Emerging evidence suggests that dysbiosis of the gut microbiota is associated with the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder. The microbiota-gut-brain axis plays a crucial role in the development and progression of PD, and numerous studies have demonstrated the potential therapeutic benefits of modulations in the intestinal microbiota. This review provides insights into the characterization of the gut microbiota in patients with PD and highlights associations with clinical symptoms and underlying mechanisms. The discussion underscores the increased influence of the gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of PD. While the relationship is not fully elucidated, existing research demonstrates a strong correlation between changes in the composition of gut microbiota and disease development, and further investigation is warranted to explain the specific underlying mechanisms.
Humans ; Parkinson Disease/microbiology* ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology* ; Dysbiosis/microbiology*

ObjectiveTo observe the effect of modified Dahuang Huanglian Xiexintang on mitochondrial autophagy and browning of visceral adipose tissue in obese type 2 diabetes mellitus （T2DM） model ZDF rats. MethodForty ZDF rats were induced with a high-fat diet to establish an obese T2DM model. The rats were randomly divided into five groups： Model group， metformin group （0.18 g·kg^-1）， and high， medium， and low dose groups of modified Dahuang Huanglian Xiexintang （2.16， 1.08， 0.54 g·kg^-1）， with eight rats in each group. Additionally， eight ZDF （fa/+） rats were assigned to the normal group. All groups received an intragastric volume of 10 mL·kg^-1， with the model and normal groups receiving the same volume of purified water once daily for 12 weeks. Fasting blood glucose （FBG） was regularly measured. After 12 weeks of intervention， the body weight， epididymal fat weight， and serum levels of glucose （GLU）， glycated serum protein （GSP）， triglyceride （TG）， total cholesterol （TC）， high-density lipoprotein cholesterol （HDL-C）， and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDL-C） were measured. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining was used to observe pathological changes in epididymal fat tissue. Transmission electron microscopy （TEM） was employed to observe mitochondrial autophagy in adipocytes. Real-time PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α （HIF-1α）， Bcl-2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa interacting protein 3 （BNIP3）， microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3B （LC3B）， p62/SQSTM1， uncoupling protein 1 （UCP1）， iodothyronine deiodinase 2 （Dio2）， and PR domain containing 16 （Prdm16） in epididymal fat. Western blot was used to detect the protein expression of HIF-1α， BNIP3， LC3B， p62， and UCP1 in epididymal fat. ResultCompared with the normal group， the model group showed pathological changes in epididymal fat， with adipocyte mitochondrial condensation and numerous autophagosomes indicating mitochondrial autophagy. The model group also exhibited significantly increased body weight， epididymal fat weight， FBG， GLU， GSP， TC， TG， and LDL-C levels （P<0.01）， significantly decreased HDL-C levels （P<0.01）， significantly elevated mRNA and protein expression of HIF-1α， BNIP3， and LC3B （P<0.01）， significantly reduced mRNA and protein expression of p62 and UCP1 （P<0.01）， and significantly reduced mRNA expression of Dio2 and Prdm16 （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， all intervention groups showed varying degrees of improvement in epididymal fat pathology. The metformin group and high-dose modified Dahuang Huanglian Xiexintang group displayed intact mitochondrial morphology， clear cristae， uniform matrix， and few autophagosomes and autophagosomes in the adipocyte cytoplasm. The metformin group and high- and medium-dose groups of modified Dahuang Huanglian Xiexintang showed significantly reduced body weight and epididymal fat weight （P<0.01）. The epididymal fat index was reduced in all intervention groups （P<0.05）， and FBG was lowered in all intervention groups （P<0.01）.Serum GSP， GLU， TG， and LDL-C levels were reduced in the metformin group and the high- and medium-dose groups of modified Dahuang Huanglian Xiexintang （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The serum TC level was significantly reduced in the metformin group and high-dose group of modified Dahuang Huanglian Xiexintang （P<0.01）， and HDL-C levels were significantly increased in all intervention groups （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The mRNA and protein expression of HIF-1α， BNIP3， and LC3B were significantly reduced， and UCP1 protein expression was significantly increased in the metformin group and high- and medium-dose groups of modified Dahuang Huanglian Xiexintang （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The mRNA and protein expression of p62， Dio2， and Prdm16 were significantly increased in the metformin group and high-dose group of modified Dahuang Huanglian Xiexintang （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionModified Dahuang Huanglian Xiexintang may inhibit mitochondrial autophagy and promote the browning of visceral adipose tissue through the HIF-1α/BNIP3/LC3B pathway， thereby improving glucose and lipid metabolism in obese T2DM rats.

