As an important tissue of the body(accounting for approximately 40％of body weight),skel-etal muscle is composed of various cell types such as muscle fibers,muscle stem cells,and endothelial cells.It participates in physiological processes including movement,energy metabolism,and internal en-vironment homeostasis through temporal and spatial specific regulation.Its development is divided into two critical stages:embryonic and postnatal periods.Abnormal development can lead to diseases such as muscular dystrophy and directly affect the yield and quality of livestock meat.In recent years,the combi-nation of single-cell transcriptomics(scRNA-seq)and spatial omics(single-cell spatial omics technolo-gy)has provided a high-resolution research tool for analyzing the spatiotemporal dynamic regulatory net-work and intercellular interactions in skeletal muscle development.This article reviews the molecular mechanisms of skeletal muscle development and its application value in animal husbandry breeding,and systematically combs the research progress,analysis processes,data resources,and future directions of single-cell omics,spatial omics,and single-cell spatial omics technology in skeletal muscle development.Among them,single-cell omics can reveal the heterogeneity of skeletal muscle cells,myofiber differentia-tion trajectories in different livestock and poultry(such as cattle,pigs,and Tibetan chickens)through methods like pseudotime analysis and RNA velocity analysis.Furthermore,single-cell omics can identify key transcription factors(e.g.,MYF5,MYOD1)and cell communication pathways(e.g.,FGF7-FG-FR2),and simultaneously clarify the molecular differences in myoblast differentiation timing and cell composition ratio among different breeds.Relying on technologies such as Visium and Seq-Scope,spatial omics realizes the spatial localization of gene expression in pathological models of mice,Atlantic salmon,and broiler chickens.Spatial omics also clarifies the spatial distribution laws of neuromuscular junction region-specific genes and inflammation-fibrosis cascade reactions,and makes up for the defect of losing spatial context in single-cell technology.Although there are limited direct application cases of single-cell spatial omics technology,it has already analyzed the abnormal fate of myoblasts in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy through MERFISH technology.In terms of technology selection,it is necessary to consider research objectives,molecular modalities,and resolution requirements.At the same time,data analysis needs to address challenges such as data sparsity through methods like DCA denoising and RCTD cell type mapping.In addition,this article summarizes 16 muscle development-related databases inclu-ding HCA and PanglaoDB.This review further discusses the potential applications of these three types of technologies in the directional regulation of myoblast fate,precise intervention in the growth cycle,im-provement of microenvironment interactions,and the development of multi-omics genetic breeding mod-els.This paper is providing a more comprehensive and detailed theoretical reference and technical sup-port for basic research on skeletal muscle development and practical applications in the animal husbandry industry.

In a healthy human, the airway mucus forms a thin, protective liquid layer covering the surface of the respiratory tract. It comprises a complex blend of mucin, multiple antibacterial proteins, metabolic substances, water, and electrolytes. This mucus plays a pivotal role in the lungs' innate immune system by maintaining airway hydration and capturing airborne particles and pathogens. However, heightened mucus secretion in the airway can compromise ciliary clearance, obstruct the respiratory tract, and increase the risk of pathogen colonization and recurrent infections. Consequently, a thorough exploration of the mechanisms driving excessive airway mucus secretion is crucial for establishing a theoretical foundation for the eventual development of targeted drugs designed to reduce mucus production. Across a range of lung diseases, excessive airway mucus secretion manifests with unique characteristics and regulatory mechanisms, all intricately linked to mucin. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the characteristics and regulatory mechanisms associated with excessive airway mucus secretion in several prevalent lung diseases.
Humans ; Mucus/metabolism* ; Mucins/physiology* ; Lung Diseases/metabolism* ; Respiratory Mucosa/metabolism* ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/physiopathology* ; Asthma/physiopathology* ; Cystic Fibrosis/physiopathology* ; Mucociliary Clearance/physiology*

