AIM To study the chemical constituents from Asteris Radix et Rhizoma and their anti-inflammatory activities.METHODS The extract from Asteris Radix et Rhizoma was isolated and purified by column chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography,then the structures of obtained compounds were identified by physicochemical properties and spectral data.Their anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated by RAW264.7 model.RESULTS Thirteen compounds were isolated and identified as(Z)-9,10,11-trihydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid(1),tianshic acid(2),6,6-dimethyl-2-methlenebicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-O-(6-O-apiofuranosyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside(3),ent-16β,17-dihydroxy-kauran-19-oic acid(4),ent-17-hydroxy-19-kauranoic acid(5),7β,17-dihydroxy-16α-ent-kauran-19-oic acid 19-O-β-D-glucopyranoside ester(6),paniculoside Ⅳ(7),thomimarine A(8),cyclo-(S-Pro-R-Leu)(9),4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid 1-methyl ether(10),methyl 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinate(11),5-acetyl-3β-hydroxy-2β-(1-hydroxyisopropyl)-2,3-dihydrobenzofurane(12),4-ally-2,6-dimethoxyphenyl glucoside(13).Compounds 1 and 3-12 had inhibition on the release of NO in RAW264.7 cells,and 4-6,8,10-12 were better than the positive control.CONCLUSION Compounds 1,6,8-9 are isolated from Compositae family for the first time,and 2-5,7,10 and 11-13 are first isolated from this plant.Compounds 1,3-12 have anti-inflammatory activities.

Aim To investigate the changes in hepatic lactylation during liver regeneration and its impact on regeneration.Methods A partial hepatectomy(PHx)mouse model was used to study liver regenera-tion.Sodium oxamate was administered intraperitoneal-ly to inhibit lactate dehydrogenase,and blood and liver tissues were collected at different time points post-sur-gery.The histopathological status was observed using HE staining.Proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PC-NA)levels were detected by immunohistochemistry.Lactylation was assessed using immunofluorescence.Liver LDH enzyme activity,lactate levels and serum alanine aminotransferase(ALT)and aspartate trans-aminase(AST)levels were measured using assay kits.Results After PHx,the liver volume of mice gradual-ly increased,returning to preoperative size on day 7.PCNA levels peaked at 48 hours post-surgery.Liver tissue lactate levels increased to approximately 1.5 times the preoperative level at 12 hours post-surgery and remained elevated until day 7.The lactylation lev-el in hepatocytes peaked at 24 hours post-surgery,gradually declined after 48 hours,and returned to pre-operative levels on day 7.Compared to the PHx group,the sodium oxamate(750 mg·kg-1)+PHx group showed significantly reduced lactylation levels in hepa-tocytes and a smaller liver regeneration volume on day 7.Conclusion Lactylation regulates hepatocyte pro-liferation and promotes liver regeneration after PHx.

AIM To study the chemical constituents from Asteris Radix et Rhizoma and their anti-inflammatory activities.METHODS The extract from Asteris Radix et Rhizoma was isolated and purified by column chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography,then the structures of obtained compounds were identified by physicochemical properties and spectral data.Their anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated by RAW264.7 model.RESULTS Thirteen compounds were isolated and identified as(Z)-9,10,11-trihydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid(1),tianshic acid(2),6,6-dimethyl-2-methlenebicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-O-(6-O-apiofuranosyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside(3),ent-16β,17-dihydroxy-kauran-19-oic acid(4),ent-17-hydroxy-19-kauranoic acid(5),7β,17-dihydroxy-16α-ent-kauran-19-oic acid 19-O-β-D-glucopyranoside ester(6),paniculoside Ⅳ(7),thomimarine A(8),cyclo-(S-Pro-R-Leu)(9),4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid 1-methyl ether(10),methyl 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinate(11),5-acetyl-3β-hydroxy-2β-(1-hydroxyisopropyl)-2,3-dihydrobenzofurane(12),4-ally-2,6-dimethoxyphenyl glucoside(13).Compounds 1 and 3-12 had inhibition on the release of NO in RAW264.7 cells,and 4-6,8,10-12 were better than the positive control.CONCLUSION Compounds 1,6,8-9 are isolated from Compositae family for the first time,and 2-5,7,10 and 11-13 are first isolated from this plant.Compounds 1,3-12 have anti-inflammatory activities.

