Objective:To study the risk factors of thyroid nodules in patients with type 2 diabetes.Methods:Data of patients with type 2 diabetes with normal thyroid function admitted to the Department of Endocrinology of Heze Municipal Hospital from January to June 2024 were collected. Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of thyroid nodules in patients with type 2 diabetes, and the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC curve) was used to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of each influencing factor.Results:Among 162 patients with type 2 diabetes, 96 had thyroid nodules, accounting for 59.3%. The incidence of thyroid nodules in women was significantly higher than that in men (χ 2 = 4.56, P = 0.034). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age (≥50 years old), overweight and obesity [body mass index (BMI)≥24.0 kg/m 2], high glycated hemoglobin (≥10%), and high total cholesterol ( > 6.5 mmol/L) were independent risk factors for thyroid nodules in patients with type 2 diabetes ( OR = 1.83, 1.67, 1.08, 3.65, P < 0.05), and men was an independent protective factor ( OR = 0.63, P = 0.039). The ROC curve results showed that total cholesterol and total cholesterol combined with glycated hemoglobin could distinguish patients with thyroid nodules from those without thyroid nodules, with AUC = 0.64 and 0.68, respectively, and the differences were statistically significant ( P < 0.05). Conclusions:The incidence of thyroid nodules in patients with type 2 diabetes is relatively high. Age, overweight and obesity, high glycated hemoglobin, and high total cholesterol are independent risk factors for thyroid nodules in patients with type 2 diabetes, and total cholesterol has the ability to distinguish patients with thyroid nodules.

Inflammatory lung diseases are cur-rently a major challenge threatening human health and life.Imbalanced inflammation and excessive in-flammation can lead to tissue damage and trigger the occurrence and development of systemic dis-eases.Anti-inflammatory treatment is of vital im-portance for improving patient survival and quality of life.In recent years,significant progress has been made in the exploration and research of drug targeting strategies,effectively addressing issues such as slow onset,low bioavailability,and rapid in vivo clearance rates during drug delivery.Drug tar-geting can increase local drug concentrations,re-duce dosing frequency,and mitigate side effects.This review primarily elaborates on the classifica-tion and characteristics of inflammatory lung dis-eases.It comprehensively reviews targeted drug de-livery strategies for inflammatory lung diseases from three perspectives:local targeting,passive tar-geting,and active targeting.Furthermore,it dis-cusses the prospects and challenges of drug target-ed therapy for lung diseases,potentially providing new research and application ideas for the target-ed treatment of inflammatory lung diseases.

Inflammatory lung diseases are cur-rently a major challenge threatening human health and life.Imbalanced inflammation and excessive in-flammation can lead to tissue damage and trigger the occurrence and development of systemic dis-eases.Anti-inflammatory treatment is of vital im-portance for improving patient survival and quality of life.In recent years,significant progress has been made in the exploration and research of drug targeting strategies,effectively addressing issues such as slow onset,low bioavailability,and rapid in vivo clearance rates during drug delivery.Drug tar-geting can increase local drug concentrations,re-duce dosing frequency,and mitigate side effects.This review primarily elaborates on the classifica-tion and characteristics of inflammatory lung dis-eases.It comprehensively reviews targeted drug de-livery strategies for inflammatory lung diseases from three perspectives:local targeting,passive tar-geting,and active targeting.Furthermore,it dis-cusses the prospects and challenges of drug target-ed therapy for lung diseases,potentially providing new research and application ideas for the target-ed treatment of inflammatory lung diseases.

Objective:To study the risk factors of thyroid nodules in patients with type 2 diabetes.Methods:Data of patients with type 2 diabetes with normal thyroid function admitted to the Department of Endocrinology of Heze Municipal Hospital from January to June 2024 were collected. Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of thyroid nodules in patients with type 2 diabetes, and the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC curve) was used to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of each influencing factor.Results:Among 162 patients with type 2 diabetes, 96 had thyroid nodules, accounting for 59.3%. The incidence of thyroid nodules in women was significantly higher than that in men (χ 2 = 4.56, P = 0.034). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age (≥50 years old), overweight and obesity [body mass index (BMI)≥24.0 kg/m 2], high glycated hemoglobin (≥10%), and high total cholesterol ( > 6.5 mmol/L) were independent risk factors for thyroid nodules in patients with type 2 diabetes ( OR = 1.83, 1.67, 1.08, 3.65, P < 0.05), and men was an independent protective factor ( OR = 0.63, P = 0.039). The ROC curve results showed that total cholesterol and total cholesterol combined with glycated hemoglobin could distinguish patients with thyroid nodules from those without thyroid nodules, with AUC = 0.64 and 0.68, respectively, and the differences were statistically significant ( P < 0.05). Conclusions:The incidence of thyroid nodules in patients with type 2 diabetes is relatively high. Age, overweight and obesity, high glycated hemoglobin, and high total cholesterol are independent risk factors for thyroid nodules in patients with type 2 diabetes, and total cholesterol has the ability to distinguish patients with thyroid nodules.

