Viruses,as important biological agents influencing human health and social development,have played a key role in the spread of epidemics and the evolution of diseases since ancient times.Upon infecting hosts,viruses often trigger a series of com-plex responses,including innate and adaptive immunity,inflammatory responses and pathological damage.Despite advances in mod-ern antiviral drugs development,chemical drugs typically rely on a single molecular target within the viral life cycle,making them highly susceptible to the emergence of drug resistance and the induction of systemic toxic side effects.In contrast,traditional Chi-nese medicines(TCMs),posing the distinctive advantage of multi-component,multi-target,and multi-pathway,have exerted a pivotal role in viral prevention and viral treatment.In recent years,fresh herbs have gained increasing attention for their ability to preserve intact bioactive components.Fresh herb-derived nanovesicles possess excellent biocompatibility,targeting and cross-species regula-tory capabilities.These fresh herb-derived nanovesicles can effectively encapsulate and deliver a variety of antiviral components,demonstrating significant potential in antiviral immunomodulation,inflammation control and viral-induced pathologies.This review systematically sorts out the mechanisms of viral infection,and summarizes the advantages of fresh herbs,and the application pros-pects of fresh herb-derived nanovesicles in antiviral therapy.Furthermore,it focuses on summarizing the research progress of fresh herb-derived nanovesicles in the field of antiviral therapy,with the aim of providing insights and references for the development of fresh herb-derived nanovesicles-based antiviral strategies,as well as offering novel approaches and perspectives for the clinical treat-ment of viral diseases.

Objective To explore the association between plasma fibrinogen(FBG)levels and the risk of in-hospital mortality among patients with septic shock.Methods The clinical data of 563 patients diagnosed with septic shock in the Intensive Care Unit(ICU)of Shenzhen Second People's Hospital from August 1,2018,to December 31,2020,were collected.Patient demographic information,basic vital signs,and blood routine and biochemical indices upon admission were gathered.Moreover,the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)scores were calculated.Binary logistic regression analysis was conducted to explore the correlation between plasma fibrinogen levels and in-hospital mortality in patients with septic shock.Additionally,a generalized additive model(GAM)and smoothed curve fitting were employed to investigate the nonlinear relationship between plasma fibrinogen and in-hospital mortality.Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curves were constructed for FBG and APACHEⅡ scores to predict in-hospital mortality in septic shock patients.The area under the curve(AUC)was computed to compare the predictive efficacies of the two.Furthermore,a segmented linear regression model was utilized for quantification.Results Binary logistic regression analysis demonstrated a significant negative correlation between plasma fibrinogen levels and in-hospital mortality among patients with septic shock(P<0.05).GAM modeling and smoothed curve fitting disclosed a nonlinear association between plasma fibrinogen levels and in-hospital mortality,with an inflection point at 5.54 g/L.The segmented linear regression model indicated that,to the left of the inflection point(FBG≤5.54 g/L),for every 1 g/L decrease in plasma fibrinogen,the risk of death increased by 24.5%(OR=0.755,P=0.003).Conversely,to the right of the inflection point(FBG>5.54 g/L),the relationship was not statistically significant(OR=1.049,P=0.685).The findings of the subgroup analyses indicated that the characteristics of the subgroups did not alter the relationship between blood fibrinogen levels and in-hospital mortality.Conclusion There is a nonlinear relationship between FBG levels and in-hospital mortality in patients with septic shock,which has predictive value for evaluating the risk of in-hospital mortality in this patient cohort.

OBJECTIVE To analyze the results of speech-evoked auditory brainstem response(s-ABR)tests in patients with presbycusis and explore the mechanisms of speech coding in these patients.METHODS Thirty patients with presbycusis(presbycusis group),30 elderly individuals with normal hearing(elderly normal group),and 30 young adults with normal hearing(young control group)were recruited.The s-ABR was elicited using a 40 ms duration complex speech stimulus/da/,and the characteristics of s-ABR were analyzed in each group.RESULTS The latencies of waves V and A in the presbycusis group were significantly prolonged compared to both the elderly normal group and the young control group(P<0.05).However,there was no statistically significant difference in the latencies of waves between the elderly normal group and the young control group(P>0.05).The amplitude of wave A and the slope of the V-A complex wave in the presbycusis group were significantly lower than those in the young control group(P<0.05),while no statistically significant differences were observed in the amplitudes of other waves.CONCLUSION The characteristics of s-ABR in patients with presbycusis suggest that these patients have poor synchronization in response to stimulus timing and deficiencies in coding high-frequency and rapidly changing auditory information,which may be one of the mechanisms underlying the decline in speech abilities in patients with presbycusis.