[Objective]To summarize Professor ZHANG Guangji's thoughts and clinical experience in the treatment of senile insomnia based on the theory of"treating senile diseases from the perspective of Fu-organs".[Methods]By sorting out the discussions of previous medical scholars on the theory of"treating senile diseases from the perspective of Fu-organs"and Professor ZHANG's clinical interpretation,this paper,from three aspects,including the meaning of"treating senile diseases from the perspective of Fu-organs",the theoretical basis and specific application of treating senile insomnia from the perspective of Fu-organs,combining with typical medical records observed in the clinic,explores the feasibility and practical ideas of treating senile insomnia from the perspective of Fu-organs.[Results]Professor ZHANG believes that the meaning of Fu-organs includes not only the six hollow organs but also the source of engendering transformation,as well as the blood vessels and Xuanfu(sweat pore).The theoretical basis for treating senile insomnia by"seeking treatment from the Fu-organs"lies in the fact that the smoothness of the Fu-organs is of great significance for the sleep health of the elderly,and the obstruction of the Fu-organs plays an important role in the occurrence of senile insomnia.Specifically,the obstruction of the stomach,blood vessels and sweat pore impedes the pathway where Yin and Yang converge,resulting in their inability to interact.This disruption affects both the onset and maintenance of sleep.Therefore,in treatment,it is essential to focus on maintaining the smooth circulation of the gastrointestinal tract,blood vessels and sweat pore,enabling the free flow of Yin and Yang.A medical case was presented here.An elderly patient with insomnia was diagnosed with the syndromes of liver Qi stagnation transforming into fire,blood stasis obstructing the collaterals,stomach Qi disharmony and obstruction of the Xuanfu(minute orifices).By adopting the treatment principles of soothing the liver and regulating the stomach,promoting blood circulation to remove stasis and opening the Xuanfu,and calming the mind,good therapeutic effects were achieved.Specifically,Zhishi Xiaopi Pills were used to smooth the Qi circulation in the stomach-related Fu-organs,Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction was employed to promote blood circulation in the blood-related Fu-organs,and Danzhi Xiaoyao Powder combined with acupuncture was utilized to open the Xuanfu.[Conclusion]The theory of"treating senile diseases from the perspective of Fu-organs"is feasible,and Professor ZHANG Guangji's clinical experience is unique,providing a certain perspective for the prevention and treatment of senile insomnia.

The study explored the therapeutic effect and mechanism of the compound composed of tangerine peel,plum,agrimony and hawthorn on Eimeria tenella in chicks.In the experiment,144 chicks were divided into six groups:the blank group,the model group,the diclazuril group,and the high-dose,medium-dose and low-dose traditional Chinese medicine compound groups.The 14-day-old chickens were infected,the body weight and mortality were recorded,and the samples were dis-sected at 21 days of age.The anticoccidial effect of Chenpi compound at different doses was evalua-ted by calculating anticoccidial index,feed conversion rate and detecting serum cytokine levels and related mRNA expression levels.The results showed that the anticoccidial index of the middle dose group was 172.86,and the anticoccidial index of the low dose group was 158.98.In the middle and low dose groups,the levels of IL-1β,IL-6 and MDA in serum decreased significantly,while the levels of IL-4,IL10,T-AOC,SOD,CAT and GSH-Px increased significantly,and the mRNA ex-pression levels of related inflammation and antioxidant pathways changed.Further studies found that the medium-dose compound can regulate the ChTLR15/ChMyD88/ChNF-κB/ChNLRP3/Caspase-1 inflammatory signaling pathway,activate the Nrf2/Keap1/HO-1 antioxidant signaling pathway,and enhance the body's anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacity;at the same time,it can increase the expression of intestinal tight junction ZO-1 and Occludin,repair the damaged in-testinal barrier,and play an anticoccidial role.The results showed that the middle dose of tangerine peel compound had a good effect in the treatment of coccidiosis,and its mechanism involved the regulation of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant pathways.

