblasts were cultured and subjected to 10 mg/L of propolis and 1:8 dilution of MTA extraction. The cell viability was evaluated with cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) after 1, 5, 7 and 9 days. The cells in the upper inserts and the test culture media on the bottoms of 24-well plates interacted for 15 hours. Then the numbers of cells migrated through the permeable membranes were compared. The cells seeded in the 24-well plates were incubated in osteogenic medium with different materials for 21 days and stained with alizarin red S, then photographed. To evaluate the deposition of calcified matrix, the wells were destained with 100 mmol/L cetylpyridinium chloride. Finally, the cells were exposed to 1 mg/L lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce an inflammatory response, in the presence of propolis, MTA extraction. The cells were collected after 3 h, and the expressions of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR). Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA and nonparametric tests (P<0.05). RESULTS: The cell viability of propolis group was significantly lower than those of MTA and control groups on days 5, 7 and 9, while MTA significantly increased the numbers of the viable cells on days 7 and 9. The migration cells of propolis group (26.67±2.52) were fewer than control group (61.33±4.93), and the cells of MTA group (80.00±2.65) were statistically more than those of the other two groups. The propolis group significantly induced more calcified matrix deposition than MTA group after 21 days of culture. Propolis significantly suppressed the expressions of IL-1β and IL-6 after LPS exposure compared with MTA and control groups. CONCLUSION The propolis from Shandong compared with MTA showed a certain degree of cytotoxicity, and had no significant effect on cell migration. On the other hand, propolis exhibited significant anti-inflammatory and mineralization promotion effect, suggesting that the active ingredients of propolis could be introduced as a supplement of pulp capping materials, or used as an irrigant or intracanal medicament due to its excellent anti-inflammatory effect. Propolis may have potential in vital pulp treatment of young permanent tooth suffering pulp inflammation.
Aluminum Compounds ; Calcium Compounds ; Dental Pulp ; Drug Combinations ; Fibroblasts ; Humans ; Oxides ; Plant Extracts ; Propolis ; Silicates