As an important tissue of the body(accounting for approximately 40％of body weight),skel-etal muscle is composed of various cell types such as muscle fibers,muscle stem cells,and endothelial cells.It participates in physiological processes including movement,energy metabolism,and internal en-vironment homeostasis through temporal and spatial specific regulation.Its development is divided into two critical stages:embryonic and postnatal periods.Abnormal development can lead to diseases such as muscular dystrophy and directly affect the yield and quality of livestock meat.In recent years,the combi-nation of single-cell transcriptomics(scRNA-seq)and spatial omics(single-cell spatial omics technolo-gy)has provided a high-resolution research tool for analyzing the spatiotemporal dynamic regulatory net-work and intercellular interactions in skeletal muscle development.This article reviews the molecular mechanisms of skeletal muscle development and its application value in animal husbandry breeding,and systematically combs the research progress,analysis processes,data resources,and future directions of single-cell omics,spatial omics,and single-cell spatial omics technology in skeletal muscle development.Among them,single-cell omics can reveal the heterogeneity of skeletal muscle cells,myofiber differentia-tion trajectories in different livestock and poultry(such as cattle,pigs,and Tibetan chickens)through methods like pseudotime analysis and RNA velocity analysis.Furthermore,single-cell omics can identify key transcription factors(e.g.,MYF5,MYOD1)and cell communication pathways(e.g.,FGF7-FG-FR2),and simultaneously clarify the molecular differences in myoblast differentiation timing and cell composition ratio among different breeds.Relying on technologies such as Visium and Seq-Scope,spatial omics realizes the spatial localization of gene expression in pathological models of mice,Atlantic salmon,and broiler chickens.Spatial omics also clarifies the spatial distribution laws of neuromuscular junction region-specific genes and inflammation-fibrosis cascade reactions,and makes up for the defect of losing spatial context in single-cell technology.Although there are limited direct application cases of single-cell spatial omics technology,it has already analyzed the abnormal fate of myoblasts in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy through MERFISH technology.In terms of technology selection,it is necessary to consider research objectives,molecular modalities,and resolution requirements.At the same time,data analysis needs to address challenges such as data sparsity through methods like DCA denoising and RCTD cell type mapping.In addition,this article summarizes 16 muscle development-related databases inclu-ding HCA and PanglaoDB.This review further discusses the potential applications of these three types of technologies in the directional regulation of myoblast fate,precise intervention in the growth cycle,im-provement of microenvironment interactions,and the development of multi-omics genetic breeding mod-els.This paper is providing a more comprehensive and detailed theoretical reference and technical sup-port for basic research on skeletal muscle development and practical applications in the animal husbandry industry.

This study was aimed at exploring the epidemiological characteristics of plague,and the evolutionary relation-ships among the isolated plague strains in the Yunnan border area,to provide clues for further studying epidemic causes and ep-idemiological patterns.Plague epidemic data in the border area during the second epidemic period(1982-2007)were collected and analyzed with descriptive epidemiological methods.Whole genome sequences of 262 strains of Yersinia pestis in the border area were obtained for phylogenetic analysis.Plague outbreaks occurred in 17 counties(cities)among 25 border counties(cit-ies);a total of 552 epidemic foci and 123 human cases were identified.The 1.ORI2,1.ORI3,1.IN3,2.ANT and 2.MED geno-types were identified among Yersinia pestis isolated from the Yunnan border area,among which the 1.ORI2 population was dominant.A total of 258 strains of Yersinia pestis from the 1.OR12 population belonged to four subclusters.The Myanmar and Vietnam clade was embedded within the Yunnan clade in the overall phylogeny.The above results indicated that during the sec-ond period of the epidemic,the intensity of plague epidemics in Yunnan's border areas was high,showing a trend of devel-opment from west to south and east.Our findings indicated a risk of cross-border transmission of plague between Yunnan and neighboring countries;therefore,the surveillance,pre-vention,and control of plague in border areas should be strengthened.

