Thyroid diseases are common clinical endocrine disorders， and their pathogenesis is generally considered to be closely related to genetic predisposition factors， immune system disorders， hormone levels， etc. Xiaoyaosan is widely used in the treatment of various thyroid diseases with excellent effects. This study summarized the relevant literature on the treatment of thyroid diseases with modified Xiaoyaosan prescriptions and their active ingredients from aspects such as theoretical analysis， clinical research， and mechanism research. Theoretical analysis revealed that Xiaoyaosan could not only disperse stagnated liver qi but also replenish deficient spleen Qi， which was consistent with the etiology and pathogenesis of thyroid diseases. Clinical studies found that Xiaoyaosan and its modified prescriptions could be widely used in the treatment of multiple thyroid diseases， such as hyperthyroidism， Hashimoto's thyroiditis， and thyroid nodules. Both the use of modified Xiaoyaosan alone and in combination with medications such as methimazole， propylthiouracil， and euthyrox could effectively improve patients' clinical symptoms. In the mechanism research， this study discovered that the whole formula of Xiaoyaosan and its modified prescriptions could inhibit inflammatory reactions， regulate immune balance， and delay liver damage during the treatment of thyroid diseases. The research on Xiaoyaosan for treating thyroid diseases mainly focused on thyroid cancer， autoimmune thyroiditis， hyperthyroidism， and hypothyroidism. The mechanisms of action mainly involved promoting cell apoptosis， inhibiting cell proliferation and migration， arresting the cell cycle， and regulating thyroid hormone levels. In conclusion， this study systematically combs and summarizes the research status of Xiaoyaosan in treating thyroid diseases through literature retrieval， aiming to provide new perspectives and new ideas for the prevention and treatment of thyroid diseases with traditional Chinese medicine.

Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy of Huanglian Heye Formula(composed of Nelumbinis Folium,Coicis Semen,Atractylodis Rhizoma,Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma,Coptidis Rhizoma,Crataegi Fructus,and Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma)combined with insulin aspart in treating obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)presenting damp-heat obstructing middle jiao syndrome.Methods A total of 94 obese T2DM patients with damp-heat obstructing middle jiao syndrome were treated at the Endocrinology Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine from April 2022 to January 2024.The patients were randomly assigned to the control group and the observation group,with 47 patients in each group.The control group was treated with insulin aspart,and the observation group was treated with Huanglian Heye Formula plus insulin aspart,both groups were treated for 12 weeks.Changes in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)syndrome scores,lipid metabolism parameters[total cholesterol(TC),triglycerides(TG),low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C)],obesity indicators[waist-to-hip ratio(WHR),body mass index(BMI),glucose metabolism markers[glycated hemoglobin(HbA1c),2-hour postprandial glucose(2hPG),fasting plasma glucose(FPG)],and serological indicators(visceral adipose tissue-derived serine protease inhibitor[VASPIN],homeostasis model assessment of[3-cell function(HOMA-β)]were observed before and after treatment.Clinical efficacy and safety were evaluated.Results(1)The observation group demonstrated significantly higher total efficacy[93.62％(44/47)]compared to the control group[78.72％(37/47);the intergroup comparison(by chi-square test)showed that the efficacy in the observation group was superior to the control group(P＜0.05).(2)Both groups showed reduced TCM syndrome scores(heaviness in head/body,epigastric fullness,sticky/foul-smelling stools,halitosis,dry/bitter mouth,heartburn/vomiting,yellowish urine,and emotional distress;all P＜0.05),with greater improvements in the observation group(P＜0.01).(3)Lipid profiles of TC,TG and LDL-C were improved in both groups(P＜0.05),with more significant reductions in the observation group(P＜0.01).(4)Obesity indicators(WHR,BMI)decreased in both groups(P＜0.05),showing superior reductions in the observation group(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01).(5)Glucose metabolism markers(HbA1c,2hPG,FPG)were significantly lowered in both groups(P＜0.05),with the observation group achieving better outcomes(P＜0.01).(6)Serological analysis revealed increased VASPIN and HOMA-[3 levels in both groups(P＜0.05),with more pronounced elevations in the observation group(P＜0.01).(7)No severe adverse events occurred.The incidence of adverse reactions was 8.51％(4/47)in the observation group versus 6.38％(3/47)in the control group(P＞0.05).Conclusion Huanglian Heye Formula combined with insulin aspart significantly improves clinical outcomes in obese T2DM patients with damp-heat obstructing middle jiao syndrome by protecting pancreatic[3-cell function,reducing body mass,ameliorating glucose/lipid metabolism,and modulating VASPIN expression,with demonstrated safety.