Objective:To evaluate the application effect of vascularized iliac crest-tensor fascia lata flap(VIC-TFLF) based on deep circumflex iliac artery and vein in mandibular and oral soft tissue defect reconstruction.Methods:Retrospective analysis of the clinical data of patients with mandible and oral soft tissue defects in Henan Provincial People’s Hospital from October 2020 to March 2022. All cases were performed with computer-aided design and three-dimensional printing to make the models and guide plates. VIC-TFLF was used to repair and reconstruct the oral and mandible defects, the tensor fascia lata flap was used to repair the intraoral soft tissue defect, and the fascia lata was exposed to the mouth directly. After operation, the color, texture and change of intraoral flap were observed, and the recovery and complications were followed up.Results:In this study, 7 patients were included, 4 males and 3 females, aged 27-64 years old, with an average of 50.1 years old. There were 5 cases of squamous cell carcinoma of mandible gingival and cheek, 1 case of postoperative defect of pleomorphic adenocarcinoma of mandible, and 1 case of postoperative defect of ameloblastoma of mandible. According to the defect range of soft and hard tissue after resection, the flap areas of tensor fascia lata were 6.0 cm×3.0 cm-8.0 cm×6.0 cm, and the iliac bones were 3.7 cm×2.4 cm-9.2 cm×2.5 cm. All the composite tissue flaps survived, without distal necrosis, delayed wound healing and marginal fistula. The patients were followed up for 4-19 months, with an average of 11.7 months. The morphology and functions of the mandible and oral soft tissue were well recovered. The surface of tensor fascia lata was exposed to the oral cavity directly, which showed signs of mucosalization within 1 week after operation. The mucosalization was basically completed within 1 month, which was close to normal oral mucosal appearance, and could be reconstructed to produce better oral mucosal appearance in the later period. The wounds in the donor site healed well, and there was no abnormality in lower limb movement and thigh flexion. Among them, 3 patients had numbness on the lateral thigh skin of the donor site 3-5 days after operation. After 6 months of follow-up, the numbness in 2 cases disappeared, and 1 case was significantly reduced.Conclusions:The VIC-TFLF could obtain great appearance and function, with fewer complications and relatively small damage to the donor site, in repair and reconstruction of mandibular defects combined with oral soft tissue defects.

Objective:To evaluate the application effect of vascularized iliac crest-tensor fascia lata flap(VIC-TFLF) based on deep circumflex iliac artery and vein in mandibular and oral soft tissue defect reconstruction.Methods:Retrospective analysis of the clinical data of patients with mandible and oral soft tissue defects in Henan Provincial People’s Hospital from October 2020 to March 2022. All cases were performed with computer-aided design and three-dimensional printing to make the models and guide plates. VIC-TFLF was used to repair and reconstruct the oral and mandible defects, the tensor fascia lata flap was used to repair the intraoral soft tissue defect, and the fascia lata was exposed to the mouth directly. After operation, the color, texture and change of intraoral flap were observed, and the recovery and complications were followed up.Results:In this study, 7 patients were included, 4 males and 3 females, aged 27-64 years old, with an average of 50.1 years old. There were 5 cases of squamous cell carcinoma of mandible gingival and cheek, 1 case of postoperative defect of pleomorphic adenocarcinoma of mandible, and 1 case of postoperative defect of ameloblastoma of mandible. According to the defect range of soft and hard tissue after resection, the flap areas of tensor fascia lata were 6.0 cm×3.0 cm-8.0 cm×6.0 cm, and the iliac bones were 3.7 cm×2.4 cm-9.2 cm×2.5 cm. All the composite tissue flaps survived, without distal necrosis, delayed wound healing and marginal fistula. The patients were followed up for 4-19 months, with an average of 11.7 months. The morphology and functions of the mandible and oral soft tissue were well recovered. The surface of tensor fascia lata was exposed to the oral cavity directly, which showed signs of mucosalization within 1 week after operation. The mucosalization was basically completed within 1 month, which was close to normal oral mucosal appearance, and could be reconstructed to produce better oral mucosal appearance in the later period. The wounds in the donor site healed well, and there was no abnormality in lower limb movement and thigh flexion. Among them, 3 patients had numbness on the lateral thigh skin of the donor site 3-5 days after operation. After 6 months of follow-up, the numbness in 2 cases disappeared, and 1 case was significantly reduced.Conclusions:The VIC-TFLF could obtain great appearance and function, with fewer complications and relatively small damage to the donor site, in repair and reconstruction of mandibular defects combined with oral soft tissue defects.