Objective As an important monitoring target for gaseous effluents from nuclear facilities, the radioactive inert gas ⁸⁵Kr requires accurate measurement, which is crucial for nuclear safety and radiation protection. This study organized an inter-laboratory comparison activity for ⁸⁵Kr gamma-ray spectrometry measurements, with the aims of identifying potential problems in ⁸⁵Kr measurement and improving detection capabilities and proficiency. Methods Four laboratories participated in this comparison. Each laboratory employed gamma-ray spectrometry to measure the comparison samples, and the results were evaluated using the E_n value. Results The measurement results from all participating institutions were acceptable, with the maximum E_n value being 0.73. The results demonstrate that despite the low gamma-ray branching ratio of ⁸⁵Kr and its susceptibility to interference from the 511 keV positron annihilation peak, gamma-ray spectrometry can achieve reliable activity measurements of ⁸⁵Kr. Conclusion The comparison for ⁸⁵Kr gamma-ray spectrometry tested the capabilities of the participating laboratories in ⁸⁵Kr measurement. It promoted technical exchange and experience sharing among laboratories, laying a foundation for future comparisons involving more complex radioactive inert gases.

Objective:To investigate the relationship between artificial radionuclide 137Cs and stable cesium (Cs) in wild edible fungi and seek potential correlations. Methods:A total of 30 samples, including the caps (with gills) and stipes of wild edible fungi, were collected from the northeastern region of China. The measurement and analysis of 137Cs were conducted following recommended procedures in GB/T 16145-2022, and stable Cs was determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Then, the correlation analysis of data on 137Cs and stable Cs was performed using SPSS 11.5 software, and scatter plots were prepared using the Origin 21.0 software. Results:The fungi caps exhibited a specific activity of 137Cs ranging from 0.52 to 55.9 Bq/kg (dry weight) and a stable Cs content from 0.069 mg/kg to 16.2 mg/kg (dry weight). The stipes showed a specific activity of 137Cs ranging from 0.53 Bq/kg to 101 Bq/kg (dry weight) and a stable Cs content from 0.075 to 11.5 mg/kg (dry weight). These data revealed a significant correlation between the specific activity of 137Cs and the stable cesium content in all samples including caps and stipes, with correlation coefficients r of 0.956, 0.912, and 0.931, respectively, and all significant levels P < 0.01. The ratios of the specific activity of 137Cs to stable Cs content varied from 2.09 Bq/kg to 20.1 Bq/kg (dry weight), with an average of 10.7 Bq/kg (dry weight). Conclusions:Wild edible fungi fail to distinguish between 137Cs and stable cesium when absorbing Cs elements from their growing substrates. Furthermore, there is a strong correlation between the specific activity of 137Cs and stable Cs content. In the case of exogenous 137Cs contamination, the ratio of the specific activity of 137Cs and stable Cs content will significantly change. Therefore, an increase in the ratio can be used as a reference for identifying 137Cs contamination events.

Objective:To explore the applicability of critical statistical measures Z, Z′, Zeta ( ζ), and En value in comparative capability assessments by analyzing the data from nationwide radiological health technology institutions from 2020 to 2023, aiming to provide a reference for further improving China′s comparative assessment method for verifying the γ-ray spectroscopy capability of radionuclides. Methods:Based on the nationwide analysis and comparison of γ-ray spectroscopy of radionuclides conducted annually by the National Institute for Radiological Protection, China CDC, the deviations between laboratory result and reference values were determined using the above-mentioned four statistical measures. Finally, the qualification rates of the γ-ray spectroscopy result from relevant institutions were assessed and analyzed.Results:The result indicate that the qualification rates of the Z value exceeded 85%, which might be inaccurate in some cases since it ignored the limitation of uncertainty. In contrast, the Z′ value yielded more scientific and representative result because it considered the uncertainty of reference values, and the inter-laboratory comparison qualification rate is above 95%. In the case of low uncertainty of the γ-ray spectroscopy result, the Zeta ( ζ) or En ratio exhibited relatively high sensitivity and, accordingly, relatively low qualification rates, indicating that this ratio may not comprehensively reflect the interlaboratory comparison result. Conclusions:The Z, Z′, Zeta ( ζ), and En values demonstrate their own advantages and limitations in assessing the capability of the γ-ray spectroscopy of radionuclides. For comparison projects involving multiple laboratories and complex measurement conditions, such as the nationwide verification of the capabilities of the γ-ray spectroscopy of radionuclides, it is feasible to combine the Z′ value with the Zeta ( ζ) or En ratio, with the former and the latter used to determine the qualified and excellent capability result, respectively. This enables the comprehensive assessment of the measurement and analysis capabilities of the γ-ray spectroscopy laboratories of radiological health technology institutions in China.