Ultrasound technology has been applied in the biomedical field,particularly in drug delivery and cell processing.In this study,the effects of different ultrasound power levels(40 W to 100 W)and time durations(1 min,5 min,or 5 min discontinuously)on the morphology of human red blood cells(hRBCs)membranes were systematically investigated using cryo-electron tomography(Cryo-ET).The hRBCs membranes were firstly subjected to ultrasound at power levels of 40 W and 60 W for 5 min each.Cryo-ET observations revealed minimal morphological changes in the hRBCs membranes following the 40 W treatment,with the membrane structure remaining relatively intact and only minor undulations appearing on the membrane surface.These undulations might result from the mild mechanical stress induced by ultrasound,which was insufficient to disrupt the overall membrane structure.At power of 60 W,the hRBCs membranes largely preserved their structural integrity.When the ultrasonic power was increased to 80 W,the structural damage to the hRBCs membranes became more severe.Cryo-ET images showed irregular ruptures and larger pores on the membrane surface,indicating a significant compromise in membrane integrity.At ultrasound power of 100 W,the hRBCs membranes were completely disrupted,resulting in the formation of numerous membrane fragments,and a complete loss of membrane continuity.To further explore the effects of ultrasound duration on erythrocyte membrane morphology,the ultrasonic power was fixed at 100 W and the impacts of varying treatment durations(1 min,5 min,and intermittent ultrasound)on the membrane structure were systematically investigated.After 1 min of ultrasonic treatment,Cryo-ET images showed minimal changes in erythrocyte membrane morphology.Although some small pores and undulations appeared on the membrane surface,the overall structure remained relatively intact.As the ultrasound duration extended to 5 min,the degree of membrane damage increased significantly.Cryo-ET images revealed extensive rupture and detachment of the membrane,with continuity being severely compromised.As to treatment alternating 1 min of ultrasound with 1 min of rest,for a total of 5 min of ultrasound exposure,Cryo-ET observations showed the integrity of the membrane-cytoskeleton attachment remained.Under intermittent ultrasound treatment,although some pores and ruptures were observed on the membrane surface,the overall structure remained more intact compared to continuous ultrasonic treatment.This preservation might be due to the intermittent treatment providing buffer periods for the membrane,allowing partial recovery after mechanical stress,thereby reducing the cumulative damage caused by continuous ultrasound.This work provided experimental basis for further understanding of mechanism of ultrasound induced change of cell membrane and cytoskeleton.

Poly(lactic-co-glycolide)(PLGA)is a key excipient in long-acting sustained-release preparations,and its degradation properties directly affect the drug release behavior.In this study,PLGA microspheres were prepared by microfluidic techniques,and the morphology changes of the microspheres were observed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM).In alkaline environment,due to the accelerated hydrolysis of ester bonds,the surface of the microspheres was rapidly dissolved and eroded,and the degradation rate was significantly higher than that in acidic environment.High temperature accelerated the degradation of PLGA microspheres.Under neutral and alkaline conditions,the microspheres showed aggregation and adhesion.Under acidic conditions,the microspheres gradually decomposed into irregular fragments.The high ionic strength further promoted the surface corrosion of the microspheres,especially under extreme pH conditions.Simultaneously,PLGA microspheres encapsulating coumarin were prepared to simulate the microsphere formulation.The release rate of coumarin after degradation of the microspheres under different conditions was observed by measuring the absorbance with ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry.The results were consistent with those of the blank microspheres.This study revealed that the degradation of PLGA microspheres was significantly pH-dependent,temperature sensitive and ion strength responsive.These findings not only helped to understand and optimize the long-term stability and controlled release performance of drug-carrying microspheres,but also provided a theoretical basis for further improvement of PLGA-based drug carrier design.