Objective To determine the quantitative diagnostic criteria of phlegm-stasis interjunction syndrome of metabolic syndrome.Methods Based on the literature research,the Expert Consultation Questionnaire for MS Syndrome of Phlegm-stasis Interjunction based on Analytic Hierarchy Process was developed.Experts were invited to fill out the questionnaire,and the Diagnostic Criteria for MS Syndrome of Phlegm-stasis Interjunction(Draft)was constructed by using the expert group decision algorithm.The patients with MS were prospectively collected,and the diagnostic criteria for phlegm-stasis interjunction syndrome of MS were validated and revised by conditional probability conversion method and maximum likelihood discrimination,and the quantitative diagnostic criteria for phlegm-stasis interjunction syndrome of MS were finally formulated.Results The sensitivity,specificity and accuracy of the established quantitative diagnostic criteria for MS phlegm-stasis interjunction syndrome were 95.7%,84.0%,91.6%,positive likelihood ratio 5.98,negative likelihood ratio 19.46.Conclusion The quantitative diagnostic criteria for MS phlegm-stasis interjunction syndrome established based on literature research,expert consultation and diagnostic tests have good diagnostic efficacy.

Pancreatogenic diabetes is a type of diabetes secondary to pancreatic exocrine disease,and it was officially named by American Diabetes Association in 2014.Chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer are the most common causes of pancreatogenic diabetes.The pathogenesis of this disease remains unclear,and there is still a lack of systematic treatment regimens,which leads to the extremely high misdiagnosis rate of pancreatogenic diabetes in China and globally.In addition,studies have shown that compared with patients with type 2 diabetes,patients with pancreatogenic diabetes tend to have higher risks of death and readmission,which brings great challenges to the health and clinical treatment of patients.Therefore,the comprehensive understanding and early accurate identification and diagnosis of pancreatogenic diabetes are of great significance in reducing the disability and mortality rates of this disease.This article elaborates on the possible pathogenesis of pancreatogenic diabetes.

Thyroid diseases are common endocrine disorders with high incidence. The diseases are closely related to genetic factors， immune system disorders， and hormone levels. Although modern medical therapies have achieved certain therapeutic effects， the side effects have affected clinical treatment. In recent years， studies have proven that gut microbiota is a key factor affecting thyroid diseases， and increasing studies have referred to the bidirectional information interaction system between the gut and thyroid as the gut-thyroid axis. This study adopts the meridian-collateral theory and the visceral manifestation theory of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） to explain the functions， physiological characteristics， and pathological mechanisms of the gut and thyroid. Furthermore， this paper clarifies the mechanism of gut microbiota in modulating thyroid homeostasis by inducing inflammation and altering thyroid hormone metabolism from the perspective of molecular biology， clarifying the rationality of the gut-thyroid axis from the perspectives of TCM and Western medicine. Meanwhile， under the guidance of the gut-thyroid axis， increasing studies have been carried out regarding the application of TCM in regulating gut microbiota in the treatment of thyroid diseases. Both the active component emodin and compound prescription Yiqi Huatan Huoxue prescription of Chinese medicine can treat thyroid diseases by regulating the abundance and diversity of gut microbiota and improving the intestinal mucosal barrier. However， the systematic review of the research on TCM treatment of thyroid diseases by regulating gut microbiota remains to be conducted. This study expounds the gut-thyroid axis from both TCM and Western medicine and reviews the research progress in the TCM treatment of thyroid diseases by regulating gut microbiota， aiming to give new insights into the prevention and treatment of thyroid diseases with TCM.

ObjectiveThis study aims to explore risk factors for the development of major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events （MACCEs） in middle-aged and elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated with stable angina pectoris （T2DM-SAP） based on real-world clinical data in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， so as to develop a COX proportional risk prediction model and visualize the predicted results using a nomogram. MethodBased on the clinical scientific research information sharing system， the medical records of 586 T2DM-SAP patients （45-94 years old） were collected from January 2012 to December 2019， including age， gender， course of disease， major medical history， laboratory examination， tongue image， pulse image， TCM syndrome， and major treatment drugs. MACCE outcome indicators of patients were obtained by telephone follow-up and re-hospitalization records. The data was divided into a training set and a validation set according to 7∶3. In the training set， COX univariate analysis was used to determine the risk factors for MACCE in T2DM-SAP patients， and then variables were screened by forward-backward stepwise regression method， so as to establish a MACCE risk prediction model and construct a nomogram. The predictive efficacy of the model was reflected by the C-index， receiver operating characteristic （ROC） curve， calibration map， and clinical decision curve. ResultThe history of cerebrovascular disease ［Hazard ratio （HR）=1.983， 95% confidence interval （CI，1.314-2.993）］， low-density lipoprotein （LDL-C/mmol·L^-1）≥4.1［HR=2.683， 95%CI（1.461-4.925）］， dull red tongue ［HR=1.955， 95%CI（1.273-3.002）］， dull purple tongue ［HR=4.214， 95%CI（2.017-8.803）］， white thick coating ［HR=3.030， 95%CI（1.634-9.293）］， thin and weak pulse ［HR=2.233， 95%CI（1.283-3.888）］， and syndrome of wind-phlegm blocking collaterals ［HR=2.007， 95%CI（1.179-3.418）］ were found to be risk factors in middle-aged and elderly T2DM-SAP patients. Insulin ［HR=0.604， 95%CI（0.399-0.914）］， glycosidase inhibitor ［HR=0.627， 95%CI（0.409-0.962）］， and TCM treatment ［HR=0.328， 95%CI（0.214-0.503）］ were protective factors in middle-aged and elderly T2DM-SAP patients. The prediction model was constructed based on the above risk factors. The C-index of the model was 0.818 （95% CI 0.777 -0.859） in the training set and 0.814 （95% CI 0.773-0.855） in the validation set， and the change of C-index over time was plotted. The AUC of patients for 5， 10， 15 years in the training set was 0.71， 0.67， and 0.61. The AUC of patients for 5， 10， and 15 years in the validation set was 0.60， 0.68， and 0.63， respectively. The calibration map and clinical decision curves of 5， 10， 15 years were drawn in the training set and the validation set， respectively. The model was well calibrated and clinically effective. ConclusionThe history of cerebrovascular disease， LDL， dull red tongue， dull purple tongue， white thick coating， thin and weak pulse， and syndrome of wind-phlegm blocking collaterals are risk factors for MACCE in middle-aged and elderly T2DM-SAP patients， and insulin， glycosidase inhibitors， TCM treatment are protective factors for MACCE in middle-aged and elderly T2DM-SAP patients. A clinical prediction model is established accordingly. This model has good discrimination， calibration degree， and clinical effectiveness and provides a scientific basis for the prevention and treatment of MACCE in middle-aged and elderly T2DM-SAP patients.

Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy(TAO)is a rare organ-specific autoimmune disease with an unclear pathogenesis. At present, the treatment still relies mainly on glucocorticoids and traditional immunosuppressants. However, some patients respond poorly to these drugs and experience treatment-related adverse reactions, highlighting the urgent need for novel drugs for TAO treatment. In recent years, with the deepening of research on the pathogenesis of TAO, a multitude of biologics targeting specific targets have emerged. Among them, teprotumumab, which targets the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor(IGF-IR), has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of TAO, and several other biologics are currently in clinical trials. This review provides the latest reference for the clinical prevention, treatment, and research of TAO by summarizing the current clinical research status of biologics targeting IGF-IR, neonatal Fc receptor(FcRn), thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor(TSHR), B cells, cytokines, and other biological agents in TAO and analyzing their impact on clinical treatment and future research trends.

Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy(TAO)is a multifactorial-mediated autoimmune orbital disease with the highest incidence of orbital disease in adults.Due to the complex clinical manifestations and prolonged course,TAO seriously affect the physical and mental health of patients.The pathogenesis of TAO has not been fully elucidated and the treatment lacks specificity.Therefore,in-depth research on the pathogenesis of TAO is to find effective treatments.In recent years,studies have suggested that there is gut microbiota disorder in TAO,and the risk factors of TAO can promote gut microbiota disorder.Disordered gut microbiota can participate in the occurrence and development of TAO via influencing T cell differentiation,mimicking autoantigens,and influencing host non-coding RNA expression.Modulating the gut microbiota also has therapeutic effects on TAO and is a promising therapeutic approach.

Thyroid associated ophthalmopathy(TAO)is a refractory disease,which is related to Th17/Treg cellular immune imbalance."liver opens at the eyes"is a systematic summary of the theories of liver disease affecting the eye and eye disease affecting the liver in traditional Chinese medicine,which can guide the clinical diagnosis and treatment of TAO in traditional Chinese medicine.Studies have shown that the treatment of TAO from the perspective of"liver opens at the eyes"can regulate the immune imbalance of Th17/Treg cells to a certain extent,so as to achieve the purpose of disease prevention and treatment.This paper discusses the role of Th17/Treg cellular immune imbalance in TAO,from the aspects of Th17/Treg imbalance promoting the occurrence and development of TAO,the role of"liver opens at the eyes"theory in the etiology and pathogenesis of TAO,and the consistency between"liver opens at the eyes"physiology and Th17/Treg immune balance.In order to reveal the scientific connotation of traditional Chinese medicine in preventing and treating TAO by regulating Th17/Treg imbalance.

Graves' ophthalmopathy is the most common clinical orbital disease, and T helper (Th) cells play an important role in the development of Graves' ophthalmopathy. Th17 cells are a major subpopulation of Th cells and abnormally highly expressed in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy. Th17 cells and the related cytokines interleukin (IL)-17A, IL-21 and IL-23 are involved in regulating the inflammatory response, fibrosis and adipogenesis. Th17 cells are unstable and exhibit a degree of plasticity, and they can differentiate into IL-17A and interferon (IFN)-γ dual-producing Th17.1 cells, which exacerbate the pathogenicity of Th17 cells. In addition, Th17 cells and the relevant factors are strongly associated with disease activity and severity in Graves' ophthalmopathy.
Humans ; Cytokines ; Th17 Cells ; Graves Ophthalmopathy ; Adipogenesis