Objective To determine the content and distribution characteristics of the artificial radionuclide ¹³⁷Cs and the natural radionuclides ²¹⁰Pb, ²²⁶Ra, ²²⁸Ra, and ⁴⁰K in wild edible fungi, and calculate the committed effective dose due to ¹³⁷Cs and ²¹⁰Pb in wild edible fungi. Methods Thirty samples of wild edible fungi were collected and their caps and stems were separated. A total of 60 samples were measured for ¹³⁷Cs, ²¹⁰Pb, ²²⁶Ra, ²²⁸Ra, and ⁴⁰K using a BE5030 wide-energy, low-background, high-purity germanium γ spectrometer. The paired analysis of the four radionuclides ²²⁶Ra, ²¹⁰Pb, ¹³⁷Cs, and ⁴⁰K was performed using SPSS 11.5. Results Among the 60 samples, the detection rates and dry weight specific activity ranges of ¹³⁷Cs, ²¹⁰Pb, ²²⁶Ra, ²²⁸Ra, and ⁴⁰K were 97% and 0.62-384 Bq/kg, 73% and 6.4-159 Bq/kg, 52% and 0.7-28.8 Bq/kg, 5% and 0.43-2.18 Bq/kg and 100% and （77.4-264) × 10 Bq/kg, respectively. Conclusion Based on the analysis of the 60 samples, the detection rate of radionuclides is in the order of ⁴⁰K, ¹³⁷Cs, ²¹⁰Pb, ²²⁶Ra, and ²²⁸Ra. In terms of the specific activity, the distribution of ⁴⁰K and ²²⁶Ra in wild edible fungi in the same region is basically uniform, while the content of ²¹⁰Pb and ¹³⁷Cs fluctuates in different samples. Although ¹³⁷Cs and ²¹⁰Pb can be detected in most of the wild edible fungi, the annual committed effective dose due to ingestion of wild edible fungi is negligible.

Objective:To investigate the relationship between artificial radionuclide 137Cs and stable cesium (Cs) in wild edible fungi and seek potential correlations. Methods:A total of 30 samples, including the caps (with gills) and stipes of wild edible fungi, were collected from the northeastern region of China. The measurement and analysis of 137Cs were conducted following recommended procedures in GB/T 16145-2022, and stable Cs was determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Then, the correlation analysis of data on 137Cs and stable Cs was performed using SPSS 11.5 software, and scatter plots were prepared using the Origin 21.0 software. Results:The fungi caps exhibited a specific activity of 137Cs ranging from 0.52 to 55.9 Bq/kg (dry weight) and a stable Cs content from 0.069 mg/kg to 16.2 mg/kg (dry weight). The stipes showed a specific activity of 137Cs ranging from 0.53 Bq/kg to 101 Bq/kg (dry weight) and a stable Cs content from 0.075 to 11.5 mg/kg (dry weight). These data revealed a significant correlation between the specific activity of 137Cs and the stable cesium content in all samples including caps and stipes, with correlation coefficients r of 0.956, 0.912, and 0.931, respectively, and all significant levels P < 0.01. The ratios of the specific activity of 137Cs to stable Cs content varied from 2.09 Bq/kg to 20.1 Bq/kg (dry weight), with an average of 10.7 Bq/kg (dry weight). Conclusions:Wild edible fungi fail to distinguish between 137Cs and stable cesium when absorbing Cs elements from their growing substrates. Furthermore, there is a strong correlation between the specific activity of 137Cs and stable Cs content. In the case of exogenous 137Cs contamination, the ratio of the specific activity of 137Cs and stable Cs content will significantly change. Therefore, an increase in the ratio can be used as a reference for identifying 137Cs contamination events.

Objective:To explore the applicability of critical statistical measures Z, Z′, Zeta ( ζ), and En value in comparative capability assessments by analyzing the data from nationwide radiological health technology institutions from 2020 to 2023, aiming to provide a reference for further improving China′s comparative assessment method for verifying the γ-ray spectroscopy capability of radionuclides. Methods:Based on the nationwide analysis and comparison of γ-ray spectroscopy of radionuclides conducted annually by the National Institute for Radiological Protection, China CDC, the deviations between laboratory result and reference values were determined using the above-mentioned four statistical measures. Finally, the qualification rates of the γ-ray spectroscopy result from relevant institutions were assessed and analyzed.Results:The result indicate that the qualification rates of the Z value exceeded 85%, which might be inaccurate in some cases since it ignored the limitation of uncertainty. In contrast, the Z′ value yielded more scientific and representative result because it considered the uncertainty of reference values, and the inter-laboratory comparison qualification rate is above 95%. In the case of low uncertainty of the γ-ray spectroscopy result, the Zeta ( ζ) or En ratio exhibited relatively high sensitivity and, accordingly, relatively low qualification rates, indicating that this ratio may not comprehensively reflect the interlaboratory comparison result. Conclusions:The Z, Z′, Zeta ( ζ), and En values demonstrate their own advantages and limitations in assessing the capability of the γ-ray spectroscopy of radionuclides. For comparison projects involving multiple laboratories and complex measurement conditions, such as the nationwide verification of the capabilities of the γ-ray spectroscopy of radionuclides, it is feasible to combine the Z′ value with the Zeta ( ζ) or En ratio, with the former and the latter used to determine the qualified and excellent capability result, respectively. This enables the comprehensive assessment of the measurement and analysis capabilities of the γ-ray spectroscopy laboratories of radiological health technology institutions in China.