[Objective]To summarize Professor ZHANG Guangji's thoughts and clinical experience in the treatment of senile insomnia based on the theory of"treating senile diseases from the perspective of Fu-organs".[Methods]By sorting out the discussions of previous medical scholars on the theory of"treating senile diseases from the perspective of Fu-organs"and Professor ZHANG's clinical interpretation,this paper,from three aspects,including the meaning of"treating senile diseases from the perspective of Fu-organs",the theoretical basis and specific application of treating senile insomnia from the perspective of Fu-organs,combining with typical medical records observed in the clinic,explores the feasibility and practical ideas of treating senile insomnia from the perspective of Fu-organs.[Results]Professor ZHANG believes that the meaning of Fu-organs includes not only the six hollow organs but also the source of engendering transformation,as well as the blood vessels and Xuanfu(sweat pore).The theoretical basis for treating senile insomnia by"seeking treatment from the Fu-organs"lies in the fact that the smoothness of the Fu-organs is of great significance for the sleep health of the elderly,and the obstruction of the Fu-organs plays an important role in the occurrence of senile insomnia.Specifically,the obstruction of the stomach,blood vessels and sweat pore impedes the pathway where Yin and Yang converge,resulting in their inability to interact.This disruption affects both the onset and maintenance of sleep.Therefore,in treatment,it is essential to focus on maintaining the smooth circulation of the gastrointestinal tract,blood vessels and sweat pore,enabling the free flow of Yin and Yang.A medical case was presented here.An elderly patient with insomnia was diagnosed with the syndromes of liver Qi stagnation transforming into fire,blood stasis obstructing the collaterals,stomach Qi disharmony and obstruction of the Xuanfu(minute orifices).By adopting the treatment principles of soothing the liver and regulating the stomach,promoting blood circulation to remove stasis and opening the Xuanfu,and calming the mind,good therapeutic effects were achieved.Specifically,Zhishi Xiaopi Pills were used to smooth the Qi circulation in the stomach-related Fu-organs,Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction was employed to promote blood circulation in the blood-related Fu-organs,and Danzhi Xiaoyao Powder combined with acupuncture was utilized to open the Xuanfu.[Conclusion]The theory of"treating senile diseases from the perspective of Fu-organs"is feasible,and Professor ZHANG Guangji's clinical experience is unique,providing a certain perspective for the prevention and treatment of senile insomnia.

The circadian clock plays a critical role in regulating various physiological processes, including gene expression, metabolic regulation, immune response, and the sleep-wake cycle in living organisms. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are crucial regulatory mechanisms to maintain the precise oscillation of the circadian clock. By modulating the stability, activity, cell localization and protein-protein interactions of core clock proteins, PTMs enable these proteins to respond dynamically to environmental and intracellular changes, thereby sustaining the periodic oscillations of the circadian clock. Different types of PTMs exert their effects through distincting molecular mechanisms, collectively ensuring the proper function of the circadian system. This review systematically summarized several major types of PTMs, including phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation and oxidative modification, and overviewed their roles in regulating the core clock proteins and the associated pathways, with the goals of providing a theoretical foundation for the deeper understanding of clock mechanisms and the treatment of diseases associated with circadian disruption.
Protein Processing, Post-Translational/physiology* ; Circadian Rhythm/physiology* ; Humans ; Animals ; CLOCK Proteins/physiology* ; Circadian Clocks/physiology* ; Phosphorylation ; Acetylation ; Ubiquitination ; Sumoylation

Objective To investigate the effect of programmed death-1(PD-1)on cell infiltration in muscle tissue and immune response types in mice infected with Trichinella spiralis.Methods C57BL/6J wild-type(WT)and PD-1 deficient(PD-1-/-)mice were infected with T.spiralis(400 muscle larvae per mouse),and samples were collected on day 35 after infection.The proportions of infiltrating inflammatory cells and fibroblasts around encapsulated larvae were assessed by immunohistochemistry.The expression levels of interferon-γ(IFN-γ),interleukin(IL)-4,IL-5,IL-13,and eotaxin in muscle tissue were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Peripheral blood and spleen were collected at different time points after infection.The percentages of CD4+IFN-γ+Th1 and CD4+IL-4+Th2 within CD4+T cells population in peripheral blood and spleen of mice were analyzed using flow cytometry.Results The proportions of eosinophils and fibroblasts among total infiltrating cells around the encapsulated larvae in the muscle of PD-1-/-mice were significantly lower than those in WT mice after T.spiralis infection(P＜0.01).The infected PD-1-/-mice exhibited higher proportions of macrophages,T cells and B cells in total infiltrating cells than the infected WT mice(P＜0.01).The levels of IL-4,IL-5,IL-13,and eotaxin in the muscle tissue of infected PD-1-/-mice were significantly lower than those in infected WT mice(P＜0.05).However,IFN-γ levels were not significantly different between the infected WT and PD-1-/-mice.The proportions of Th2 cells in CD4+T cells from peripheral blood and spleen of infected PD-1-/-mice were significantly lower than those in infected WT mice,whereas the proportion of Th1 cells showed no difference among the infected groups.Conclusions PD-1 deletion results in decreased expression of key chemokines of eosinophils and key cytokines of fibroblast formation,and a corresponding decrease in inflammatory cells in muscle in T.spiralis-infected mice.This effect may be associated with a diminished Th2 immune response caused by PD-1 deletion.