Objective To explore the application of case-based learning(CBL)approach in the basic medical stage for eight-year clinical medical program.Methods A total of 320 students from the eight-year clinical medicine pro-gram at Peking Union Medical College in the grades of 2014-2015 and 2019-2020 were selected as the study subjects.These students were divided into two groups,162 students in the classes of 2014 and 2015 as the control group,and 158 students in the classes of 2019 and 2020 as the experimental group.The students in the control group received classic teaching in the basic medicine stage characterized by traditional lectures as the main teaching method.The students in the experimental group received traditional lectures supplemented by CBL.In this study,the cardiovascular system was taken as an example,and the assessment scores and questionnaires of the two groups of students were collected in order to evaluate the teaching effectiveness and to obtain timely teaching feedback.Results Traditional lecture combined with CBL method significantly improved the theory assessment scores of students in the experimental group,stimulated learning interest and intrinsic motivation,and enhanced team learn-ing and problem-solving ability.Students believed that CBL teaching could effectively improve the ability to link theory to clinical practice.In addition,CBL teaching method encouraged the interaction between teachers and students and improved teaching efficiency.Conclusions Well-designing and well-organized CBL teaching from multiple levels,including teachers,students,and curricula,can be better accepted and acknowledged by students from eight-year clinical medical program at the stage of basic medical education.

Objective:To investigate the impact of plasma exchange (PE) on T lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells in patients after kidney transplantation.Methods:The study retrospectively collected clinical data from patients who underwent their first ABO-compatible kidney transplantation at the Kidney Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University between January 1, 2021, and November 30, 2023. Based on whether the patients received PE after transplantation, they were divided into a PE group and a non-PE group. A total of 38 patients were included in the retrospective cohort study, 18 in the PE group (8 males and 10 females) and 20 in the non-PE group (11 males and 9 females), with median ages of 37.5 (19.0, 56.0) years and 40.7 (22.0, 60.0) years, respectively. The immune cell subpopulations of the two groups were analyzed and compared at three time points: before PE, after PE, and 7 to10 days post-PE (for the non-PE group, data were collected at equivalent time points). The primary focus was on the proportions and absolute counts of T cells, NK cells, and activated T cells (CD4CD25+T cells, CD8CD25+T cells, and CD8HLA-DR+T cells). A generalized estimating equation (GEE) was used for longitudinal analysis of these repeated measurements to evaluate the effects of PE on changes in these cell populations.Results:From 7 to 10 days after PE, the absolute count of CD4 T cells in the non-PE group increased from 42 (24, 152) cells/μl to 461 (309, 608) cells/μl, while in the PE group, it increased from 57 (11, 262) cells/μl to 212 (141, 576) cells/μl. According to the generalized estimating model, the difference in changes between the two groups was statistically significant ( Z=-2.9, P=0.004). For NK cell absolute counts, the non-PE group increased from 20 (16, 36) cells/μl to 43 (26, 81) cells/μl, while the PE group increased from 22 (12, 63) cells/μl to 90 (28, 142) cells/μl. The difference in changes between the two groups was also statistically significant ( Z=1.87, P=0.049). Regarding T cell activation, the proportion of CD8HLA-DR+T cells in the non-PE group decreased from 25.8% (18.4%, 45.0%) to 22.7% (15.2%, 31.6%), while in the PE group, it increased from 19.2% (8.1%, 33.2%) to 22.7% (15.2%, 31.6%). The difference in changes between the two groups was statistically significant ( Z=2.88, P=0.005). From 7 to 10 days after PE, there were significant differences in the changes of CD4CD25+T cells ( Z=2.70, P=0.009), CD8CD25+T cells ( Z=2.75, P=0.007), and CD8HLA-DR+T cells ( Z=4.04, P=0.001) between the PE group and the non-PE group. Conclusion:Plasma exchange after kidney transplantation can suppress the proliferation of CD4 T lymphocytes, increase the number of NK cells relatively, and maintain a high proportion of activated T lymphocytes.

Objective:To investigate the effect of plasma exchange (PE) in improving renal function among patients with delayed graft function (DGF)following kidney transplantation.Methods:This was a retrospective cohort study. Data were collected from 76 patients who underwent their first-time ABO-compatible kidney transplantation at the Kidney Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University between January 1, 2022, and November 30, 2023, and subsequently developed DGF and received PE treatment. The cohort included 39 males and 37 females, with a median age of 37.5 years (30.8-46.0 years). Patients were categorized into three groups based on pre-PEhuman leukocyte antigen (HLA) antibody status: HLA antibody-negative group, HLA antibody-unknown group, and HLA antibody-positive group. Additionally, immunological status prior to PE categorized patients into four groups: (1) stable lymphocyte subsetand antibody profiles (21 cases); (2) elevated B cell proportions or antibody production, or increased antibody titers (26 cases); (3) increased proportions of T/NK/macrophages (13 cases); (4) increased proportions of T/NK/macrophages combined with antibody production or increased antibody titers (16 cases). The Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to analyze changes in serum creatinine (Scr) levels and 24-hour urine output before and after PE in the different patient groups.Results:In the HLA antibody-negative group, Scr decreased significantly from 467 (260, 571) μmol/L before PE to 176 (123, 307) μmol/L after PE ( Z=-2.22, P<0.01), and 24-hour urine output increased significantly from 1 295 (480, 2 020) ml to 1 960 (1 632, 2 870) ml ( Z=1.76, P<0.01). In the HLA antibody-positive group, Scr decreased significantly from 420 (254, 660) μmol/L before PE to 177 (151, 287) μmol/L after PE ( Z=-3.26, P<0.01), and 24-hour urine output increased significantly from 1 355 (928, 1 925) ml to 2 440 (1 760, 2 797) ml ( Z=2.47, P<0.01). For patients grouped by immunological status, Scr levels in Group 2 decreased significantly from 407 (242, 699) μmol/L to 201 (157, 274) μmol/L ( Z=-2.92, P<0.001), while in Group 3, Scr decreased significantly from 330 (258, 594) μmol/L to 164 (152, 280) μmol/L ( Z=-1.97, P=0.017). Regarding 24-hour urine output, Group 2 showed a significant increase from 1 353 (850, 1 770) ml to 1 995 (1 740, 2 630) ml ( Z=3.43, P=0.003), while in Group 3, urine output increased from 1 850 (1 350, 2 480) ml to 2 200 (1 900, 2 850) ml, but the difference was not statistically significant ( Z=1.10, P>0.05). Conclusion:PE effectively reduces Scr levels and increase 24-hour urine output in patients with DGF after kidney transplantation, regardless of pre-treatment HLA antibody status. Additionally, for patients with post-transplant changes primarily in T/NK/macrophages without significant antibody changes, PE can also effectively reduce Scr levels.