Objective To correct the counting loss of ³⁷Ar below the activity threshold during the measurement of the absolute activity of the inert radioactive gas ³⁷Ar using the proportional counter filled with gas. Methods Monte Carlo simulation with Geant4 was performed to establish a proportional counter model and output the energy deposition spectrum of ³⁷Ar, which were used to simulate and analyze the causes and correction of counting loss. Results The photon detection efficiency was only 38.7% at 60 kPa. The counting loss was mainly caused by the wall effect produced by the photons, which could be reduced by increasing the gas pressure and corrected by extrapolation. The influence of wall effect at 100 kPa was 4.4%, and the deviation between simulation and experiment was < 0.6%. Conclusion A factor could be calculated by Geant4 simulation for the correction of counting loss, thus achieving the accurate measurement of ³⁷Ar activity by proportional counter.

Objective: To prove the validity and accuracy of the digitizer instead of the conventional electronics plug-in for radionuclide measurement. Methods:  Based on a large-area flow-gas multi-wire proportional counter for 2πα and 2πβ surface particle emission rate measurement, the DT5730 digital waveform sampler developed by CAEN was used for waveform signal acquisition, amplitude analysis, and data processing of the α-plane source 241Am and the β-plane source nuclides 14C, 36Cl, and 90Sr-90Y of different energies. Results: The deviations between the α and β surface particle emission rate results obtained after dead time and background corrections and the measurements obtained based on the plug-in calibrator were all within 0.6%, within the uncertainty range, under consistent experimental conditions such as electronics threshold and high pressure. Conclusion The digitizer is an effective alternative to conventional electronics plug-ins for α and β signal acquisition and processing and the accurate measurement of α and β emission rates.

Objective:To investigate the classification of main pancreatic duct and treatment strategy after linear stapler closure of pancreatic neck in laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy (LPD).Methods:The records of 51 consecutive patients with LPD who were treated by linear staple closure technique of pancreatic neck from February to December 2022 from Binzhou Second People′s Hospital, Shijingshan Campus, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Rizhao Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic-Splenic Surgery Research Institute, Chaoyang Central Hospital, Shandong Juxian People′s Hospital, Weihai Municipal Hospital, Binzhou Central Hospital, and Affiliated Hospital of Chifeng University were retrospectively reviewed. According to the visibility, position and diameter of the main pancreatic duct at the stump of the pancreas, the type of main pancreatic duct was divided into type I, type Ⅱ, type Ⅲa and type Ⅲb. The number of cases in each main pancreatic duct classification and the corresponding treatment strategies were examined.Results:A total of 51 cases of LPD were successfully completed. Of these patients, the males comprised 56.9%(29/51), and females comprised 43.1%(22/51), with age ranging from 31 to 88 years old. The type of the main pancreatic duct at the stump of the pancreas included 7 cases (13.7%) of type Ⅰ, 39 cases (76.5%) of type Ⅱ, 2 cases (3.9%) of type Ⅲa, and 3 cases (5.9%) of type Ⅲb. Corresponding treatment strategies were adopted according to different main pancreatic duct types, the main pancreatic duct was successfully found, and a support drainage tube was inserted.Conclusion:After linear stapler closure of pancreatic neck, corresponding treatment strategies should be adopted according to the classification of the main pancreatic duct, which would help to improve the success rate of finding the main pancreatic duct and placing a support drainage tube.

ObjectiveTo investigate the status of self-management in patients with spinal cord injury and the related factors. MethodsFrom May, 2020 to February, 2021, 255 patients from a spinal cord injury club were enrolled, and investigated with the general information questionnaire, self-management ability scale, Chronic Disease Self-efficacy Scale through internet. Multiple linear stepwise regression was used to explore the related factors. ResultsThe scores of disease symptom management, daily life management, intermittent catheterization behavior management, emotional management and social return were (40.458±9.122), (33.945±6.800), (36.709±8.736) and (25.011±4.932), respectively. The average score for the single question of daily life management was the highest (3.772±0.755), while emotional management and social return was the lowest (3.573±0.705). Duration of intermittent catheterization, family members' attitude, self-efficacy and occupation were the related factors of symptom management (R² = 0.135, F = 7.744, P < 0.001). Self-efficacy, duration of intermittent catheterization, use of hydrophilic coated catheters and complications were the related factors of daily life management (R² = 0.173, F = 13.042, P < 0.001). Self-efficacy, duration of intermittent catheterization, use of hydrophilic coated catheters and medical insurance were the related factors of intermittent catheterization behavior management (R² = 0.141, F = 10.259, P < 0.001). Self-efficacy, duration of intermittent catheterization, complications and frequency of intermittent catheter in the last week were the related factors of emotional management and social regression dimensions (R² = 0.282, F = 19.590, P < 0.001). ConclusionThe self-management of patients with spinal cord injury by clean intermittent catheterization is at medium level. Moreover, it may be affected by many factors. Some of them can be targets of intervention.