Objective To observe the inhibitory effect of Guiqi Yiyuan ointment on tumor growth in mice with Lewis lung cancer,and to explore the molecular mechanism of Guiqi Yiyuan ointment combined with cisplatin through phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian rapamycin target protein(PI3K/Akt/mTOR)signal pathway.Methods Sixty C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into 6 groups with 10 mice in each group.Except for the blank group(0.9％NaCl),Lewis lung cancer-bearing mice were randomly divided into model group(0.9％NaCl),control group(0.9％NaCl,cisplatin 5 mg·kg-1)and low,medium,high dose experimental groups(Guiqi Yiyuan ointment 1.6,3.3,6.6 g·kg-1,cisplatin 5 mg·kg-1).Flow cytometry was used to detect bone marrow-derived suppressor cells(MDSCs);the expression of related proteins in tumor tissues was detected by Western blot.Results The tumor inhibition rates in control group and low,medium,high dose experimental groups were(39.87±4.45)％,(45.74±14.97)％,(57.78±4.70)％and(69.82±11.05)％.The proportion of MDSCs in bone marrow of in blank group,model group,control group and low,medium,high dose experimental groups were(36.13±1.08)％,(68.63±2.94)％,(58.93±2.02)％,(58.00±1.50)％,(50.93±5.06)％and(43.07±2.41)％.The protein expressions of p-PI3K/PI3K in model group,control group and low,medium and high experimental groups were 0.97±0.03,0.77±0.02,0.72±0.01,0.68±0.03 and 0.53±0.02;PTEN were 0.21±0.07,0.65±0.07,0.74±0.06,0.99±0.13,1.11±0.13;p-Akt/Akt were 1.01±0.02,0.82±0.02,0.77±0.00,0.72±0.03 and 0.52±0.04;p-mTOR/mTOR were 1.01±0.01,0.76±0.05,0.69±0.07,0.59±0.06 and 0.47±0.06.There were significant differences between low,medium,high experimental groups and control group(all P＜0.05).Conclusion Guiqi Yiyuan ointment combined with cisplatin can significantly improve the quality of life and inhibit tumor growth in mice.The mechanism may be the inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signal pathway and the enhancement of tumor cell apoptosis and autophagy.

Objective To observe the effects of traditional Chinese medicine compound Platycodon grandiflorum Bai powder on the growth of subcutaneously implanted tumor and the expression of B-cell lymphoma-2(Bcl-2),Bcl-2 associated X protein(Bax),cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase(caspase)-3 and caspase-9 in subcutaneously implanted tumor of Lewis lung cancer mice.Methods The model of transplanted tumor of Lewis lung cancer in mice was established.Seventy SPF male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into blank group,model group,low dose experimental group,medium dose experimental group,high dose experimental group,control group and combined group.Blank group and model group were given 0.9％NaCl 0.2 mL by gavage;control group was given 0.9％NaCl by gavage and 25 mg·kg-1cisplatin intraperitoneally;high,medium,low dose experimental groups were given 193,96,48 mg·kg-1·d-1 Platycodon grandiflorum Bai powder 0.2 mL by gavage,respectively;combined group was given 96 mg·kg-1·d-1 Platycodon grandiflorum Bai powder 0.2 mL by gavage,and 25 mg·kg-1 cisplatin intraperitoneally,once every other day.The myelogenous suppressor cells(MDSCs)of mouse bone marrow were detected by flow cytometry,and the expressions of Bel-2,Bax,caspase-3 and caspase-9 in tumor cells were detected by immunofluorescence.Results The percentage of MDSCs in bone marrow of mice in blank group,model group,low dose experimental,medium,high dose experimental group,control group and combination group were(32.50±2.76)％,(63.13±3.14)％,(48.43±2.23)％,(42.53±1.28)％,(32.93±3.56)％,(51.30±4.25)％and(19.90±6.21)％,respectively.The fluorescence intensities of Bax in model group,low dose experimental group,medium dose experimental group,high dose experimental group,control group and combination group were 10.42±0.68,12.40±1.23,15.14±0.65,22.95±1.76,27.18±1.62 and 31.61±1.28;Bel-2 were 36.85±0.80,33.92±4.20,28.88±1.01,20.04±2.21,15.69±2.36 and 6.05±0.73;caspase-3 were 5.28±0.44,7.63±0.55,9.66±0.85,14.73±1.18,17.95±1.29 and 22.92±1.95;caspase-9 were 9.48±0.90,11.57±0.72,13.45±0.93,15.73±1.44,19.20±0.96 and 23.21±1.51.There were significant differences between medium,high dose experimental groups and model group(all P＜0.05),and there were significant differences between combined group and control group(all P＜0.05).Conclusion Platycodon grandiflorum Bai powder can up-regulating the expression of Bax,caspase-3 and caspase-9,down-regulating the expression of Bel-2,inhibiting MDSCs,promoting tumor cell apoptosis and inhibiting tumor growth.