Objective To study the effect of self-efficacy on learning effect of medical students.Methods Self-efficacy scores of the questionnaire to clinical medical students who practice in our hospital from September 2012 to April 2013 were measured.Students with score lower than the average were recruited into group A,and the others were recruited into group B.Then the scores of both-group students in the process of clinical practice,the theoretical knowledge,and triguaiacyl tests were gotten for statistical analysis.Results Group B (88.02 ± 3.902; 89.02 ± 3.902; 89.94 ± 3.794) were significantly better than group A (67.07 ± 5.131,66.02± 5.866,65.23 ±6.741) in the scores of the theory of knowledge,operation skills and triguaiacyl test.The correlation analysis showed that self-efficacy was positively related to these three aspects (P=0.032,0.024,0.001).Conclusion Clinical teachers should consciously improve students' self-efficacy in the process of their clinical practice,in order to improve the learning effect of the clinical medical students preferably.

Objective To investigate the value of ultrasound elastosonography in the diagnosis of liver fibrosis. Methods One hundred and twenty patients with chronic hepatitis B were examined by ultrasound elastosonography and given elasticity scores,the correlation coefficient between the elasticity scores and the histologic fibrosis stage was evaluated and its difference in the diagnosis of liver fibrosis was compared. Results The Spearman's correlation coefficient between the elasticity scores and the histologic fibrosis stage was 0. 875,which was highly significant ( P＜0. 01). There was no significantly difference between elasticity scores and fibrosis staging in the diagnosis of liver fibrosis by Marginal Homogeneity (Z=- 1. 144, P = 0. 149). The sensitivity,specificity and accuracy of ultrasonic elastography for diagnosing liver fibrosis were 92. 5%, 85.0%, 90.0%, respectively. Conclusions Elastosonography is helpful for the diagnosis of liver fibrosis.

Objective To find out the valuable ultrasonographic features for differentiating benign and malignant thyroid solitary nodular, and to apply the binary Logistic regression model in analysis of ultrasonography of thyroid solitary nodular. Methods Two-dimensional ultrasonography was performed in 194 patients with thyroid solitary nodular confirmed with surgical pathology. A Logistic model was obtained on the basis of ultrasonographic features. A receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed to assess the performance of the Logistic model. Results Three ultrasonographic features including shape, calcification and heterogeneous texture were finally entered into the Logistic model. The percentage of correct prediction was 91.75%. The area under ROC curve was 0.916±0.035. Conclusion The binary Logistic regression can select the valuable indexes in the differential diagnosis of thyroid solitary nodular. The application of binary Logistic regression model can improve the diagnosis accuracy of thyroid solitary nodular.

Objective To evaluate the value of grey scale ultrasonography (US) combined with elastography in the difference diagnosis of benign and malignant thyroid lesions. Methods Sixty-two patients with 81 lesions were examined by grey scale US and elastography preoperatively. All the lesions were confirmed by pathology. According to their features of grey scale ultrasonograms and elastograms, two receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were drawn, one for gray ultrasound and one for the combination methods. The area under curve (AUC) of them were made a comparison. Results The cut-off value of the grey scale group was equal or more than 5, the sensitivity,specificity was 60. 0% ,98. 5%. And the cut-off value of grey scale US combined with elastography group was equal or more than 6, the sensitivity, specificity was 80.0%, 89.4%. The AUC of grey scale US was 0.860 and that of the combination group was 0. 916. The difference between them was statistically significant Z = - 7. 863, P = 0. 000). Conclusions The grey scale US combined with elastography could improve sensitivity and decrease omission diagnose rate. It may be more helpful in the difference diagnosis of malignant from benign thyroid lesions.