As a member of the Chinese Medical Association (CMA) journal series, Cancer Research and Clinic has consistently adhered to editorial standards established by CMA, striving to enhance academic quality and continuously improve its academic level and influence. It has now become one of the important academic publications in the field of oncology in China. The journal primarily reflects research achievements and academic trends in oncology, serving as an academic exchange platform for clinicians and researchers in the feild of oncology. On the 110th anniversary of the founding of CMA, the journal will be true to the original aspiration, keep the mission firmly in mind, and continue to make due contributions to the development of the prevention and treatment of malignancies in China. This article reviews the journal's developmental history, highlights its accomplishments, and outlines its vision for future growth in the new era.

Lipidomics is an emerging discipline that systematically studies the various types,functions,and metabolic pathways of lipids within living organisms.This field compares changes in diseases or drug impact,identifying biomarkers and molecular mechanisms present in lipid metabolic networks across different physiological or pathological states.Through employing analytical chemistry within the realm of lipidomics,researchers analyze traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).This analysis aids in uncovering potential mechanisms for treating diverse physiopathological conditions,assessing drug efficacy,un-derstanding mechanisms of action and toxicity,and generating innovative ideas for disease prevention and treatment.This manuscript assesses recent literature,summarizing existing lipidomics technologies and their applications in TCM research.It delineates the efficacy,mechanisms,and toxicity research related to lipidomics in Chinese medicine.Additionally,it explores the utilization of lipidomics in quality control research for Chinese medicine,aiming to expand the application of lipidomics within this field.Ultimately,this initiative seeks to foster the integration of traditional medicine theory with modern science and technology,promoting an organic fusion between the two domains.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the molecular mechanism of a case with RhD-- phenotype. METHODS: A proband with RhD-- phenotype who attended the clinic of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University on January 29, 2024 was selected as the study subject. Peripheral blood samples were collected from the proband (8 mL) and her close relatives (father, mother and brother; 3 mL each) for Rh phenotyping and irregular antibodies testing with gel card and test tube methods. Direct agglutination reaction and absorption-elution test were used to detect the c antigen on the red blood cells of the proband. PCR-sequence specific primers (PCR-SSP) typing and gene sequencing were used to determine the RHCE gene of the proband and her relatives. The origin of the proband's variant was traced by pedigree analysis. Three-dimensional structural models of the wild-type RhCE*cE protein and the RhD-- phenotype protein were constructed to predict the alterations of the RhD-- phenotype protein caused by the variant. The procedures of this study were approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Ethics No.: 2023-KY-0870-003). RESULTS: The red blood cells of the proband did not agglutinate with anti-C, anti-c, anti-E, and anti-e. The result of the serum irregular antibody test was negative. The results of direct agglutination reaction and absorption-elution test of the proband were both negative. Her Rh blood group was identified as RhD--. The results of the Rh blood grouping of her close relatives were normal. PCR-SSP detection showed that the RHCE genotypes of the proband and her close relatives were cE/cE and Ce/cE, respectively. Gene sequencing analysis showed that the RHCE genotypes of the proband and her close relatives were RHCE*cE (c.365C>A)/RHCE*cE (c.365C>A) and RHCE*Ce/RHCE*cE (c.365C>A), respectively. Pedigree analysis revealed that the variants in the proband were inherited from her father and mother, respectively. Homology modeling of RhCE*cE protein showed that the RhD-- type peptide chain with a significantly shortened C-terminal was encoded by only 121 amino acid resides, which was 296 amino acid resides shorter compared to the wild-type RhCE*cE peptide chain encoded by 417 amino acid residues. CONCLUSION Above results revealed the molecular biological mechanism of a RhD-- phenotype. The c.365C>A variant in the RHCE gene has rendered the RHCE*cE alleles invalid, which ultimately led to the RhD-- phenotype.
Humans ; Rh-Hr Blood-Group System/chemistry* ; Female ; Phenotype ; Male ; Alleles ; Pedigree ; Base Sequence ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Adult