Aim To investigate the effects of total flavonoids from Rosa rugosa (TFR) on cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury (CIRI) in rats, and to investigate whether TFR inhibited neuronal apoptosis by regulating phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) signaling pathway and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) pathways. Methods SD rats were randomly divided into sham operation group, model group, low-dose group (50 mg · kg

Objective To design an integrated simulation training system of tactical combat casualty care for mobile medical detachments to realize training of mass casualty treatment at wartime.Methods An integrated simulation training system of tactical combat casualty care for mobile medical detachments was developed with UE4 unreal engine and Vue.js framework for developing visual interface scenes,3D modeling for building war simulation scenarios,Java programming language for writing backend logic code and MySQL database for data recording.There were four functional modules involved in the system developed for micro class,self-assessment,game simulation and record query.Results The system developed realized integrated training for attending class,practice,test and review,and enhanced the efficacy for training of tactical combat casualty care.Conclusions The system developed contributes to increasing the combat casualty care capability of mobile medical detachments.

Objective: To investigate hypertriglyceridemia and hepatomegaly caused by Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus (FSS) and Schisandra chinensis Fructus (FSC) oils in mice. Methods: Mice were orally administered a single dose of Schisandrae Fructus oils. Serum and hepatic triglyceride (TG), triglyceride transfer protein (TTP), apolipoprotein B48 (Apo B48), very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), alanine aminotransfease (ALT) and liver index were measured at 6-120 h post-dosing. Results: FSS and FSC oil caused time and dose-dependent increases in serum and hepatic TG levels, with maximum increases in the liver (by 297% and 340%) at 12 h post-dosing and serum (244% and 439%) at 24-h post-dosing, respectively. Schisandrae Fructus oil treatments also elevated the levels of serum TTP by 51% and 63%, Apo B48 by 152% and 425%, and VLDL by 67% and 38% in mice, respectively. FSS and FSC oil treatments also increased liver mass by 53% and 55% and HGF by 106% and 174%, but lowered serum ALT activity by 38% and 22%, respectively. Fenofibrate pre/ co-treatment attenuated the FSS and FSC oil-induced elevation in serum TG levels by 41% and 49% at 48 h post-dosing, respectively, but increased hepatic TG contents (by 38% and 33%, respectively) at 12 h post-dosing. Conclusions: Our findings provide evidence to support the establishment of a novel mouse model of hypertriglyceridemia by oral administration of FSS oil (mainly increasing endogenous TG) and FSC oil (mainly elevating exogenous TG).

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common mood disorder that affects almost 20% of the global population. In addition, much evidence has implicated altered function of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAergic) system in the pathophysiology of depression. Recent research has indicated that GABA receptors (GABARs) are an emerging therapeutic target in the treatment of stress-related disorders such as MDD. However, which cell types with GABARs are involved in this process is unknown. As hippocampal dysfunction is implicated in MDD, we knocked down GABARs in the hippocampus and found that knocking down these receptors in astrocytes, but not in GABAergic or pyramidal neurons, caused a decrease in immobility in the forced swimming test (FST) without affecting other anxiety- and depression-related behaviors. We also generated astrocyte-specific GABAR-knockout mice and found decreased immobility in the FST in these mice. Furthermore, the conditional knockout of GABARs in astrocytes selectively increased the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor protein in hippocampal astrocytes, which controlled the decrease in immobility in the FST. Taken together, our findings contribute to the current understanding of which cell types expressing GABARs modulate antidepressant activity in the FST, and they may provide new insights into the pathological mechanisms and potential targets for the treatment of depression.